Compounds > 1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-1,2-bis(4'-hydroxyphenyl)ethane
Page last updated: 2024-12-07

1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-1,2-bis(4'-hydroxyphenyl)ethane

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-1,2-bis(4'-hydroxyphenyl)ethane, often referred to as **bisphenol A (BPA)**, is a synthetic organic compound. It is a colorless solid that is widely used in the production of plastics, epoxy resins, and other materials.

**Why is BPA important for research?**

BPA has become a subject of intense research due to its **potential health effects**, particularly its endocrine-disrupting properties.

Here are some key reasons why it's important for research:

* **Endocrine Disruption:** BPA mimics the hormone estrogen, which can interfere with normal hormone function in the body. This can lead to a range of health problems, including reproductive issues, metabolic disorders, and developmental abnormalities.
* **Widespread Exposure:** BPA is ubiquitous in our environment, found in food packaging, water bottles, toys, and many other consumer products. This means that humans are exposed to BPA through multiple routes, including ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact.
* **Health Concerns:** Research has linked BPA exposure to various health issues, including:
* **Reproductive problems:** Early puberty, endometriosis, and decreased sperm quality.
* **Metabolic disorders:** Obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
* **Neurological problems:** ADHD, autism, and cognitive impairment.
* **Cancer:** Some studies suggest possible links between BPA exposure and certain cancers.
* **Regulation and Alternatives:** Due to concerns about its potential health effects, BPA is increasingly regulated in various countries. This has led to the development of alternative materials and the search for safer substitutes.

**Current research on BPA focuses on:**

* **Understanding its mechanisms of action:** How BPA interacts with the endocrine system and its impact on different organs and tissues.
* **Developing methods to reduce exposure:** Identifying sources of BPA contamination and developing safer alternatives.
* **Assessing the long-term health effects of BPA exposure:** Understanding the potential risks associated with chronic low-level exposure.
* **Developing strategies to mitigate the effects of BPA exposure:** Finding ways to prevent or reverse the negative health effects of BPA.

The research on BPA is crucial for understanding its impact on human health and for developing safer products and regulations to protect the public.

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID126478
CHEMBL ID24016
SCHEMBL ID8069687
MeSH IDM0117390

Synonyms (10)

Synonym
tetramethylhes
tetramethyl-hes
CHEMBL24016
74385-27-6
phenol, 4,4'-(1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-1,2-ethanediyl)bis-
tetramethylhexestrol
1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-1,2-bis(4'-hydroxyphenyl)ethane
SCHEMBL8069687
DTXSID40225376
1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-1,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane

Research Excerpts

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The often discussed intrinsic estrogen activity of the antiestrogens was present only in the highest dosage tested of tamoxifen."( Antiestrogen and antiandrogen administration reduce bone mass in the rat.
Bauss, F; Feldmann, S; Lempert, UG; Minne, HW; Parvizi, S; Pfeifer, M; Ziegler, R, 1989)		0.28
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (27)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID71146Relative binding affinity for Estrogen receptor compared to 17-beta-estradiol1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Antiestrogens. Synthesis and evaluation of mammary tumor inhibiting activity of 1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-1,2 -diphenylethanes.
AID130914Anti-uterotrophic effect in mice as uterus dry weight(mg) compared to body weight(g) at 100 ug/day dose1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Antiestrogens. Synthesis and evaluation of mammary tumor inhibiting activity of 1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-1,2 -diphenylethanes.
AID113201Uterotrophic effect in mice at 24 ug1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9
Ring-substituted 1,1,2,2-tetraalkylated 1,2-bis(hydroxyphenyl)ethanes. 4. Synthesis, estrogen receptor binding affinity, and evaluation of antiestrogenic and mammary tumor inhibiting activity of symmetrically disubstituted 1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-1,2-bis(hydr
AID130918Anti-uterotrophic effect in mice as uterus dry weight(mg) compared to body weight(g) at 25 ug/day dose1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Antiestrogens. Synthesis and evaluation of mammary tumor inhibiting activity of 1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-1,2 -diphenylethanes.
AID130919Anti-uterotrophic effect in mice as uterus dry weight(mg) compared to body weight(g) at 250 ug/day dose1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Antiestrogens. Synthesis and evaluation of mammary tumor inhibiting activity of 1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-1,2 -diphenylethanes.
AID130954Uterotrophic effect in mice as uterus dry weight(mg) compared to body weight(g) at 250 ug/day dose1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Antiestrogens. Synthesis and evaluation of mammary tumor inhibiting activity of 1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-1,2 -diphenylethanes.
AID130947Uterotrophic effect in mice as uterus dry weight(mg) compared to body weight(g) at 1000 ug/day dose1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Antiestrogens. Synthesis and evaluation of mammary tumor inhibiting activity of 1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-1,2 -diphenylethanes.
AID181595Inhibition of Mammary tumor growth in rats at 5 ug1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Antiestrogens. Synthesis and evaluation of mammary tumor inhibiting activity of 1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-1,2 -diphenylethanes.
AID113068Uterotrophic effect in mice at 0 ug1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9
Ring-substituted 1,1,2,2-tetraalkylated 1,2-bis(hydroxyphenyl)ethanes. 4. Synthesis, estrogen receptor binding affinity, and evaluation of antiestrogenic and mammary tumor inhibiting activity of symmetrically disubstituted 1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-1,2-bis(hydr
AID113203Uterotrophic effect in mice at 8 ug1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9
Ring-substituted 1,1,2,2-tetraalkylated 1,2-bis(hydroxyphenyl)ethanes. 4. Synthesis, estrogen receptor binding affinity, and evaluation of antiestrogenic and mammary tumor inhibiting activity of symmetrically disubstituted 1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-1,2-bis(hydr
AID193943Inhibition of Mammary tumor growth in rats at 100 ug1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Antiestrogens. Synthesis and evaluation of mammary tumor inhibiting activity of 1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-1,2 -diphenylethanes.
AID71128Relative binding affinity for calf uterine estrogen receptor compared to [3H]estradiol1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9
Ring-substituted 1,1,2,2-tetraalkylated 1,2-bis(hydroxyphenyl)ethanes. 4. Synthesis, estrogen receptor binding affinity, and evaluation of antiestrogenic and mammary tumor inhibiting activity of symmetrically disubstituted 1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-1,2-bis(hydr
AID113202Uterotrophic effect in mice at 250 ug1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9
Ring-substituted 1,1,2,2-tetraalkylated 1,2-bis(hydroxyphenyl)ethanes. 4. Synthesis, estrogen receptor binding affinity, and evaluation of antiestrogenic and mammary tumor inhibiting activity of symmetrically disubstituted 1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-1,2-bis(hydr
AID71145Association constant for Estrogen receptor1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Antiestrogens. Synthesis and evaluation of mammary tumor inhibiting activity of 1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-1,2 -diphenylethanes.
AID130951Uterotrophic effect in mice as uterus dry weight(mg) compared to body weight(g) at 24 ug/day dose1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Antiestrogens. Synthesis and evaluation of mammary tumor inhibiting activity of 1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-1,2 -diphenylethanes.
AID193944Inhibition of Mammary tumor growth in rats at 1000 ug1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Antiestrogens. Synthesis and evaluation of mammary tumor inhibiting activity of 1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-1,2 -diphenylethanes.
AID193947Inhibition of Mammary tumor growth in rats at 25 ug1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Antiestrogens. Synthesis and evaluation of mammary tumor inhibiting activity of 1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-1,2 -diphenylethanes.
AID113204Uterotrophic effect in mice at 80 ug1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9
Ring-substituted 1,1,2,2-tetraalkylated 1,2-bis(hydroxyphenyl)ethanes. 4. Synthesis, estrogen receptor binding affinity, and evaluation of antiestrogenic and mammary tumor inhibiting activity of symmetrically disubstituted 1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-1,2-bis(hydr
AID230350Ratio of association constants for estradiol and compound in estrogen receptor binding assay1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Antiestrogens. Synthesis and evaluation of mammary tumor inhibiting activity of 1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-1,2 -diphenylethanes.
AID131083Uterotrophic effect in mice as uterus dry weight(mg) compared to body weight(g) at 80 ug/day dose1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Antiestrogens. Synthesis and evaluation of mammary tumor inhibiting activity of 1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-1,2 -diphenylethanes.
AID131082Uterotrophic effect in mice as uterus dry weight(mg) compared to body weight(g) at 8 ug/day dose1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Antiestrogens. Synthesis and evaluation of mammary tumor inhibiting activity of 1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-1,2 -diphenylethanes.
AID130912Anti-uterotrophic effect in mice as uterus dry weight(mg) compared to body weight(g) at 0 ug/day dose1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Antiestrogens. Synthesis and evaluation of mammary tumor inhibiting activity of 1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-1,2 -diphenylethanes.
AID193948Inhibition of Mammary tumor growth in rats at 250 ug1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Antiestrogens. Synthesis and evaluation of mammary tumor inhibiting activity of 1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-1,2 -diphenylethanes.
AID130944Uterotrophic effect in mice as uterus dry weight(mg) compared to body weight(g) at 0 ug/day dose1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Antiestrogens. Synthesis and evaluation of mammary tumor inhibiting activity of 1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-1,2 -diphenylethanes.
AID130920Anti-uterotrophic effect in mice as uterus dry weight(mg) compared to body weight(g) at 5 ug/day dose1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Antiestrogens. Synthesis and evaluation of mammary tumor inhibiting activity of 1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-1,2 -diphenylethanes.
AID113073Uterotrophic effect in mice at 1000 ug1985Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9
Ring-substituted 1,1,2,2-tetraalkylated 1,2-bis(hydroxyphenyl)ethanes. 4. Synthesis, estrogen receptor binding affinity, and evaluation of antiestrogenic and mammary tumor inhibiting activity of symmetrically disubstituted 1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-1,2-bis(hydr
AID130915Anti-uterotrophic effect in mice as uterus dry weight(mg) compared to body weight(g) at 1000 ug/day dose1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8
Antiestrogens. Synthesis and evaluation of mammary tumor inhibiting activity of 1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-1,2 -diphenylethanes.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (5)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19905 (100.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's0 (0.00)29.6817
2010's0 (0.00)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 12.66

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index12.66 (24.57)
Research Supply Index1.79 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.45 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (12.66)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other5 (100.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
hexestrol
[no description available]		2.8840stilbenoid
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		1.961017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		1.9610ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		1.971020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
raloxifene hydrochloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.		1.9710hydrochloridebone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
nsc 297170
NSC 297170: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source		2.6530
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		1.9610olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
tamoxifen
[no description available]		2.3720stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
cyproterone
Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.		1.971017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		androgen antagonist
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		1.9710
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.8840
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		01.9610
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		01.9610
Low Bone Density
[description not available]		01.9710
Bone Diseases, Metabolic
Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.		01.9710