Compounds > remimazolam
Page last updated: 2024-12-11

remimazolam

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Description

remimazolam: sedative; structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID9867812
CHEMBL ID4297526
SCHEMBL ID846435
MeSH IDM0557318

Synonyms (43)

Synonym
308242-62-8
ono 2745
ono2745
remimazolam [usan:inn]
remimazolam
who 9232
cns 7056
ono-2745
unii-7v4a8u16mb
7v4a8u16mb ,
4h-imidazo(1,2-a)(1,4)benzodiazepine-4-propanoic acid, 8-bromo-1-methyl-6-(2-pyridinyl)-, methyl ester, (4s)-
cns-7056
remimazolam [inn]
remimazolam [who-dd]
remimazolam [usan]
4h-imidazol(1,2-a)(1,4)benzodiazepine-4-propionic acid, (s)-
remimazolam [mi]
methyl 3-{(4s)-8-bromo-1-methyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4h-imidazo[1,2-a][1,4]benzodiazepin-4-yl}propanoate
SCHEMBL846435
cns7056
AKOS025213215
methyl 3-[(4s)-8-bromo-1-methyl-6-(2-pyridyl)-4h-imidazo[1,2-a][1,4]benzodiazepin-4-yl]propanoate
4523B
(s)-methyl 3-(8-bromo-1-methyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4h-benzo[f]imidazo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-4-yl)propanoate
DB12404
308242-62-8 (freee base)
methyl (s)-3-(8-bromo-1-methyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4h-benzo[f]imidazo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-4-yl)propanoate
HY-14867
AMY15524
methyl 3-[(4s)-8-bromo-1-methyl-6-pyridin-2-yl-4h-imidazo[1,2-a][1,4]benzodiazepin-4-yl]propanoate
CS-0003605
remimazolam (usan/inn)
D11788
CHEMBL4297526
DTXSID20953024
methyl 3-[8-bromo-1-methyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4h-imidazo[1,2-a][1,4]benzodiazepin-4-yl]propanoate
EX-A5536
EN300-18166931
methyl 3-[(7s)-12-bromo-3-methyl-9-(pyridin-2-yl)-2,5,8-triazatricyclo[8.4.0.0,2,6]tetradeca-1(10),3,5,8,11,13-hexaen-7-yl]propanoate
methyl 3-((4s)-8-bromo-1-methyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-4h-imidazo(1,2-a)(1,4)benzodiazepin-4-yl)propanoate
n05cd14
remimazolamum
mfcd18633229

Research Excerpts

Overview

Remimazolam is a novel ester-type benzodiazepine with ultrafast onset of sedation effect and fast recovery of consciousness. It is an intravenous anesthetic first approved in Japan in July 2020, and is thought to exert its anesthetic actions via γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptors. The precise mechanisms of how remimazlam elevates intracellular calcium levels remains unclear.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Remimazolam is a novel ester-type benzodiazepine with ultrafast onset of sedation effect and fast recovery of consciousness. "( Remimazolam reduces sepsis-associated acute liver injury by activation of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors and p38 inhibition of macrophages.
An, S; Chen, Z; Fang, H; Huang, Q; Li, L; Wang, J; Wu, J; Yang, H; Zeng, Z; Zhang, Y, 2021)		3.51
"Remimazolam is a benzodiazepine derivative similar to midazolam."( Anesthetic management with remimazolam for a pediatric patient with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Doi, K; Horikoshi, Y; Hoshijima, H; Kuratani, N; Mieda, T; Nagasaka, H; Nakamura, T; Tateno, K, 2021)		1.64
"Remimazolam is a new ultra-short-acting intravenous benzodiazepine sedative/anesthetic, which is a high-selective and affinity ligand for the benzodiazepine site on the GABAA receptor."( The effect of obstructive jaundice on the sensitivity of intravenous anesthetic of remimazolam: study protocol for a controlled multicenter trial.
Ji, JW; Liu, W; Qiu, HB; Song, HH; Song, JC; Yang, B; Yang, H, 2022)		1.67
"Remimazolam is an intravenous anesthetic first approved in Japan in July 2020, and is thought to exert its anesthetic actions via γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptors; however, the precise mechanisms of how remimazolam elevates intracellular calcium levels remains unclear."( Characterization of intracellular calcium mobilization induced by remimazolam, a newly approved intravenous anesthetic.
Hide, M; Miyoshi, H; Narasaki, S; Noguchi, S; Sakai, N; Tsutsumi, YM; Uchida, K; Urabe, T; Yanase, Y, 2022)		1.68
"Remimazolam is a novel sedative agent recently approved for general anesthesia in Japan."( Remimazolam decreased the incidence of early postoperative nausea and vomiting compared to desflurane after laparoscopic gynecological surgery.
Hari, Y; Kakuta, N; Kato, T; Morio, A; Murakami, C; Narasaki, S; Satomi, S; Tanaka, K; Tsutsumi, YM, 2022)		2.89
"Remimazolam is a novel benzodiazepine γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAa) receptor agonist used for sedation and the induction as well as maintenance of general anesthesia. "( Protective Effects of Remimazolam on Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats by Inhibiting of NLRP3 Inflammasome-Dependent Pyroptosis.
Chen, J; Chen, L; Dai, W; Liu, T; Shi, M; Xie, Y; Zhou, Z, 2022)		2.48
"Remimazolam is a new medication with sedative and hypnotic effects. "( Quality of Recovery After General Anesthesia with Remimazolam in Patients' Undergoing Urologic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Remimazolam with Propofol.
Guo, J; Mao, Y; Yang, J; Yuan, J; Zhao, E, 2022)		2.42
"Remimazolam is a new type of ultrashort benzodiazepine drug with an unclear optimal dose for general anesthesia induction in elderly patients aged >60 years. "( The Median Effective Dose and Bispectral Index of Remimazolam Tosilate for Anesthesia Induction in Elderly Patients: An Up-and-Down Sequential Allocation Trial.
Feng, K; Feng, X; Liu, M; Sun, Y; Wang, T; Zhou, L, 2022)		2.42
"Remimazolam besylate is a novel short-acting benzodiazepine. "( A population pharmacokinetic model of remimazolam for general anesthesia and consideration of remimazolam dose in clinical practice.
Masui, K; Pesic, M; Stöhr, T; Tonai, T, 2022)		2.44
"Remimazolam is an ultrashort-acting benzodiazepine that is potentially a practical option for procedural sedation in colonoscopy."( Discharge readiness after remimazolam versus propofol for colonoscopy: A randomised, double-blind trial.
Chen, L; Fu, B; Guan, J; Liu, L; Yao, Y; Zheng, X, 2022)		2.46
"Remimazolam is a novel intravenous benzodiazepine that is appropriate for the maintenance of anesthesia. "( Quality of recovery in patients administered remimazolam versus those administered an inhalant agent for the maintenance of general anesthesia: a randomized control trial.
Jang, YN; Jeon, YG; Song, SW; Yoon, MW, 2022)		2.42
"Remimazolam is a new ultra short-acting benzodiazepine originally developed as an improved version of midazolam. "( Determination of the 95% effective dose of remimazolam to achieve loss of consciousness during anesthesia induction in different age groups.
Joe, HB; Lee, GY; Lee, SY; Oh, J; Park, JH; Park, SY; Song, JY, 2022)		2.43
"Remimazolam is a novel short-acting benzodiazepine with mild effects on hemodynamics."( Total Intravenous Anesthesia Using Remimazolam and Continuous Cardiac Output Monitoring for Dental Anesthesia in a Patient With Takayasu's Arteritis: A Case Report.
Aoki, R; Fujiwara, SJL; Kawahito, S; Kitahata, H; Takaishi, K; Takata, M, 2022)		1.72
"Remimazolam is a newer benzodiazepine with properties of rapid onset, short duration of action, and fast recovery. "( Sedative effect of remimazolam combined with alfentanil in colonoscopic polypectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial.
Chu, T; Wang, J; Xin, Y; Xu, A, 2022)		2.49
"Remimazolam is a recently approved benzodiazepine sedative. "( Cardiac Arrest Following Remimazolam-Induced Anaphylaxis: A Case Report.
Hasushita, Y; Mima, H; Miyazawa, Y; Nagao, M; Yunoki, K, 2022)		2.47
"Remimazolam is a novel short-acting sedative."( Hypotension after general anesthesia induction using remimazolam in geriatric patients: Protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial.
Goto, T; Masui, K; Mihara, T; Saigusa, Y; Takaki, R; Yamamoto, N; Yokose, M, 2022)		1.69
"Remimazolam is a novel short-acting γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonist with typical characteristics of benzodiazepine sedative drugs, nonorgan-dependent metabolism, long-term infusion without accumulation, and no injection pain. "( Profile of Remimazolam in Anesthesiology: A Narrative Review of Clinical Research Progress.
Bao, X; Kang, X; Tang, H; Wang, M; Yin, P; Zhao, X, 2022)		2.55
"Remimazolam is a novel ultrashort-acting benzodiazepine that has recently become available for general anesthesia. "( Comparison of postoperative nausea and vomiting between remimazolam and propofol: a propensity score-matched, retrospective, observational, single-center cohort study.
Doi, M; Kawashima, S; Makino, H; Nakajima, Y; Suzuki, Y, 2023)		2.6
"Remimazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine that was approved for clinical use in 2020. "( The intraoperative motor-evoked potential when propofol was changed to remimazolam during general anesthesia: a case series.
Akiyama, Y; Hashimoto, S; Hayamizu, K; Kimura, Y; Mikuni, N; Tachibana, S; Yamada, S; Yamakage, M, 2023)		2.59
"Remimazolam is a new short-acting GABA(A) receptor agonist with minimal impact on cardiorespiratory suppression, and may be a viable alternative in elderly patients undergoing endoscopic procedures."( Remimazolam versus propofol for deep sedation/anaesthesia in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in elderly patients: A multicenter, randomized controlled trial.
Fu, L; Huang, H; Huang, Y; Jiang, J; Liao, Y; Ling, W; Lu, K; Ma, C; Pan, M; Qin, Z; Ran, X; Wang, M; Wei, N; Wei, Q; Wei, S; Wei, Y; Xiong, B, 2022)		2.89
"Remimazolam is a new ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine with unknown effects on cerebral circulation. "( Change in cerebral circulation during the induction of anesthesia with remimazolam.
Hasegawa, S; Hoshino, K; Ito, YM; Morimoto, Y; Motoe, H; Okada, K; Soejima, T; Ueda, K, 2023)		2.59
"Remimazolam (CNS7056) is a novel benzodiazepine for intravenous sedation; it has an ultra-short duration of action and was recently approved for use in procedural sedation and general anaesthesia. "( Remimazolam: An Updated Review of a New Sedative and Anaesthetic.
Hu, Q; Lei, X; Li, D; Liu, X; Wen, C, 2022)		3.61
"Remimazolam is a novel ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine."( Remimazolam Tosylate Combined with Low-Dose Propofol Improves Sedation and Safety in Hysteroscopy.
Chang, H; Liao, Q; Qing, W; Tong, J; Yu, R; Zhang, F, 2022)		2.89
"Remimazolam tosilate is a new, ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine agent, with the advantages of rapid onset, rapid offset, and minimal cardiorespiratory depression."( Effect of remimazolam tosilate versus etomidate on hemodynamics in patients undergoing valve replacement surgery: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
Hu, B; Li, X; Song, T; Tan, L; Zellmer, L; Zhou, H; Zou, X, 2022)		1.85
"Remimazolam is a novel, ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine sedative, and alfentanil is a weak opioid."( Efficacy and Safety of the Remimazolam-Alfentanil Combination for Sedation During Gastroscopy: A Randomized, Double-blind, Single-center Controlled Trial.
Cheng, Y; Fang, Q; Fang, X; He, H; Hu, Y; Shi, W; Shuai, Y; Wang, Z; Xu, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2022)		1.74
"Remimazolam tosilate (RT) is a new ultrashort-acting γ-aminobutyric acid subtype A (GABA"( Comparison of Remimazolam Tosilate and Etomidate on Hemodynamics in Cardiac Surgery: A Randomised Controlled Trial.
Hu, B; Li, X; Song, T; Tan, L; Wu, Z; Zhang, M; Zhang, X; Zou, X, 2023)		2.71
"Remimazolam is a novel sedative drug that has been successively approved for procedural sedation and general anesthesia, however, which has not been fully explored due to limited clinical studies and a small sample size. "( Comparison of remimazolam and propofol about safety outcome indicators during general anesthesia in surgical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
An, L; Bai, X; Chen, R; Gao, H; Huang, X; Tong, R; Wang, C; Wu, X; Yi, J; Zhang, Z, 2023)		2.71
"Remimazolam is a new anesthetic drug developed and is an ultra-short-acting agent with rapid onset and offset. "( Effective dose of remimazolam co-administered with remifentanil to facilitate I-gel insertion without neuromuscular blocking agents: an up-and-down sequential allocation trial.
Joe, HB; Lee, GY; Oh, J; Park, JH; Park, SY, 2023)		2.69
"Remimazolam is an ultra-short-acting intravenous benzodiazepine, which has been used as sedative/anesthetic in procedural sedation and anesthesia. "( Laryngeal edema following remimazolam-induced anaphylaxis: a rare clinical manifestation.
Fang, X; Hu, X; Tang, Y, 2023)		2.65
"Remimazolam is a new ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine sedative and the present analysis aimed at estimating the economic benefits of introducing remimazolam for procedural sedation in colonoscopies and bronchoscopies in hospitals in Scandinavia."( Economic benefits of remimazolam compared to midazolam and propofol for procedural sedation in colonoscopies and bronchoscopies.
Danø, A; Englev, E; Kattenhøj, L; Munk, E; Pedersen, MH, 2023)		1.95
"Remimazolam is a new short-duration anesthetic currently used for gastroscopy and can be mixed with propofol and potent opioids."( Randomized controlled trial for anesthesia during gastroscopy: interactions between remimazolam and propofol in combination with sufentanil.
Deng, Q; Lin, W; Lyu, S; Wu, X, 2023)		2.58
"Remimazolam is a recently approved, ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine. "( Comparison of postoperative nausea and vomiting between Remimazolam and Propofol in Patients undergoing oral and maxillofacial surgery: a prospective Randomized Controlled Trial.
Byeon, GJ; Choi, EJ; Kim, CH; Kim, EJ; Kim, HY; Yoon, JY, 2023)		2.6
"Remimazolam tosilate (RT) is a novel short-acting GABA (A) receptor agonist that has a rapid recovery from procedural sedation and can be fully reversed by flumazenil. "( Efficacy and safety of remimazolam tosilate versus propofol in patients undergoing day surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial.
Huang, J; Liu, M; Luo, W; Miao, C; Sun, M; Wan, J; Xia, L; Xiong, W; Xu, P; Zhang, J; Zhang, X; Zhang, Z; Zhong, J, 2023)		2.66
"Remimazolam tosylate is a novel, ultrashort-acting benzodiazepine, and there is limited evidence of its correlation with the incidence of early POD."( Comparison of the effects of remimazolam tosylate and propofol on postoperative delirium among older adults undergoing major non-cardiac surgery: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
Li, BL; Li, HX; Li, HY; Mu, B; Sun, YL; Wang, F; Wang, TH; Xu, X; Yan, T; Zhang, X; Zheng, H, 2023)		1.92
"Remimazolam is a novel ultrashort-acting benzodiazepine that produces sedation by acting as a positive allosteric modulator of the gamma-amino butyric acid-A receptor. "( The Role of Remimazolam in Neurosurgery and in Patients With Neurological Diseases: A Narrative Review.
Abcejo, AS; Brinkman, NJ; Pasternak, JJ; Teixeira, MT, 2024)		3.26
"Remimazolam is a new benzodiazepine with a short half-life, good efficacy, and safety profiles in general anesthesia. "( Remimazolam versus propofol in combination with esketamine for surgical abortion: A double-blind randomized controlled trial.
Chen, J; Li, N; Ma, X; Wan, Z; Wang, J; Yang, L; Yue, L, 2023)		3.8
"Remimazolam is a recently approved benzodiazepine for procedural sedation in Taiwan. "( A Narrative Review of Remimazolam in Procedural Sedation.
Chen, GC; Lin, PA; Lin, SS; Lu, CH; Tseng, WC, 2023)		2.67
"Remimazolam is a novel benzodiazepine narcotic. "( Efficacy and Safety of Different Doses of Remimazolam Tosilate Applied in Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Trial.
Cheng, Z; Cui, X; Li, H; Luan, H; Zhang, X; Zhao, Z; Zhu, P, 2023)		2.62
"Remimazolam tosilate (RT) is a novel ultrashort-acting γ-aminobutyric acid subtype A (GABA"( Remimazolam vs Etomidate: Haemodynamic Effects in Hypertensive Elderly Patients Undergoing Non-Cardiac Surgery.
Chen, J; Hu, B; Shen, M; Wang, F; Yang, Y; Zhou, Q; Zou, X, 2023)		3.8
"Remimazolam is a novel ultrashort-effect benzodiazepine. "( Hemodynamic Influences of Remimazolam Versus Propofol During the Induction Period of General Anesthesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Liu, C; Peng, L; Peng, X; Wei, W; Zhang, X; Zhu, T; Zhu, Y, 2023)		2.65
"Remimazolam is a novel, ultrashort-acting benzodiazepine that can be antagonized by flumazenil. "( Remimazolam-based anesthesia with flumazenil allows faster emergence than propofol-based anesthesia in older patients undergoing spinal surgery: A randomized controlled trial.
Haraki, T; Horikawa, YT; Kamiya, S; Kido, K; Kondo, T; Nakamura, R; Narasaki, S; Oshita, K; Saeki, N; Toyota, Y; Tsutsumi, YM, 2023)		3.8
"Remimazolam (CNS 7056) is a new ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine for intravenous sedation and anesthesia. "( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Remimazolam (CNS 7056) after Continuous Infusion in Healthy Male Volunteers: Part I. Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacodynamics.
Eisenried, A; Fechner, J; Ihmsen, H; Jeleazcov, C; Lerch, M; Schüttler, J, 2020)		2.27
"Remimazolam (CNS 7056) is a new ultra-short acting benzodiazepine for IV sedation. "( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Remimazolam (CNS 7056) after Continuous Infusion in Healthy Male Volunteers: Part II. Pharmacodynamics of Electroencephalogram Effects.
Eisenried, A; Ihmsen, H; Jeleazcov, C; Lerch, M; Schüttler, J, 2020)		2.27
"Remimazolam is an ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine being investigated for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia and for procedural sedation. "( Time-to-Event Modeling for Remimazolam for the Indication of Induction and Maintenance of General Anesthesia.
Lohmer, LL; Petersen, KU; Schippers, F; Schmith, VD; Stoehr, T, 2020)		2.3
"Remimazolam is a new, ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine developed for intravenous (IV) use during procedural sedation and in general anaesthesia. "( Potential strategy for assessing QT/QTc interval for drugs that produce rapid changes in heart rate: Electrocardiographic assessment of the effects of intravenous remimazolam on cardiac repolarization.
Darpo, B; Kleiman, RB; Schippers, F; Stoehr, T; Thorn, M, 2020)		2.2
"Remimazolam is a new short-acting benzodiazepine in the final stages of clinical development."( Remimazolam for anaesthesia or sedation.
Rigby-Jones, AE; Sneyd, JR, 2020)		2.72
"Remimazolam is a newly developed benzodiazepine as an alternative of conventional sedatives in the procedure of anesthesia. "( Efficacy and safety of remimazolam in procedural sedation and analgesia: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis.
Chen, J; Quan, J; Shen, M; Shi, J; Wang, F; Zhou, Q; Zou, X, 2020)		2.31
"Remimazolam tosilate (RT) is a new short-acting GABA(A) receptor agonist, having potential to be an effective option for procedural sedation. "( Remimazolam tosilate in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A multicenter, randomized, non-inferiority, phase III trial.
Bai, H; Bao, HG; Chen, SH; Huang, YG; Ji, FH; Jin, XJ; Li, L; Li, XK; Li, YJ; Luo, AL; Lv, JR; Min, S; Pan, CX; Tian, M; Wang, Q; Wang, S; Yu, YH; Yuan, TM; Zhang, J; Zhong, TD; Zou, XH, 2021)		3.51
"Remimazolam is a new ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine currently being developed for intravenous use in procedural sedation, general anaesthesia, and intensive care unit sedation. "( Remimazolam Has Low Oral Bioavailability and No Potential for Misuse in Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assaults, with or Without Alcohol: Results from Two Randomised Clinical Trials.
Borkett, K; Dao, VA; Donsbach, M; Ossig, J; Pesic, M; Schippers, F; Stöhr, T; Webster, L, 2020)		3.44
"Remimazolam is a novel and ultra-short-acting sedative currently developed for intravenous use in procedural sedation, general anesthesia, and ICU sedation. "( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intranasal remimazolam-a randomized controlled clinical trial.
Donsbach, M; Pesic, M; Saunders, R; Schippers, F; Stoehr, T; Webster, L, 2020)		2.25
"Remimazolam is an ultra-short acting benzodiazepine under development for procedural sedation and general anesthesia. "( Population Pharmacokinetics of Remimazolam in Procedural Sedation With Nonhomogeneously Mixed Arterial and Venous Concentrations.
Curd, L; Lohmer, LL; Ossig, J; Schippers, F; Schmith, V; Stoehr, T; Zhou, J, 2021)		2.35
"Remimazolam is a new ultra-short acting benzodiazepine that is currently under development for intravenous use in procedural sedation and general anaesthesia."( Impact of concurrent remifentanil on the sedative effects of remimazolam, midazolam and propofol in cynomolgus monkeys.
Kops, MS; Pesic, M; Petersen, KU; Schmalix, WA; Stöhr, T, 2021)		1.58
"Remimazolam besylate is an ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine derivative recently approved in Japan for general anaesthesia. "( Incompatibility of remimazolam besylate with Ringer's acetate infusion resulting in total occlusion of an intravenous catheter.
Matsuo, M; Okada, K; Onuki, Y; Yamazaki, M, 2021)		2.39
"Remimazolam besylate is a newer benzodiazepine with characteristics of quick onset of effects, short maintenance and recovery times without accumulation in tissues. "( Efficacy and safety of remimazolam besylate versus propofol during hysteroscopy: single-centre randomized controlled trial.
Li, S; Liu, J; Zhang, X, 2021)		2.37
"Remimazolam is a proved sedative in treating neuropathic pain."( Remimazolam alleviates neuropathic pain via regulating bradykinin receptor B1 and autophagy.
Liu, W; Lu, F; Wang, E; Wang, L; Xie, H; Zhong, M, 2021)		2.79
"Remimazolam is an ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine with a very high clearance rate."( Effect of remimazolam on intraoperative neuromonitoring during thyroid surgery: a case series.
Chaki, T; Hayamizu, K; Hirata, N; Tachibana, S; Yamakage, M, 2021)		1.75
"Remimazolam is a new ultrashort-acting benzodiazepine with fast onset, quick recovery, and few side effects, such as hypotension and respiratory depression. "( Sedation outcomes for remimazolam, a new benzodiazepine.
Kajiwara, M; Kobayashi, R; Oi, Y; Oka, S; Satomi, H; Sekino, R; Taguchi, K, 2021)		2.38
"Remimazolam is a novel option when choosing a benzodiazepine for procedural sedation that has pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic advantages when compared to other commonly prescribed sedatives. "( Remimazolam: A Novel Option for Procedural Sedation in High Risk Patients.
Kennedy, DR; Nemec, EC; Pantos, MM, 2023)		3.8
"Remimazolam (Byfavo™) is a benzodiazepine sedative that is indicated for the induction and maintenance of procedural sedation in adults. "( Remimazolam: A Review in Procedural Sedation.
Lee, A; Shirley, M, 2021)		3.51
"Remimazolam (Byfavo™) is a rapidly metabolised, intravenously administered benzodiazepine sedative, which induces sedation by binding to specific neurotransmitter receptors in the brain."( Remimazolam: A Review in Procedural Sedation.
Lee, A; Shirley, M, 2021)		2.79
"Remimazolam is a new benzodiazepine for procedural sedation and general anaesthesia. "( Pharmacokinetic properties of remimazolam in subjects with hepatic or renal impairment.
Borkett, K; Colin, PJ; Ossig, J; Pesic, M; Schippers, F; Stöhr, T; Struys, MMRF; Winkle, P, 2021)		2.35
"Remimazolam is a new ultrashort acting benzodiazepine anesthetic which has predictable sedative duration and rapid recovery in gastrointestinal endoscopy. "( Safety and efficacy of remimazolam compared with propofol in induction of general anesthesia.
Dai, G; Duan, F; Liao, M; Pei, L; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Z; Zhu, M, 2021)		2.37
"Remimazolam is a safe and effective sedative drug during induction with less adverse effects for general anesthesia in ASA I or II patients."( Safety and efficacy of remimazolam compared with propofol in induction of general anesthesia.
Dai, G; Duan, F; Liao, M; Pei, L; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Z; Zhu, M, 2021)		2.37
"Remimazolam is a new type of benzodiazepine drug, with supposed advantages of rapid induction, rapid recovery, stable hemodynamics, and mild respiratory inhibition."( Effect of remimazolam induction on hemodynamics in patients undergoing valve replacement surgery: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.
Chen, J; Chen, Y; He, F; Lai, T; Liu, T; Lu, Y; Xie, Y, 2021)		1.75
"Remimazolam is an ester-based short-acting benzodiazepine currently in clinical trials for IV administration. "( Inhaled Remimazolam Potentiates Inhaled Remifentanil in Rodents.
Bevans, T; Deering-Rice, C; Reilly, C; Rower, J; Sakata, D; Stockmann, C, 2017)		2.33
"Remimazolam is an ultrashort-acting benzodiazepine."( A phase III study evaluating the efficacy and safety of remimazolam (CNS 7056) compared with placebo and midazolam in patients undergoing colonoscopy.
Barish, CF; Bernstein, D; Bhandari, R; Cash, BD; DeMicco, MP; Desta, T; Etzkorn, K; Pruitt, R; Quirk, D; Rex, DK; Schaeffer, C; Sullivan, S; Tiongco, F, 2018)		2.17
"Remimazolam is an ultra-short acting benzodiazepine under development for procedural sedation and general anesthesia. "( Metabolism of remimazolam in primary human hepatocytes during continuous long-term infusion in a 3-D bioreactor system.
Damm, G; Freyer, N; Greuel, S; Knöspel, F; Petersen, KU; Schneider, C; Seehofer, D; Stöhr, T; Zeilinger, K, 2019)		2.32
"Remimazolam is a rapidly metabolized benzodiazepine. "( Hypnotic and sedative drugs--anything new on the horizon?
Gin, T, 2013)		1.83
"Remimazolam is an ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine currently being developed for procedural sedation and for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. "( A phase IIb study comparing the safety and efficacy of remimazolam and midazolam in patients undergoing colonoscopy.
Borkett, KM; Melson, TI; Pambianco, DJ; Riff, DS; Schwartz, HI; Wilhelm-Ogunbiyi, K; Winkle, PJ, 2016)		2.12
"Remimazolam is a new chemical entity belonging to the benzodiazepine class of sedative drugs, which shows faster-acting onset and recovery than currently available short-acting sedatives. "( Metabolite characterization of a novel sedative drug, remimazolam in human plasma and urine using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with synapt high-definition mass spectrometry.
Hu, P; Jiang, J; Zhou, Y, 2017)		2.15
"Remimazolam (CNS-7056) is a short-acting GABA(A) receptor agonist, under development by PAION, in collaboration with Japanese licensee Ono Pharmaceutical, as an intravenous sedative agent for potential use in day-case procedures, and the induction and maintenance of anesthesia. "( Remimazolam, a short-acting GABA(A) receptor agonist for intravenous sedation and/or anesthesia in day-case surgical and non-surgical procedures.
McDowell, TS; Rogers, WK, 2010)		3.25

Effects

Remimazolam has a mild cardiopulmonary suppressive effect, showing good effectiveness and safety in clinical applications, especially in the elderly, critically ill patients, or patients with hepatic and renal insufficiency. It also has a shorter elimination half-life and decreased volume of distribution.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Remimazolam has a mild cardiopulmonary suppressive effect, showing good effectiveness and safety in clinical applications, especially in the elderly, critically ill patients, or patients with hepatic and renal insufficiency."( A Narrative Review of Remimazolam in Procedural Sedation.
Chen, GC; Lin, PA; Lin, SS; Lu, CH; Tseng, WC, 2023)		1.95
"Remimazolam has a faster onset of action and recovery time than midazolam when given as single IV doses. "( Remimazolam: A Novel Option for Procedural Sedation in High Risk Patients.
Kennedy, DR; Nemec, EC; Pantos, MM, 2023)		3.8
"Remimazolam also has a shorter elimination half-life and decreased volume of distribution when compared to midazolam."( Remimazolam: A Novel Option for Procedural Sedation in High Risk Patients.
Kennedy, DR; Nemec, EC; Pantos, MM, 2023)		3.07
"Remimazolam has been successfully used in endoscopic inspection or surgery and general anaesthesia induction and maintenance with fast and predictable onset and recovery times, high procedure success rates, and minor respiratory and hemodynamic fluctuations and without serious drug-related adverse reactions."( Remimazolam: An Updated Review of a New Sedative and Anaesthetic.
Hu, Q; Lei, X; Li, D; Liu, X; Wen, C, 2022)		2.89

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Remimazolam confers a lower risk of hypotension than propofol. "( Comparison of hemodynamics during induction of general anesthesia with remimazolam and target-controlled propofol in middle-aged and elderly patients: a single-center, randomized, controlled trial.
Kakuta, N; Kawanishi, R; Kinoshita, M; Sakai, Y; Sekiguchi, R; Tanaka, K, 2023)		2.59

Treatment

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Remimazolam treatment reduced the liver injury and pathological changes, suppressed pro-inflammatory reactions, and elevated p-p38."( Remimazolam reduces sepsis-associated acute liver injury by activation of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors and p38 inhibition of macrophages.
An, S; Chen, Z; Fang, H; Huang, Q; Li, L; Wang, J; Wu, J; Yang, H; Zeng, Z; Zhang, Y, 2021)		2.79

Toxicity

Remimazolam tosylate did not increase the total inpatient cost, the incidence of adverse events, and ICU mortality in patients with mechanical ventilation. In patients who underwent cold knife cervical conization, remimazlam-alfentanil anesthesia was associated with a reduced incidence of intraoperative cardiopulmonary adverse events.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Remimazolam was well tolerated in all dose cohorts, and no serious adverse events (AEs) were reported."( A placebo- and midazolam-controlled phase I single ascending-dose study evaluating the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of remimazolam (CNS 7056): Part I. Safety, efficacy, and basic pharmacokinetics.
Antonik, LJ; Borkett, KM; Goldwater, DR; Kilpatrick, GJ; Tilbrook, GS, 2012)		1.49
" There were no treatment-emergent serious adverse events."( A phase III study evaluating the efficacy and safety of remimazolam (CNS 7056) compared with placebo and midazolam in patients undergoing colonoscopy.
Barish, CF; Bernstein, D; Bhandari, R; Cash, BD; DeMicco, MP; Desta, T; Etzkorn, K; Pruitt, R; Quirk, D; Rex, DK; Schaeffer, C; Sullivan, S; Tiongco, F, 2018)		0.73
"Remimazolam administered under the supervision of a pulmonologist was effective and safe for moderate sedation during flexible bronchoscopy."( Safety and Efficacy of Remimazolam Compared With Placebo and Midazolam for Moderate Sedation During Bronchoscopy.
Akulian, J; Callahan, SP; Chen, A; Feldman, G; Lorch, DG; Ndukwu, I; Ostroff, R; Pastis, NJ; Pritchett, MA; Schippers, F; Shojaee, S; Silvestri, GA; Tanner, NT; Wahidi, M; Yarmus, LB, 2019)		2.27
"Remimazolam was safe and well tolerated in healthy Chinese participants."( Safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of single ascending dose and continuous infusion of remimazolam besylate in healthy Chinese volunteers.
Cui, YM; Li, LE; Liang, Y; Sheng, XY; Yang, XY; Ye, X; Zhao, X, 2020)		2.21
"8% in group A), recovery profile or the incidence or severity of adverse events (AEs) or adverse drug reactions (ADRs)."( Safety and efficacy of remimazolam in induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in high-risk surgical patients (ASA Class III): results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group comparative trial.
Doi, M; Hirata, N; Morimatsu, H; Morisaki, H; Sakamoto, A; Suzuki, T, 2020)		0.87
" Adverse events and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were monitored for safety."( Efficacy and safety of remimazolam versus propofol for general anesthesia: a multicenter, single-blind, randomized, parallel-group, phase IIb/III trial.
Doi, M; Morita, K; Sakamoto, A; Suzuki, T; Takeda, J; Yamakage, M, 2020)		0.87
" Remimazolam (an ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine) has proven safe and efficient for outpatient colonoscopy sedation."( Safety and efficacy of remimazolam in high risk colonoscopy: A randomized trial.
Bernstein, D; Bhandari, R; Lorch, DG; Meyers, M; Rex, DK; Schippers, F, 2021)		1.84
" Incidence and frequency of treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were comparable in all three treatment arms, and independent of ASA status."( Safety and efficacy of remimazolam in high risk colonoscopy: A randomized trial.
Bernstein, D; Bhandari, R; Lorch, DG; Meyers, M; Rex, DK; Schippers, F, 2021)		0.93
"Remimazolam is safe and efficient in procedural sedation of high risk ASA patients undergoing colonoscopy, showing a safety profile comparable to that in low risk ASA."( Safety and efficacy of remimazolam in high risk colonoscopy: A randomized trial.
Bernstein, D; Bhandari, R; Lorch, DG; Meyers, M; Rex, DK; Schippers, F, 2021)		2.37
" The incidence of adverse events in Group R (3."( Efficacy and safety of remimazolam besylate versus propofol during hysteroscopy: single-centre randomized controlled trial.
Li, S; Liu, J; Zhang, X, 2021)		0.93
" Efficacy was measured by completing the induction of anesthesia without rescue sedation; and safety was defined as no severe adverse events."( Safety and efficacy of remimazolam compared with propofol in induction of general anesthesia.
Dai, G; Duan, F; Liao, M; Pei, L; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Z; Zhu, M, 2021)		0.93
"Remimazolam is a safe and effective sedative drug during induction with less adverse effects for general anesthesia in ASA I or II patients."( Safety and efficacy of remimazolam compared with propofol in induction of general anesthesia.
Dai, G; Duan, F; Liao, M; Pei, L; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Z; Zhu, M, 2021)		2.37
" In addition, Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale (OAA/S) at 1 min, 3 min, and 5 min after hysteroscopy, the incidence of adverse events, and the time from the end of the hysteroscopy to reach the discharge standard, were recorded."( Efficacy and safety of remimazolam tosylate in hysteroscopy: A randomized, single-blind, parallel controlled trial.
Peng, Y; Ran, R; Wang, J; Xiao, Y; Zhang, S, 2022)		1.03
" After administration, the adverse event incidence in group A was significantly higher than that in groups B and C (p < 0."( Efficacy and safety of remimazolam tosylate in hysteroscopy: A randomized, single-blind, parallel controlled trial.
Peng, Y; Ran, R; Wang, J; Xiao, Y; Zhang, S, 2022)		1.03
"Remimazolam tosylate and propofol have similar success rates for painless hysteroscopy, and both can provide safe and effective sedation."( Efficacy and safety of remimazolam tosylate in hysteroscopy: A randomized, single-blind, parallel controlled trial.
Peng, Y; Ran, R; Wang, J; Xiao, Y; Zhang, S, 2022)		2.47
" Secondary endpoints included time metrics, hemodynamics, consumption of fentanyl, etomidate, propofol, and remimazolam, intraoperative body movement, patient and endoscopist satisfaction scores, supplemental dose of sedative and fentanyl, and incidence and severity of adverse events."( The Efficacy and Safety of Remimazolam Tosilate versus Etomidate-Propofol in Elderly Outpatients Undergoing Colonoscopy: A Prospective, Randomized, Single-Blind, Non-Inferiority Trial.
Ding, B; Liu, L; Liu, X; Sha, Y; Shi, F; Zhang, Y; Zhao, T, 2021)		1.13
" Safety of the sedatives was evaluated by adverse events during hospitalization."( Efficacy and Safety of Remimazolam Besylate versus Dexmedetomidine for Sedation in Non-Intubated Older Patients with Agitated Delirium After Orthopedic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Deng, Y; Ju, X; Liu, L; Qin, Z; Wu, Q; Yang, X; Zhang, Y, 2022)		1.03
" During endoscopic procedures, remimazolam is an effective and safe sedative procedure."( Efficacy and Safety of the Remimazolam-Alfentanil Combination for Sedation During Gastroscopy: A Randomized, Double-blind, Single-center Controlled Trial.
Cheng, Y; Fang, Q; Fang, X; He, H; Hu, Y; Shi, W; Shuai, Y; Wang, Z; Xu, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2022)		1.3
" Changes in vital signs and the appearance of adverse events were used to assess the safety of drug combinations."( Efficacy and Safety of the Remimazolam-Alfentanil Combination for Sedation During Gastroscopy: A Randomized, Double-blind, Single-center Controlled Trial.
Cheng, Y; Fang, Q; Fang, X; He, H; Hu, Y; Shi, W; Shuai, Y; Wang, Z; Xu, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2022)		1.02
" The sedation strategy of remimazolam-alfentanil has noninferior efficacy, fewer adverse effects, and a better postoperative recovery process than propofol-alfentanil for patients undergoing gastroscopy."( Efficacy and Safety of the Remimazolam-Alfentanil Combination for Sedation During Gastroscopy: A Randomized, Double-blind, Single-center Controlled Trial.
Cheng, Y; Fang, Q; Fang, X; He, H; Hu, Y; Shi, W; Shuai, Y; Wang, Z; Xu, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y, 2022)		1.32
" Data from eligible studies were pooled with relative risk or mean differences to analyze the differences in hemodynamic stability and adverse effects of the two medications."( Comparison of remimazolam and propofol about safety outcome indicators during general anesthesia in surgical patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
An, L; Bai, X; Chen, R; Gao, H; Huang, X; Tong, R; Wang, C; Wu, X; Yi, J; Zhang, Z, 2023)		1.27
"Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies in animal experiments and a phase 1 study suggested remimazolam tosylate as an effective and safe sedation/anesthetic agent."( Study Protocol of a Multicenter, Randomized, Single-Blind Trial: Efficacy and Safety of Remimazolam Tosylate for Sedation in ICU Patients.
Chen, C; Chen, M; Guan, X; Jiang, Z; Liu, N; Liu, Q; Nie, Y; Si, X; Zuo, L, 2023)		1.35
" Evaluations of safety including adverse events (AEs), serious AEs, physical examination, laboratory examination, etc."( Study Protocol of a Multicenter, Randomized, Single-Blind Trial: Efficacy and Safety of Remimazolam Tosylate for Sedation in ICU Patients.
Chen, C; Chen, M; Guan, X; Jiang, Z; Liu, N; Liu, Q; Nie, Y; Si, X; Zuo, L, 2023)		1.13
" The primary outcome was the incidence of intraoperative cardiopulmonary adverse events (a composite outcome of hypotension, bradycardia and hypoxemia)."( Cardiopulmonary Adverse Events of Remimazolam versus Propofol During Cervical Conization: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Huang, Z; Ma, L; Mu, X; Nie, H; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Zheng, Z, 2023)		1.19
"The incidence of intraoperative cardiopulmonary adverse events was 45 (44."( Cardiopulmonary Adverse Events of Remimazolam versus Propofol During Cervical Conization: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Huang, Z; Ma, L; Mu, X; Nie, H; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Zheng, Z, 2023)		1.19
"In patients who underwent cold knife cervical conization, remimazolam-alfentanil anesthesia was associated with a reduced incidence of intraoperative cardiopulmonary adverse events compared with propofol-alfentanil anesthesia."( Cardiopulmonary Adverse Events of Remimazolam versus Propofol During Cervical Conization: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Huang, Z; Ma, L; Mu, X; Nie, H; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Zheng, Z, 2023)		1.43
" Any adverse events were recorded."( Efficacy and safety of remimazolam tosilate versus propofol in patients undergoing day surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial.
Huang, J; Liu, M; Luo, W; Miao, C; Sun, M; Wan, J; Xia, L; Xiong, W; Xu, P; Zhang, J; Zhang, X; Zhang, Z; Zhong, J, 2023)		1.22
"Propofol is the most widely used intravenous anesthetic in endoscopic surgery, but is associated with several adverse reactions."( The safety and efficacy between remimazolam and propofol in intravenous anesthesia of endoscopy operation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Hu, HF; Kuang, MJ; Li, XL; Li, XM; Wang, DC; Zhao, MJ, 2023)		1.19
"This meta-analysis examined the adverse events and efficacy of remimazolam vs."( The safety and efficacy between remimazolam and propofol in intravenous anesthesia of endoscopy operation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Hu, HF; Kuang, MJ; Li, XL; Li, XM; Wang, DC; Zhao, MJ, 2023)		1.43
"Hypotension is the most common adverse event under propofol-mediated sedation and is possible to cause varying degrees of damage to patients."( The safety and efficacy of remimazolam tosylate combined with propofol in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A multicenter, randomized clinical trial.
Deng, Y; Dou, Y; Li, D; Liu, X; Ma, S; Wang, X; Wei, A; Wu, J; Yang, M; Zhou, S, 2023)		1.21
" The safety results mainly include the incidence of Hypotension, adverse respiratory events, postoperative nausea and vomiting, hiccup, cough, body movement and bradycardia."( The safety and efficacy of remimazolam tosylate combined with propofol in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A multicenter, randomized clinical trial.
Deng, Y; Dou, Y; Li, D; Liu, X; Ma, S; Wang, X; Wei, A; Wu, J; Yang, M; Zhou, S, 2023)		1.21
" The incidence of adverse events, in descending order, was P group, RT group, and R+P group (93."( The safety and efficacy of remimazolam tosylate combined with propofol in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A multicenter, randomized clinical trial.
Deng, Y; Dou, Y; Li, D; Liu, X; Ma, S; Wang, X; Wei, A; Wu, J; Yang, M; Zhou, S, 2023)		1.21
"Co-administration had fewer adverse events than propofol monotherapy, also had a better sedative effect and higher endoscopist satisfaction than remimazolam monotherapy."( The safety and efficacy of remimazolam tosylate combined with propofol in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A multicenter, randomized clinical trial.
Deng, Y; Dou, Y; Li, D; Liu, X; Ma, S; Wang, X; Wei, A; Wu, J; Yang, M; Zhou, S, 2023)		1.41
" When the sedation was successfully achieved, safety was evaluated based on the incidence of various intraoperative and postoperative adverse events."( Efficacy and Safety of Different Doses of Remimazolam Tosilate Applied in Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Trial.
Cheng, Z; Cui, X; Li, H; Luan, H; Zhang, X; Zhao, Z; Zhu, P, 2023)		1.17
" However, as the dose is progressively increased, the incidence of adverse reactions by remimazolam tosilate are also significantly increased, such as vertigo and prolonged sedation recovery time."( Efficacy and Safety of Different Doses of Remimazolam Tosilate Applied in Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Trial.
Cheng, Z; Cui, X; Li, H; Luan, H; Zhang, X; Zhao, Z; Zhu, P, 2023)		1.4
" However, it is important to find safer and more effective sedation agents, considering the adverse effects associated with current agents."( Efficacy and safety of remimazolam besilate for sedation in outpatients undergoing impacted third molar extraction: a prospective exploratory study.
Aikawa, T; Doi, M; Imado, E; Imamura, S; Kamio, H; Mukai, A; Oda, A; Ono, S; Oue, K; Sakuma, M; Sasaki, U; Shimizu, Y; Takahashi, T; Yoshida, M, 2023)		1.22
" The primary endpoint was the sedation success rate with remimazolam monotherapy, and the secondary endpoints included induction time, recovery time, time until discharge, remimazolam dose, respiratory and circulatory dynamics, and frequency of adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of remimazolam besilate for sedation in outpatients undergoing impacted third molar extraction: a prospective exploratory study.
Aikawa, T; Doi, M; Imado, E; Imamura, S; Kamio, H; Mukai, A; Oda, A; Ono, S; Oue, K; Sakuma, M; Sasaki, U; Shimizu, Y; Takahashi, T; Yoshida, M, 2023)		1.47
" Laboratory tests, adverse events, and the length of ICU stay were considered secondary outcomes."( Remimazolam tosylate's long-term sedative properties in ICU patients on mechanical ventilation: effectiveness and safety.
Li, G; Liao, Z; Wang, L; Xia, W; Yao, Z; Zhan, L, 2023)		2.35
" The Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale scores, length of ICU stay, and occurrence of adverse events did not exhibit significant differences between the two groups."( Remimazolam tosylate's long-term sedative properties in ICU patients on mechanical ventilation: effectiveness and safety.
Li, G; Liao, Z; Wang, L; Xia, W; Yao, Z; Zhan, L, 2023)		2.35
"Remimazolam tosylate did not increase the total inpatient cost, the incidence of adverse events, and ICU mortality in patients with mechanical ventilation."( Remimazolam tosylate's long-term sedative properties in ICU patients on mechanical ventilation: effectiveness and safety.
Li, G; Liao, Z; Wang, L; Xia, W; Yao, Z; Zhan, L, 2023)		3.8
" Other procedural time parameters, satisfaction profiles, and adverse effects were thoroughly evaluated."( Safety and efficacy of remimazolam compared with midazolam during bronchoscopy: a single-center, randomized controlled study.
Cho, JY; Choe, KH; Chung, JM; Han, JH; Kim, EG; Kim, M; Kim, SH; Lee, KM; Seok, JW; Seong, C; Shin, YM; Yang, B; Yang, J, 2023)		1.22

Pharmacokinetics

Remimazolam pharmacokinetic properties were adequately described by a three-compartment, recirculatory mo. Remimazlam's systemic clearance was approximately 3 times that of midazolAm. An appropriate pharmacokinetics model of remimazalam is desirable in anesthesia practice.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" We report the first pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) study of CNS 7056 and its inactive metabolite CNS 7054 in sheep."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the short-acting sedative CNS 7056 in sheep.
Colvill, J; Grant, C; Martinez, AM; Somogyi, AA; Upton, RN, 2010)		0.36
"96) litre min(-1) and a terminal half-life of 21."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the short-acting sedative CNS 7056 in sheep.
Colvill, J; Grant, C; Martinez, AM; Somogyi, AA; Upton, RN, 2010)		0.36
" The pharmacokinetic behavior of remimazolam was linear and its systemic clearance approximately 3 times that of midazolam."( A placebo- and midazolam-controlled phase I single ascending-dose study evaluating the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of remimazolam (CNS 7056): Part I. Safety, efficacy, and basic pharmacokinetics.
Antonik, LJ; Borkett, KM; Goldwater, DR; Kilpatrick, GJ; Tilbrook, GS, 2012)		0.86
" Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of the data was undertaken and the parameters obtained were used for Monte-Carlo simulations of alternative dosing regimens."( A placebo- and midazolam-controlled phase I single ascending-dose study evaluating the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of remimazolam (CNS 7056): Part II. Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation.
Borkett, KM; Kilpatrick, GJ; Tilbrook, GS; Wiltshire, HR, 2012)		0.58
"A 4-compartment mammillary pharmacokinetic model of midazolam and a physiologically based recirculation model of remimazolam were fitted to the observed plasma levels."( A placebo- and midazolam-controlled phase I single ascending-dose study evaluating the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of remimazolam (CNS 7056): Part II. Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation.
Borkett, KM; Kilpatrick, GJ; Tilbrook, GS; Wiltshire, HR, 2012)		0.79
"Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models developed for remimazolam and midazolam fitted the observed data well."( A placebo- and midazolam-controlled phase I single ascending-dose study evaluating the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of remimazolam (CNS 7056): Part II. Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation.
Borkett, KM; Kilpatrick, GJ; Tilbrook, GS; Wiltshire, HR, 2012)		0.82
"The aim of the present study was to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of remimazolam besylate following single ascending dose (SAD) and continuous infusion in healthy Chinese volunteers."( Safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of single ascending dose and continuous infusion of remimazolam besylate in healthy Chinese volunteers.
Cui, YM; Li, LE; Liang, Y; Sheng, XY; Yang, XY; Ye, X; Zhao, X, 2020)		0.98
"The half-life range of remimazolam was from 34."( Safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of single ascending dose and continuous infusion of remimazolam besylate in healthy Chinese volunteers.
Cui, YM; Li, LE; Liang, Y; Sheng, XY; Yang, XY; Ye, X; Zhao, X, 2020)		1.08
"2 l) and a short terminal half-life (70 ± 10 min)."( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Remimazolam (CNS 7056) after Continuous Infusion in Healthy Male Volunteers: Part I. Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Pharmacodynamics.
Eisenried, A; Fechner, J; Ihmsen, H; Jeleazcov, C; Lerch, M; Schüttler, J, 2020)		0.82
" Pharmacodynamic models were developed for selected EEG variables and Narcotrend Index."( Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Remimazolam (CNS 7056) after Continuous Infusion in Healthy Male Volunteers: Part II. Pharmacodynamics of Electroencephalogram Effects.
Eisenried, A; Ihmsen, H; Jeleazcov, C; Lerch, M; Schüttler, J, 2020)		0.82
"Plasma concentration-time data from 11 Phase 1-3 clinical trials were pooled for the population pharmacokinetic (popPK) analysis and concentration-bispectral index (BIS) data were pooled from 8 trials for popPK-PD analysis."( Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling for remimazolam in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in healthy subjects and in surgical subjects.
Curd, L; Ivaturi, VD; Leonowens, C; Lohmer, LL; Ossig, J; Petersen, KU; Schippers, F; Schmith, V; Stoehr, T; Zhou, J, 2020)		0.8
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis (PopPK) was conducted for remimazolam with arterial and venous samples previously, but results were limited by arterial-venous concentration differences and inaccurate central volume of distribution (V1) estimates."( Population Pharmacokinetics of Remimazolam in Procedural Sedation With Nonhomogeneously Mixed Arterial and Venous Concentrations.
Curd, L; Lohmer, LL; Ossig, J; Schippers, F; Schmith, V; Stoehr, T; Zhou, J, 2021)		1.15
" The aim of this study was to characterise its pharmacokinetic properties and safety in renally and hepatically impaired subjects."( Pharmacokinetic properties of remimazolam in subjects with hepatic or renal impairment.
Borkett, K; Colin, PJ; Ossig, J; Pesic, M; Schippers, F; Stöhr, T; Struys, MMRF; Winkle, P, 2021)		0.91
"Remimazolam pharmacokinetic properties were adequately described by a three-compartment, recirculatory model."( Pharmacokinetic properties of remimazolam in subjects with hepatic or renal impairment.
Borkett, K; Colin, PJ; Ossig, J; Pesic, M; Schippers, F; Stöhr, T; Struys, MMRF; Winkle, P, 2021)		2.35
" An appropriate pharmacokinetic model of remimazolam is desirable in anesthesia practice."( A population pharmacokinetic model of remimazolam for general anesthesia and consideration of remimazolam dose in clinical practice.
Masui, K; Pesic, M; Stöhr, T; Tonai, T, 2022)		1.26
"Remimazolam pharmacokinetic model for general anesthesia was successfully developed."( A population pharmacokinetic model of remimazolam for general anesthesia and consideration of remimazolam dose in clinical practice.
Masui, K; Pesic, M; Stöhr, T; Tonai, T, 2022)		2.44
"The pharmacokinetic properties of the new benzodiazepine remimazolam have been studied only in adults."( Pharmacokinetics of remimazolam after intravenous infusion in anaesthetised children.
Fang, YB; Gao, YQ; Hu, ZY; Ihmsen, H; Jeleazcov, C; Liu, HC; Schüttler, J; Sun, W; Wang, Z, 2023)		1.48
" When normalised to weight, pharmacokinetic properties were similar to those reported for adults."( Pharmacokinetics of remimazolam after intravenous infusion in anaesthetised children.
Fang, YB; Gao, YQ; Hu, ZY; Ihmsen, H; Jeleazcov, C; Liu, HC; Schüttler, J; Sun, W; Wang, Z, 2023)		1.23

Compound-Compound Interactions

Remimazolam tosylate combined with low dose of propofol improved sedation and safety in hysteroscopy. Low dose of remimazilam when combined with esketamine has favorable profiles with rapid onset and recovery.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Our study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of remimazolam combined with alfentanil in colonoscopic polypectomy."( Sedative effect of remimazolam combined with alfentanil in colonoscopic polypectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial.
Chu, T; Wang, J; Xin, Y; Xu, A, 2022)		1.29
"Remimazolam combined with alfentanil have a non-inferior sedative effect than propofol during the colonoscopic polypectomy."( Sedative effect of remimazolam combined with alfentanil in colonoscopic polypectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial.
Chu, T; Wang, J; Xin, Y; Xu, A, 2022)		2.49
"To investigate the effect of applying remimazolam combined with esketamine for anesthesia in painless gastroenteroscopy on patients' circulatory and respiratory function."( Effects of Remimazolam Combined with Esketamine Anesthesia on Circulatory and Respiratory Function during Painless Gastroenteroscopy.
Guo, X; Lu, C; Qian, J; Ren, J, 2022)		1.38
"Remimazolam combined with esketamine anesthesia has the same advantages of rapid awakening compared with propofol anesthesia."( Effects of Remimazolam Combined with Esketamine Anesthesia on Circulatory and Respiratory Function during Painless Gastroenteroscopy.
Guo, X; Lu, C; Qian, J; Ren, J, 2022)		2.55
" However, the effects and safety of remimazolam alone or in combination with dexmedetomidine have not been investigated."( Clinical effects of remimazolam alone or in combination with dexmedetomidine in patients receiving bronchoscopy and influences on postoperative cognitive function: a randomized-controlled trial.
Cao, L; Gao, S; Li, L; Wang, T; Yang, S, 2023)		1.51
"We sought to investigate the clinical effects of remimazolam alone or in combination with dexmedetomidine in bronchoscopy, and their influence on cognitive function."( Clinical effects of remimazolam alone or in combination with dexmedetomidine in patients receiving bronchoscopy and influences on postoperative cognitive function: a randomized-controlled trial.
Cao, L; Gao, S; Li, L; Wang, T; Yang, S, 2023)		1.49
" Here this study is to investigate whether remimazolam combined with low-dose propofol can improve the sedation effect and safety of hysteroscopy."( Remimazolam Tosylate Combined with Low-Dose Propofol Improves Sedation and Safety in Hysteroscopy.
Chang, H; Liao, Q; Qing, W; Tong, J; Yu, R; Zhang, F, 2022)		2.43
"Remimazolam tosylate combined with low dose of propofol improved sedation and safety in hysteroscopy, and may be a more ideal sedative method for hysteroscopy."( Remimazolam Tosylate Combined with Low-Dose Propofol Improves Sedation and Safety in Hysteroscopy.
Chang, H; Liao, Q; Qing, W; Tong, J; Yu, R; Zhang, F, 2022)		3.61
"This study aims to observe the safety and effectiveness of remimazolam benzenesulfonate combined with alfentanil for painless and comfort anesthesia in plastic surgery."( Use of Remimazolam Combined With Alfentanil for Plastic Surgery Anesthesia Cases: A Clinical Trial.
Huang, Y; Sun, H; Tan, X; Xu, K, 2023)		1.61
"Remimazolam benzenesulfonate combined with alfentanil can be used as a comfort anesthesia and painless anesthesia protocol in plastic surgery, which has the advantages of rapid onset of action, safety and comfort for patients, rapid recovery, and good cooperation."( Use of Remimazolam Combined With Alfentanil for Plastic Surgery Anesthesia Cases: A Clinical Trial.
Huang, Y; Sun, H; Tan, X; Xu, K, 2023)		2.81
" The objective of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy profiles of the remimazolam and propofol when combined with alfentanil for sedation during ERCP procedures."( A randomized, controlled clinical trial comparing remimazolam to propofol when combined with alfentanil for sedation during ERCP procedures.
Chen, HR; Dong, SA; Guo, Y; Li, HX; Li, WZ; Liu, SS; Song, K; Wang, JH; Wu, LL; Wu, LN; Yu, JB; Zhang, L, 2023)		1.39
"During elective ERCP, patients administered with remimazolam showed fewer respiratory depression events under deep sedation with hemodynamic advantages over propofol when administered in combination with alfentanil."( A randomized, controlled clinical trial comparing remimazolam to propofol when combined with alfentanil for sedation during ERCP procedures.
Chen, HR; Dong, SA; Guo, Y; Li, HX; Li, WZ; Liu, SS; Song, K; Wang, JH; Wu, LL; Wu, LN; Yu, JB; Zhang, L, 2023)		1.42
"To observe the effect of low-dose propofol combined with dexamethasone on the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in gynaecological day surgery under remimazolam-based general anesthesia."( Effect of low-dose propofol combined with dexamethasone on the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in gynaecological day surgery under remimazolam-based general anesthesia.
Ji, F; Liu, M; Man, Y; Wei, Y; Xiao, H, 2023)		1.3
"The effect of low-dose propofol combined with dexamethasone to prevent PONV under remimazolam-based general anesthesia was similar to that of droperidol combined with dexamethasone, both of which significantly reduced the incidence of PONV in the PACU compared to dexamethasone alone."( Effect of low-dose propofol combined with dexamethasone on the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in gynaecological day surgery under remimazolam-based general anesthesia.
Ji, F; Liu, M; Man, Y; Wei, Y; Xiao, H, 2023)		1.34
" Low dose of remimazolam when combined with esketamine has favorable profiles with rapid onset and recovery, but mild hemodynamic side effects and adverse events."( Remimazolam versus propofol in combination with esketamine for surgical abortion: A double-blind randomized controlled trial.
Chen, J; Li, N; Ma, X; Wan, Z; Wang, J; Yang, L; Yue, L, 2023)		2.72
" The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of remimazolam besylate combined with alfentanil in patients undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy with preserved spontaneous breathing."( Effectiveness of remimazolam besylate combined with alfentanil for fiberoptic bronchoscopy with preserved spontaneous breathing: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial.
Chen, ZJ; Li, JY; Wang, JF; Xu, L; Yu, L; Zhang, L, 2023)		1.5
"Remimazolam besylate combined with alfentanil for painless fiberoptic bronchoscopy can better preserve the patient's spontaneous breathing and reduce the incidence of respiratory depression during the inspection than propofol."( Effectiveness of remimazolam besylate combined with alfentanil for fiberoptic bronchoscopy with preserved spontaneous breathing: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial.
Chen, ZJ; Li, JY; Wang, JF; Xu, L; Yu, L; Zhang, L, 2023)		2.69
"Remimazolam combined with sufentanil for general anesthesia induction has the advantages of small hemodynamic fluctuations, stable circulation, and few adverse reactions, making it suitable for elderly patients with mild hypertension."( Effects of remimazolam combined with sufentanil on hemodynamics during anesthetic induction in elderly patients with mild hypertension undergoing orthopedic surgery of the lower limbs: a randomized controlled trial.
Duan, G; Lan, H; Shan, W; Wu, J; Xu, Q, 2023)		2.74

Bioavailability

Two clinical trials were designed to evaluate the oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of remimazolam. Trial 1 was conducted in 14 healthy volunteers. Oral bioavailability was negligible.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Two clinical trials were designed to evaluate the oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of remimazolam and to assess the potential for remimazolam misuse in drug-facilitated sexual assaults via oral ingestion."( Remimazolam Has Low Oral Bioavailability and No Potential for Misuse in Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assaults, with or Without Alcohol: Results from Two Randomised Clinical Trials.
Borkett, K; Dao, VA; Donsbach, M; Ossig, J; Pesic, M; Schippers, F; Stöhr, T; Webster, L, 2020)		2.21
"Trial 1 was conducted in 14 healthy volunteers to evaluate the oral bioavailability of remimazolam."( Remimazolam Has Low Oral Bioavailability and No Potential for Misuse in Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assaults, with or Without Alcohol: Results from Two Randomised Clinical Trials.
Borkett, K; Dao, VA; Donsbach, M; Ossig, J; Pesic, M; Schippers, F; Stöhr, T; Webster, L, 2020)		2.22
" The oral bioavailability of remimazolam was negligible (2."( Remimazolam Has Low Oral Bioavailability and No Potential for Misuse in Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assaults, with or Without Alcohol: Results from Two Randomised Clinical Trials.
Borkett, K; Dao, VA; Donsbach, M; Ossig, J; Pesic, M; Schippers, F; Stöhr, T; Webster, L, 2020)		2.29
"The oral bioavailability of remimazolam is negligible, which-together with its distinct bitter taste-suggests no meaningful potential for misuse in drug-facilitated sexual assaults via oral ingestion, with or without alcohol."( Remimazolam Has Low Oral Bioavailability and No Potential for Misuse in Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assaults, with or Without Alcohol: Results from Two Randomised Clinical Trials.
Borkett, K; Dao, VA; Donsbach, M; Ossig, J; Pesic, M; Schippers, F; Stöhr, T; Webster, L, 2020)		2.29

Dosage Studied

Dosing by body weight may offer no advantage over fixed doses in terms of consistency of exposure to remimazolam within the weight range studied (65-90 kg) There was no significant difference in general data, anesthesia time, the recovery time of patients and dosage among the 3 groups. Most recipients successfully completed their endoscopy.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" We report on modeling of the data and simulations of dosage regimens for future study."( A placebo- and midazolam-controlled phase I single ascending-dose study evaluating the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of remimazolam (CNS 7056): Part II. Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation.
Borkett, KM; Kilpatrick, GJ; Tilbrook, GS; Wiltshire, HR, 2012)		0.58
" Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of the data was undertaken and the parameters obtained were used for Monte-Carlo simulations of alternative dosing regimens."( A placebo- and midazolam-controlled phase I single ascending-dose study evaluating the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of remimazolam (CNS 7056): Part II. Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation.
Borkett, KM; Kilpatrick, GJ; Tilbrook, GS; Wiltshire, HR, 2012)		0.58
" No covariate effects considered to be clinically relevant were observed, suggesting that dosing by body weight may offer no advantage over fixed doses in terms of consistency of exposure to remimazolam within the weight range studied (65-90 kg)."( A placebo- and midazolam-controlled phase I single ascending-dose study evaluating the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of remimazolam (CNS 7056): Part II. Population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation.
Borkett, KM; Kilpatrick, GJ; Tilbrook, GS; Wiltshire, HR, 2012)		0.77
" Patients who failed to achieve adequate sedation in any arm were rescued with midazolam dosed at the investigator's discretion."( A phase III study evaluating the efficacy and safety of remimazolam (CNS 7056) compared with placebo and midazolam in patients undergoing colonoscopy.
Barish, CF; Bernstein, D; Bhandari, R; Cash, BD; DeMicco, MP; Desta, T; Etzkorn, K; Pruitt, R; Quirk, D; Rex, DK; Schaeffer, C; Sullivan, S; Tiongco, F, 2018)		0.73
" This dose-response analysis of 4 phase 2-3 studies evaluated covariates that may impact the pharmacodynamic profile (based on theoretical pharmacokinetic principles) and require dose adjustments in subpopulations, particularly elderly, and if remimazolam has cumulative properties."( Time-to-Event Modeling for Remimazolam for the Indication of Induction and Maintenance of General Anesthesia.
Lohmer, LL; Petersen, KU; Schippers, F; Schmith, VD; Stoehr, T, 2020)		1.04
" A battery of psychomotor tests was administered before dosing and several times postdose over 4-6 h."( Psychomotor Recovery Following Remimazolam-induced Sedation and the Effectiveness of Flumazenil as an Antidote.
Chen, X; Hu, P; Huang, Y; Jiang, J; Sang, N; Song, K; Wang, H; Zhong, W, 2020)		0.84
" Most (> 80%) remimazolam recipients successfully completed their endoscopy (≥ 97% of patients) within a predefined dosage regimen of remimazolam (≥ 84%), without requiring midazolam as a rescue sedative (≥ 90%)."( Remimazolam: A Review in Procedural Sedation.
Lee, A; Shirley, M, 2021)		2.42
" The primary outcome was the vasopressor dosage between the induction of anesthesia and the completion of tracheal intubation."( Remimazolam for induction of anesthesia in elderly patients with severe aortic stenosis: a prospective, observational pilot study.
Kako, E; Kamimura, Y; Nakanishi, T; Sento, Y; Sobue, K; Tsuji, T, 2021)		2.06
" The dosage of propofol (38±9 mg) in the RM group was significantly less than that (115±15 mg) in the PR group, meanwhile the anesthesia time (8."( Gastroscopy sedation: clinical trial comparing propofol and sufentanil with or without remimazolam.
Chen, H; He, X; Xiao, N; Xiao, X; Zeng, F; Zhang, L, 2022)		0.94
"A dose-response study was carried out in 112 patients undergoing painless colonoscopy between December 2020 and January 2021."( Up-down determination of the 90% effective dose (ED90) of remimazolam besylate for anesthesia induction.
Hao, W; Li, Y; Lu, Z; Yang, L; Zhou, N, 2022)		0.97
" The precise dosing of the ED95 can help maintain hemodynamic stability during the induction of anesthesia."( Determination of the 95% effective dose of remimazolam to achieve loss of consciousness during anesthesia induction in different age groups.
Joe, HB; Lee, GY; Lee, SY; Oh, J; Park, JH; Park, SY; Song, JY, 2022)		0.98
" There was no significant difference in general data, anesthesia time, the recovery time of patients and dosage of remimazolam and alfentanil among the 3 groups (P > ."( Effect of low-dose propofol combined with dexamethasone on the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in gynaecological day surgery under remimazolam-based general anesthesia.
Ji, F; Liu, M; Man, Y; Wei, Y; Xiao, H, 2023)		1.32
" The occurrence of hypotension, bradycardia, hypoxemia and the degree of body movement were secondary outcomes, as well as the moment at which consciousness was lost, the interval between the end of anesthesia and the operating room's release of the patient, and the overall dosage of alfentanil administered during the procedure."( Cardiopulmonary Adverse Events of Remimazolam versus Propofol During Cervical Conization: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Huang, Z; Ma, L; Mu, X; Nie, H; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Zheng, Z, 2023)		1.19
"Patients were randomly assigned evenly (20 per group) to one of five different dosage of remimazolam: group A (0."( Determination of the 50% and 95% Effective Dose of Remimazolam Combined with Propofol for Intravenous Sedation During Day-Surgery Hysteroscopy.
Chen, XZ; Lou, AF; Qian, XW; Tan, H; Wu, JE, 2023)		1.38
"The dose-response effects of remimazolam were evaluated for intravenous sedation during hysteroscopy."( Determination of the 50% and 95% Effective Dose of Remimazolam Combined with Propofol for Intravenous Sedation During Day-Surgery Hysteroscopy.
Chen, XZ; Lou, AF; Qian, XW; Tan, H; Wu, JE, 2023)		1.45
" The study also provided guidance on the appropriate dosage of remimazolam for achieving moderate sedation during dental procedures."( Efficacy and safety of remimazolam besilate for sedation in outpatients undergoing impacted third molar extraction: a prospective exploratory study.
Aikawa, T; Doi, M; Imado, E; Imamura, S; Kamio, H; Mukai, A; Oda, A; Ono, S; Oue, K; Sakuma, M; Sasaki, U; Shimizu, Y; Takahashi, T; Yoshida, M, 2023)		1.46
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (252)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's3 (1.19)29.6817
2010's29 (11.51)24.3611
2020's220 (87.30)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 59.04

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index59.04 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.88 (2.92)
Research Growth Index6.02 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index96.28 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (59.04)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials102 (40.16%)5.53%
Reviews32 (12.60%)6.00%
Case Studies27 (10.63%)4.05%
Observational5 (1.97%)0.25%
Other88 (34.65%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		4.5220amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
caffeine
[no description available]		2.7620purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
dantrolene
Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.		2.4110hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione		muscle relaxant;
neuroprotective agent;
ryanodine receptor antagonist
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		2.13101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		4.2821aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		8.776anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		9.36158ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2.95101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		4.3711nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		3.711benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		4.7340cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		18.078140imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		18.4210159phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		6.2254ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		4.3711mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
4-toluenesulfonic acid
4-toluenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; other RNs in 9th CI Form Index. toluene-4-sulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a methyl group.		4.9522arenesulfonic acid;
toluenes
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		3.3510mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		2.3110D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		2.610organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		6.9677anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		10.0532organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		7.3598monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		11.5268alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
alphaxalone
alphaxalone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structure		4.1910corticosteroid hormone
esketamine
esketamine : The S- (more active) enantiomer of ketamine.		4.5431ketamineanalgesic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist
rocuronium
Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		4.49313alpha-hydroxy steroid;
acetate ester;
androstane;
morpholines;
quaternary ammonium ion;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		2.4110butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		3.811indolyl carboxylic acid
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		7.6364ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
fospropofol
[no description available]		12.3350alkylbenzene
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.811isoquinolines
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		11.09144medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
azd-3043
AZD-3043: structure in first source		3.1810
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		8.8983
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Hiccough
[description not available]		02.8220
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		06.79133
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		06.79133
Ache
[description not available]		010.542117
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		010.542117
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		08.0988
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.3110
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.3110
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.3110
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.3110
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		07.3110
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.3110
Action Tremor
[description not available]		03.711
Tremor
Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.		03.711
Aortic Stenosis
[description not available]		04.0990
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		011.8236
Aortic Valve Stenosis
A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.		04.0990
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.3110
Inguinal Hernia
[description not available]		02.3110
Hernia, Inguinal
An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.		02.3110
Neuromuscular Blockade
The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.		02.3110
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)		02.3110
Alstrom Syndrome
Rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by multiple organ dysfunction. The key clinical features include retinal degeneration (NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; and eventual blindness), childhood obesity, sensorineural hearing loss, and normal mental development. Endocrinologic complications include TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS; HYPERINSULINEMIA; ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS; HYPOTHYROIDISM; and progressive renal and hepatic failures. The disease is caused by mutations in the ALMS1 gene.		07.3110
Scoliosis
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.3110
Jaundice, Cholestatic
[description not available]		03.811
Jaundice, Obstructive
Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.		03.811
Amnesia, Anterograde
Loss of the ability to form new memories beyond a certain point in time. This condition may be organic or psychogenic in origin. Organically induced anterograde amnesia may follow CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; SEIZURES; ANOXIA; and other conditions which adversely affect neural structures associated with memory formation (e.g., the HIPPOCAMPUS; FORNIX (BRAIN); MAMMILLARY BODIES; and ANTERIOR THALAMIC NUCLEI). (From Memory 1997 Jan-Mar;5(1-2):49-71)		03.711
Postoperative Cognitive Complications
COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT or functional decline after a surgical procedure.		03.711
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		03.711
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		03.711
Emesis, Postoperative
[description not available]		08.4127
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.		08.4127
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.4110
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		07.4110
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.4110
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.4110
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		07.4110
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.4110
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		02.920
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		09.36109
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		09.36109
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		011.862522
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		04.7722
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		011.862522
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		04.7722
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.4110
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		08.3265
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		08.3265
Dysembryoma
[description not available]		02.4110
Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis
Disorder characterized by symptoms of CATATONIA; HYPOVENTILATION; DYSKINESIAS; ENCEPHALITIS; and SEIZURES followed by a reduced CONSCIOUSNESS. It is often followed by a viral-like prodrome. Many cases are self-limiting and respond well to IMMUNOMODULATORY THERAPIES against the NMDA RECEPTORS antibodies.		09.12100
Teratoma
A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)		07.4110
Consciousness, Loss of
[description not available]		05.1632
Aortitis Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4110
Takayasu Arteritis
A chronic inflammatory process that affects the AORTA and its primary branches, such as the brachiocephalic artery (BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK) and CAROTID ARTERIES. It results in progressive arterial stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. The pulse in the arm is hard to detect. Patients with aortitis syndrome often exhibit retinopathy.		02.4110
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.920
Myotonic Dystrophy
Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.		02.920
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		04.5350
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		04.5350
Asystole
[description not available]		02.4110
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		02.4110
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		06.0832
Agitated Emergence
[description not available]		07.09173
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		06.0832
Chronic Liver Failure
[description not available]		02.4110
End Stage Liver Disease
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.		02.4110
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		07.2481
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		07.2481
Anoxemia
[description not available]		07.1854
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		07.1854
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		04.0290
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		04.0290
Dizzyness
[description not available]		08.0275
Emesis
[description not available]		07.465
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		08.0275
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		07.465
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		07.465
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		08.0988
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		013.0988
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic
[description not available]		02.610
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		02.610
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		02.610
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.610
Glossoptosis
Posterior displacement of the TONGUE toward the PHARYNX. It is often a feature in syndromes such as in PIERRE ROBIN SYNDROME and DOWN SYNDROME and associated with AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION during sleep (OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEAS).		03.9911
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		04.9522
Teeth, Impacted
[description not available]		05.2432
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		03.9911
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		03.9911
Edema, Laryngeal
[description not available]		02.610
Laryngeal Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of any part of the LARYNX, commonly associated with laryngeal injuries and allergic reactions.		07.610
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		03.9911
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		03.9911
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		04.0510
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		04.0510
Leanness
[description not available]		02.610
Facio-Scapulo-Humeral Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.610
Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral
An autosomal dominant degenerative muscle disease characterized by slowly progressive weakness of the muscles of the face, upper-arm, and shoulder girdle. The onset of symptoms usually occurs in the first or second decade of life. Affected individuals usually present with impairment of upper extremity elevation. This tends to be followed by facial weakness, primarily involving the orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi muscles. (Neuromuscul Disord 1997;7(1):55-62; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1420)		02.610
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		03.9911
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		03.9911
Exanthem
[description not available]		03.9911
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		03.9911
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		02.610
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.610
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.610
Hemothorax
Hemorrhage within the pleural cavity.		02.610
Chylopericardium
[description not available]		02.610
Cardiac Tamponade
Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.		07.610
Pericardial Effusion
Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.		02.610
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		08.9911
Goiter
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).		07.610
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		03.9911
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		03.9911
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		03.9911
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		03.6411
Amnesia-Memory Loss
[description not available]		03.6411
Amnesia
Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)		03.6411
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		15.6411
Pain, Procedural
Pain associated with examination, treatment or procedures.		02.3110
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		02.3110
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.3110
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		02.3110
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		02.3110
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia
[description not available]		02.3110
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.3110
Allodynia
[description not available]		02.3110
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.3110
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.3110
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		04.6211
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		04.6211
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		16.6211
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		04.6211
Anal Cancer
[description not available]		04.3711
Anus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ANAL CANAL.		04.3711