squaric acid profile

Squaric acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the formula C4H2O4. It is a white, crystalline solid that is soluble in water. Squaric acid is a strong acid and has been used as a reagent in organic synthesis. It is also an important component of many pharmaceutical and industrial products. Squaric acid is an interesting molecule for its structural properties, being a highly conjugated and planar molecule with a square-shaped ring. The unique features of this acid make it an interesting target for study. The synthesis of squaric acid involves the reaction of acetylene with carbon dioxide in the presence of a catalyst. This reaction produces squaric acid, which is then purified by recrystallization. Squaric acid has been shown to exhibit a variety of biological effects, including antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer activity. These activities are related to the ability of squaric acid to inhibit certain enzymes and receptors. The ability of squaric acid to bind to proteins and nucleic acids has been studied extensively. Squaric acid is a highly versatile molecule and its unique features make it a subject of interest for many researchers. It is often used as a building block for the synthesis of novel materials and compounds with potential applications in various fields, such as medicine, materials science, and electronics. Studies of squaric acid are also important in the context of understanding the properties and reactivity of organic compounds.'

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	17913
CHEBI ID	52141
SCHEMBL ID	56172
MeSH ID	M0095353

Synonym
2892-51-5
quadratic acid
wln: l4vvtj cq dq
3,2-dione
cyclobutenedione, dihydroxy-
nsc125692
nsc-125692
1,4-dihydroxycyclobutene
3-cyclobutene-1, 3,4-dihydroxy-
squaric acid ,
cyclobutene-1, 3,4-dihydroxy-
nsc-624671
nsc624671
3,4-dihydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione
1,2-diketo-3,4-dihydroxycyclobutene
1,2-dihydroxycyclobutene-3,4-dione
ai3-61444
dihydroxycyclobutenedione
3,4-dihydroxy-cyclobutene-1,2-dione
brn 0774275
cyclobutene-1,2-dione, 3,4-dihydroxy-
nsc 125692
einecs 220-761-4
ccris 6793
1,2-dihydroxy cyclobutenedione
inchi=1/c4h2o4/c5-1-2(6)4(8)3(1)7/h5-6
3,4-dihydroxycyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione
3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione, 3,4-dihydroxy-
3,4-dihydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione, 99%
D1399
1-cyclobutene-3,4-dione-1,2-diol
AKOS000121580
1,2-dihydroxycyclobutenedione
quadratsaeure
svr9d0vodw ,
4-08-00-02701 (beilstein handbook reference)
3,4-dihydroxy-3-cyclobuten-1,2-dion [iupac]
unii-svr9d0vodw
3,4-dihydroxy-3-cyclobuten-1,2-dion
NCGC00260365-01
tox21_202819
dtxsid9049409 ,
dtxcid8029369
cas-2892-51-5
A819678
3,4-dihydroxycyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione;3,4-dihydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione
3,4-dihydroxy-cyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione
BBL011240
STK936793
BP-10690
FT-0614321
1,2-dioxo-3,4-dihydroxycyclobut-3-ene
CHEBI:52141
1,2-dioxo-3,4-dihydroxycyclobutene
AM20090382
3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione,3,4-dihydroxy-
squaric acid [mi]
squaric acid [who-dd]
31150-56-8
SCHEMBL56172
dihydroxycyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione
mfcd00001334
SY002206
1,2-dihydroxy-1-cyclobutene-3,4-dione
3,4-dihydroxy-3-cyclobuten-1,2-dione
1,2-dihydroxy-l-cyclobutene-3,4-dione
1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-cyclobutenedione
STR05257
1,2-dihydroxy-1-cyclobuten-3,4-dione
AC-22924
3,4-dihydroxy-3-cyclobutene-2-dione;quadratic acid
J-511200
3,4-dihydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione, lonza quality, 98.50-101.00% (w/w) (hplc)
CS-W019969
nsc 624671
Z56347217
F0001-0904
Q3008466
Q903298
EN300-16613
SB11012

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Squaric acid is an interesting small molecule with an almost perfectly square shape, and its analogues have a variety of biological activities that are enabled by the presence of significant H-bond donors and acceptors."	( Squaric acid analogues in medicinal chemistry. Brulíková, L; Chasák, J; Šlachtová, V; Urban, M, 2021)	2.79

Role	Description
metabolite	Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
carbon oxoacid
alicyclic ketone	A cyclic ketone in which the carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
AR protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	24.3613	0.0002	21.2231	8,912.5098	AID1259243; AID1259381
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	8.6437	0.0015	30.6073	15,848.9004	AID1224841
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	15.3709	0.0002	29.3054	16,493.5996	AID1259244
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	27.3338	0.0016	28.0151	77.1139	AID1224843
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit	Mus musculus (house mouse)	Potency	15.3709	0.0015	57.7890	15,848.9004	AID1259244
Glutamate receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	15.3709	0.0015	51.7393	15,848.9004	AID1259244
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	4 (4.30)	18.7374
1990's	3 (3.23)	18.2507
2000's	34 (36.56)	29.6817
2010's	41 (44.09)	24.3611
2020's	11 (11.83)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	1 (1.02%)	5.53%
Reviews	4 (4.08%)	6.00%
Case Studies	2 (2.04%)	4.05%
Observational	1 (1.02%)	0.25%
Other	90 (91.84%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	7.01	1	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2.04	1	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	2.08	1	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
phenethylamine phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.05	1	alkaloid; aralkylamine; phenylethylamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.06	1	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	2.02	1	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
hydroxyurea [no description available]	7.03	1	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
piperazine [no description available]	7.31	1	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	2.03	1	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	2.55	2	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	2.07	1	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
aniline [no description available]	2.05	1	anilines; primary arylamine
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.07	1	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.08	1	pyrrolidin-2-ones
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.07	1	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2.04	1	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	2.03	1	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
paraoxon [no description available]	2.02	1	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
naphthazarin naphthazarin: fish toxin; isolated for first time from the walnut onigurmi, Juglans mandshurica maxim var. Sieboldiana Makino; structure. naphthazarin : A naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 8 are replaced by hydroxy groups.	6.97	1	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; plant metabolite
4,4'-bipyridyl 4,4'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.	2.43	2	bipyridine
1,2-cyclohexanedione cyclohexanedione : Cyclohexanones carrying two oxo substituents.. cyclohexane-1,2-dione : A cyclohexanedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 1 and 2.	1.96	1	cyclohexanedione
3-phenylpyridine [no description available]	2.11	1
3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide 3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide : A salicylanilide derivative with chloride substituents at C-3 and C-5 of the salicylate moiety and at C-3 and C-4 of the anilide moiety.	2.6	1	dichlorobenzene; salicylanilides	drug allergen
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	7.03	1	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2	1	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	2.08	1	copper group element atom; elemental gold
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	1.96	1
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	2.13	1	benzenes; phenyl acetates
alkenes [no description available]	2.11	1
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	1.98	1	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
squaric acid dibutyl ester squaric acid dibutyl ester : A cyclic ketone and diether that is a dibutyl ether derivative of squaric acid.	2.73	3	cyclic ketone; diether	allergen; immunological adjuvant
4-aminoquinoline [no description available]	7.08	1
pyrimidine dimers Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.	2	1
glycyl-prolyl-glycyl-glycine [no description available]	2.04	1
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.08	1	oligopeptide
prolinamide prolinamide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. L-prolinamide : The carboxamide derivative of L-proline.	7.05	1	amino acid amide; L-proline derivative; pyrrolidinecarboxamide
dihydro-dids [no description available]	1.96	1
squaric acid diethyl ester squaric acid diethyl ester: structure	2.4	2
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	2.73	3	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	2.31	1
elastin [no description available]	7.13	1	oligopeptide
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2	1	cyclodextrin
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	2.03	1	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
3,4-diaminocyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione 3,4-diaminocyclobut-3-ene-1,2-dione: structure in first source	2.6	1
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	2.08	1	alkali metal atom
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.39	2
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	1.96	1	stilbenoid
beta-nitrostyrene beta-nitrostyrene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	2.76	3	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	2.05	1	boron group element atom
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	2.08	1	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	7.08	1	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.06	1	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
epicinchonine epicinchonine: structure in first source. cinchonine : Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (S configuration). It occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.	2.04	1	cinchona alkaloid
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	1.96	1
phosphoramidite phosphoramidite: structure in first source. phosphoramidite : A compound with the general formula (RO)2PNR2. Phosphoramidites can be regarded as phosphites that have an NR2 instead of an OH group, or as amides of phosphorous acid.	2.41	2
gw9508 GW9508: structure in first source	2.31	1	aromatic amine
oligonucleotides [no description available]	2.71	3
chitosan [no description available]	7.31	1
tak-875 [no description available]	2.31	1	biphenyls
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	2.1	1	BODIPY compound
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2.04	1
echinochrome a echinochrome A: red pigment of sea urchin eggs (Arbacia pustulosa)	7.01	1
mordenite [no description available]	7	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Acinetobacter Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.	2.41	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	2.82	2	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	2.82	2	0
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Dysentery, Bacillary DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).	2.6	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	2.31	1	0
Alopecia Circumscripta [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Alopecia Areata Loss of scalp and body hair involving microscopically inflammatory patchy areas.	2.95	4	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Cold Sore [description not available]	3.53	1	1
Herpes Labialis Herpes simplex, caused by type 1 virus, primarily spread by oral secretions and usually occurring as a concomitant of fever. It may also develop in the absence of fever or prior illness. It commonly involves the facial region, especially the lips and the nares. (Dorland, 27th ed.)	8.53	1	1
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	2.15	1	0
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	2.15	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	2.98	1	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	2.01	1	0

squaric acid

Cross-References

Synonyms (81)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Roles (1)

Drug Classes (2)

Protein Targets (6)

Potency Measurements

Ceullar Components (1)

Research

Studies (93)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 50.46

Study Types