Compounds > spinorphin
Page last updated: 2024-11-10

spinorphin

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

spinorphin: heptapeptide which is a potent inhibitor of enkephalin-degrading enzymes from the spinal cord or brain; does not show inhibitory activity toward enkephalin-degrading enzymes from kidney or blood; member of the opioid hemorphin family [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID3081832
CHEMBL ID395493
CHEBI ID172845
MeSH IDM0219550

Synonyms (20)

Synonym
leucyl-valyl-valyl-tyrosyl-prolyl-tryptophyl-threonine
(2s,3r)-2-[[(2s)-2-[[(2s)-1-[(2s)-2-[[(2s)-2-[[(2s)-2-[[(2s)-2-amino-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-3-(1h-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoic ac
CHEBI:172845
gtpl1026
spinorphin
leu-val-val-tyr-pro-trp-thr
l-threonine, n-(n-(1-(n-(n-(n-l-leucyl-l-valyl)-l-valyl)-l-tyrosyl)-l-prolyl)-l-tryptophyl)-
137201-62-8
CHEMBL395493 ,
lvvypwt
bdbm50219120
AC-33668
AKOS024457342
DTXSID70160105
J-006978
l-leucyl-l-valyl-l-valyl-l-tyrosyl-l-prolyl-l-tryptophyl-l-threonine
Q7577645
CS-0025001
HY-P1044
l-threonine, l-leucyl-l-valyl-l-valyl-l-tyrosyl-l-prolyl-l-tryptophyl-

Research Excerpts

Overview

Spinorphin is an endogenous heptapeptide first isolated from bovine spinal cord. Its sequence matches a conserved region of beta-hemoglobin. It is a potential antinociceptive agent.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Spinorphin is an endogenous heptapeptide (leucylvalylvalyltyrosylprolyltryptophylthreonine), first isolated from bovine spinal cord, whose sequence matches a conserved region of beta-hemoglobin. "( The endogenous opioid spinorphin blocks fMet-Leu-Phe-induced neutrophil chemotaxis by acting as a specific antagonist at the N-formylpeptide receptor subtype FPR.
Fatemi, O; Gao, JL; Lavigne, M; Leto, TL; Liang, TS; Murphy, PM, 2001)		2.07
"Spinorphin is a potential endogenous antinociceptive agent although the mechanism(s) of its analgesic effect remain unknown. "( Spinorphin inhibits membrane depolarization- and capsaicin-induced intracellular calcium signals in rat primary nociceptive dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture.
Ayar, A; Kalkan, OF; Kuzgun, KT; Ozcan, M, 2015)		3.3

Effects

Spinorphin has a high inhibitory activity against enkephalin degrading enzymes when compared to the various hydrolysis products. Spinorphin (LVVYPWT) has been isolated from the bovine spinal cord.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Spinorphin has a high inhibitory activity against enkephalin degrading enzymes when compared to the various hydrolysis products."( [Study of a new endogenous inhibitor of enkephalin-degrading enzymes; pharmacological function and metabolism of spinorphin].
Hazato, T; Kaneto, H; Nishimura, K; Ueki, M, 1993)		1.22
"Spinorphin has a high inhibitory activity against enkephalin degrading enzymes when compared to the various hydrolysis products."( [Study of a new endogenous inhibitor of enkephalin-degrading enzymes; pharmacological function and metabolism of spinorphin].
Hazato, T; Kaneto, H; Nishimura, K; Ueki, M, 1993)		1.22
"Spinorphin has been isolated from the bovine spinal cord as an endogenous inhibitor of enkephalin-degrading enzymes (aminopeptidase, dipeptidyl aminopeptidase III, angiotensin-converting enzyme and enkephalinase), and tynorphin has been synthesized as a more potent inhibitor of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase III. "( Effects of spinorphin and tynorphin on synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal slices.
Hazato, T; Honda, M; Ono, H; Yamamoto, Y; Yamazaki, T, 2001)		2.14
"Spinorphin (LVVYPWT) has been isolated from the bovine spinal cord as an endogenous inhibitor of enkephalin-degrading enzymes. "( Spinorphin, an endogenous inhibitor of enkephalin-degrading enzymes, potentiates leu-enkephalin-induced anti-allodynic and antinociceptive effects in mice.
Hazato, T; Honda, M; Matsuura, T; Miyagi, T; Okutsu, H; Ono, H; Yamamoto, Y, 2001)		3.2
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
oligopeptideA peptide containing a relatively small number of amino acids.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
P2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00000.00000.20301.5136AID297380; AID297381
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (21)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
response to hypoxiaP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular synaptic transmissionP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
response to heatP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
response to coldP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
response to mechanical stimulusP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
response to carbohydrateP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosolP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
urinary bladder smooth muscle contractionP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
peristalsisP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathwayP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic plasticityP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to painP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of calcium-mediated signalingP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of tasteP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
establishment of localization in cellP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potentialP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
protein homotrimerizationP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ATPP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
inorganic cation transmembrane transportP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transmembrane transportP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (3)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
purinergic nucleotide receptor activityP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
extracellularly ATP-gated monoatomic cation channel activityP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (6)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
axonP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapseP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
hippocampal mossy fiber to CA3 synapseP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
postsynapseP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
receptor complexP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneP2X purinoceptor 3Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (8)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID297381Antagonist activity at human recombinant P2X3 receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes assessed as inhibition of ATP-induced ion current in presence of 20 nM LVVYPWA peptide by two electrode voltage clamping technique2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-06, Volume: 50, Issue:18
Structure-activity relationship studies of spinorphin as a potent and selective human P2X(3) receptor antagonist.
AID297377Antagonist activity at human recombinant P2X3 receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes assessed as inhibition of ATP-induced ion current at 100 uM by two electrode voltage clamping technique2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-06, Volume: 50, Issue:18
Structure-activity relationship studies of spinorphin as a potent and selective human P2X(3) receptor antagonist.
AID297375Antagonist activity at mouse recombinant P2X1 receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes assessed as inhibition of ATP-induced ion current at 10 uM by two electrode voltage clamping technique2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-06, Volume: 50, Issue:18
Structure-activity relationship studies of spinorphin as a potent and selective human P2X(3) receptor antagonist.
AID297380Antagonist activity at human P2X3 receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes assessed as inhibition of ATP-induced ion current by two electrode voltage clamping technique2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-06, Volume: 50, Issue:18
Structure-activity relationship studies of spinorphin as a potent and selective human P2X(3) receptor antagonist.
AID297379Antagonist activity at human recombinant P2X7 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as BzATP-induced ethidium accumulation at 10 uM2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-06, Volume: 50, Issue:18
Structure-activity relationship studies of spinorphin as a potent and selective human P2X(3) receptor antagonist.
AID1345847Mouse FPR1 (Formylpeptide receptors)2001Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), Dec-01, Volume: 167, Issue:11
The endogenous opioid spinorphin blocks fMet-Leu-Phe-induced neutrophil chemotaxis by acting as a specific antagonist at the N-formylpeptide receptor subtype FPR.
AID1345827Human FPR1 (Formylpeptide receptors)1992The Journal of biological chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 267, Issue:11
A structural homologue of the N-formyl peptide receptor. Characterization and chromosome mapping of a peptide chemoattractant receptor family.
AID1345827Human FPR1 (Formylpeptide receptors)2001Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), Dec-01, Volume: 167, Issue:11
The endogenous opioid spinorphin blocks fMet-Leu-Phe-induced neutrophil chemotaxis by acting as a specific antagonist at the N-formylpeptide receptor subtype FPR.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (19)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's8 (42.11)18.2507
2000's9 (47.37)29.6817
2010's2 (10.53)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 20.53

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index20.53 (24.57)
Research Supply Index3.00 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.22 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index18.60 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (20.53)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews3 (15.79%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other16 (84.21%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
2-naphthylamine
2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.		210naphthylaminecarcinogenic agent
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		2.1110
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		210adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
hemorphin 4
hemorphin 4: opioid peptide derived from bovine hemoglobin		2.0310oligopeptide
2-methylthioadenosine
[no description available]		210
bradykinin
[no description available]		210oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		2.420tripeptide
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.		4.0140pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion		analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		7.4420capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.		210quinoxaline derivative
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		2.4120morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		710morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
cp 99994
3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine: selective NK(1) receptor antagonist; CP-100263 is the inactive enantiomer		210
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		210maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
tynorphin
tynorphin: a potent endogenous inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase III		7.4120
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		210
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		03.0310
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		03.0310
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		03.0310
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.9210
Ache
[description not available]		03.6230
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		07.9210
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		08.6230
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		02.0110
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		02.0110
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.0110
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		01.9810