Compounds > vilanterol
Page last updated: 2024-11-12

vilanterol

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Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID10184665
CHEMBL ID1198857
CHEBI ID75037
SCHEMBL ID142630
MeSH IDM0547788

Synonyms (48)

Synonym
vilanterol ,
D09696
503068-34-6
vilanterol (usan)
gw 642444
gw642444x
vilanterol [usan:inn]
gw-642444x
unii-028lzy775b
4-(2-((6-((2-(((2,6-dichlorophenyl)methyl)oxy)ethyl)oxy)hexyl)amino)-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol
1,3-benzenedimethanol, alpha1-(((6-(2-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)methoxy)ethoxy)hexyl)amino)methyl)-4-hydroxy-, (alpha1r)-
4-((1r)-2-((6-(2-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)methoxy)ethoxy)hexyl)amino)-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol
028lzy775b ,
4-{(1r)-2-[(6-{2-[(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]ethoxy}hexyl)amino]-1-hydroxyethyl}-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol
vilanterolum
bdbm50416060
gw642444
chebi:75037 ,
CHEMBL1198857
gw-642444
gtpl7353
4-[(1r)-2-[(6-{2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)methoxy]ethoxy}hexyl)amino]-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol
4-{(1r)-2-[(6-{2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)methoxy]ethoxy}hexyl)amino]-1-hydroxyethyl}-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol
vilanterol [inn]
vilanterol [who-dd]
vilanterol [vandf]
vilanterol [usan]
1,3-benzenedimethanol, .alpha.1-(((6-(2-((2,6-dichlorophenyl)methoxy)ethoxy)hexyl)amino)methyl)-4-hydroxy-, (.alpha.1r)-
HY-14300
CS-1680
SCHEMBL142630
4-((r)-2-{6-[2-(2,6-dichlorobenzyloxy)-ethoxy]-hexylamino}-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-hydroxymethylphenol
4-((r)-2-{6-[2-(2,6-dichlorobenzyloxy)-ethoxy]-hexylamino}-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-hydroxymethyl-phenol
DAFYYTQWSAWIGS-DEOSSOPVSA-N
AC-33108
DTXSID80198318
mfcd18782703
DB09082
AKOS032950047
BCP25897
vilanterol; gw642444x; gw642444
EX-A2177
4-[(1r)-2-[6-[2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)methoxy]ethoxy]hexylamino]-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol
AS-35120
Q15053666
vilanterol (gw642444; gw 642444x)
AMY6916
EN300-20321625

Research Excerpts

Overview

Vilanterol (VI) is an inhaled long-acting beta-2 agonist. In combination with the ICS fluticasone furoate, is being explored as a once-daily treatment for asthma in children.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Vilanterol (VI) is a novel long-acting beta2 agonist, under development in combination with fluticasone furoate, a new inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)."( Comparison of vilanterol, a novel long-acting beta2 agonist, with placebo and a salmeterol reference arm in asthma uncontrolled by inhaled corticosteroids.
Bateman, ED; Bleecker, ER; Busse, WW; Goldfrad, C; Jacques, L; Lötvall, J; O'Byrne, PM; Toler, WT; Woodcock, A, 2014)		1.48
"Vilanterol (VI) is an inhaled long-acting beta-2 agonist which, in combination with the ICS fluticasone furoate, is being explored as a once-daily treatment for asthma in children."( Randomised trial of once-daily vilanterol in children with asthma on inhaled corticosteroid therapy.
Covar, RA; Goldfrad, CH; Grigg, J; Klein, RM; Oliver, AJ; Pedersen, SE; Sorkness, CA; Tomkins, SA; Villarán, C, 2016)		1.44
"Vilanterol trifenate is a new once-daily highly selective β2-agonist available in USA and Europe in association with umeclidinium bromide (a long-acting anti-muscarnic agent) and fluticasone furoate (an inhaled corticosteroid) for the once-daily maintenance treatment of COPD. "( Vilanterol trifenatate for the treatment of COPD.
Malerba, M; Montuschi, P; Morjaria, JB; Radaeli, A, 2016)		3.32
"Vilanterol (VI) is a novel once-daily long-acting beta₂ agonist with inherent 24-h activity. "( Efficacy and optimal dosing interval of the long-acting beta₂ agonist, vilanterol, in persistent asthma: a randomised trial.
Frith, L; Haumann, B; Jacques, L; Lim, J; Snowise, NG; Sterling, R, 2012)		2.05

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Safety assessments included adverse events, vital signs, ECG assessment, and clinical laboratory tests."( The efficacy and safety of the novel long-acting β2 agonist vilanterol in patients with COPD: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Barnhart, F; Crim, C; Feldman, G; Hanania, NA; Haumann, B; Lettis, S; Sanford, L; Shim, JJ; Zachgo, W, 2012)		0.62
" All doses of VI were associated with a low incidence of treatment-related adverse events/serious adverse events, with no suggestion of effects on BP, pulse rate, QT intervals corrected for heart rate calculated by Fridericia formula, or blood glucose and potassium levels."( The efficacy and safety of the novel long-acting β2 agonist vilanterol in patients with COPD: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Barnhart, F; Crim, C; Feldman, G; Hanania, NA; Haumann, B; Lettis, S; Sanford, L; Shim, JJ; Zachgo, W, 2012)		0.62
" Adverse events (AEs) were reported by 11 (26%) patients in the UMEC/VI group and one (11%) patient in the placebo group."( 28-Day safety and tolerability of umeclidinium in combination with vilanterol in COPD: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Brooks, J; Crater, G; Feldman, G; Mehta, R; Walker, RR, 2012)		0.62
" Safety evaluations included adverse events (AEs), non-fasting glucose, potassium, 24-h urinary cortisol excretion, ophthalmic assessments, heart rate and pulse rate."( Safety and tolerability of the novel inhaled corticosteroid fluticasone furoate in combination with the β2 agonist vilanterol administered once daily for 52 weeks in patients >=12 years old with asthma: a randomised trial.
Andersen, L; Apoux, L; Bateman, ED; Bleecker, ER; Busse, WW; Crawford, J; Hicks, W; Jacques, L; Lötvall, J; O'Byrne, PM; Woodcock, A, 2013)		0.6
"Repeat doses of UMEC and UMEC/VI in combination with and without verapamil were safe and well tolerated."( Effect of verapamil on systemic exposure and safety of umeclidinium and vilanterol: a randomized and open-label study.
Crater, G; Hughes, S; Kelleher, D; Mehta, R; Preece, A, 2013)		0.62
"Overall, there were no safety concerns and no major differences were found in treatment-related adverse events when FF and VI were administered alone or in combination."( The safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination of fluticasone furoate and vilanterol in healthy Japanese subjects.
Allen, A; Hirama, T; Kempsford, R; Nakahara, N; Nohda, S; Wakamatsu, A; Yamada, M, 2013)		0.61
" Safety evaluations included adverse events (AEs), vital signs, 12-lead/24-h Holter electrocardiography parameters and clinical laboratory/haematology measurements."( Efficacy and safety of once-daily umeclidinium/vilanterol 62.5/25 mcg in COPD.
Church, A; Donohue, JF; Kalberg, C; Kilbride, S; Maleki-Yazdi, MR; Mehta, R, 2013)		0.65
" Both treatments were well tolerated, with no clinically relevant effect on urinary cortisol excretion or vital signs and no treatment-related serious adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of fluticasone furoate/vilanterol compared with fluticasone propionate/salmeterol combination in adult and adolescent patients with persistent asthma: a randomized trial.
Bateman, ED; Bleecker, ER; Busse, WW; Ellsworth, A; Jacques, L; Lötvall, J; Medley, H; O'Byrne, PM; Woodcock, A, 2013)		0.65
" Six patients in the FF/VI (2%) and three in the FP/SAL (1%) arm experienced serious adverse events, none of which were considered to be drug related."( A comparison of the efficacy and safety of once-daily fluticasone furoate/vilanterol with twice-daily fluticasone propionate/salmeterol in moderate to very severe COPD.
Agustí, A; Barnes, N; Bourbeau, J; Crim, C; De Backer, W; de Teresa, L; Locantore, N; Zvarich, MT, 2014)		0.63
" The most common on-treatment, severe-intensity adverse event in both studies was acute exacerbation of COPD (1-4 [<1-2%] patients across treatment groups in study 1 and 1-6 [<1-3%] patients in study 2)."( Efficacy and safety of umeclidinium plus vilanterol versus tiotropium, vilanterol, or umeclidinium monotherapies over 24 weeks in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from two multicentre, blinded, randomised controlled trials.
Anzueto, A; Church, A; Crater, G; Decramer, M; Harris, S; Kaelin, T; Kerwin, E; Richard, N; Tabberer, M, 2014)		0.67
" Pooled adverse events (FF/VI 27%; FP/SAL 28%) and serious adverse events (FF/VI 2%; FP/SAL 3%) were similar between treatments."( Efficacy and safety of once-daily fluticasone furoate/vilanterol (100/25 mcg) versus twice-daily fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (250/50 mcg) in COPD patients.
Crim, C; Dransfield, MT; Feldman, G; Korenblat, P; LaForce, CF; Locantore, N; Martinez, FJ; Pistolesi, M; Watkins, ML, 2014)		0.65
" Study endpoints included adverse events (AEs), clinical chemistry and hematology parameters, vital signs, 12-lead, and 24-hour Holter electrocardiograms."( Safety and tolerability of once-daily umeclidinium/vilanterol 125/25 mcg and umeclidinium 125 mcg in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from a 52-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
Brooks, J; Church, A; Donohue, JF; Niewoehner, D; O'Dell, D, 2014)		0.65
" The incidence of adverse events was similar between treatment groups."( Efficacy and safety of umeclidinium/vilanterol 62.5/25 mcg and tiotropium 18 mcg in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results of a 24-week, randomized, controlled trial.
Church, A; Kaelin, T; Maleki-Yazdi, MR; Richard, N; Zvarich, M, 2014)		0.68
" This systematic review tested the hypothesis that the bronchodilator effect of the LABA/LAMA combination, umeclidinium (UMEC)/vilanterol (VIL), would translate into better outcomes without incurring increased adverse events (AEs)."( A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of a Fixed-Dose Combination of Umeclidinium and Vilanterol for the Treatment of COPD.
Neffen, H; Rodrigo, GJ, 2015)		0.84
" Primary outcomes were trough FEV1, serious adverse events (SAEs), and serious cardiovascular events (SCVEs)."( A Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of a Fixed-Dose Combination of Umeclidinium and Vilanterol for the Treatment of COPD.
Neffen, H; Rodrigo, GJ, 2015)		0.64
" The incidence of on-treatment adverse events (AEs) was 48% with FF/VI 200/25 mcg and 37-40% with other treatments."( Efficacy and safety of fluticasone furoate/vilanterol (50/25 mcg; 100/25 mcg; 200/25 mcg) in Asian patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Crim, C; de Guia, T; Newlands, AH; Wang, C; Wang-Jairaj, J; Zheng, J; Zhong, N, 2015)		0.68
" Adverse events (AEs) were also assessed."( Efficacy and safety of umeclidinium added to fluticasone furoate/vilanterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Results of two randomized studies.
Ali, R; Church, A; Donald, A; Kerwin, E; Siler, TM; Sousa, AR, 2015)		0.65
" The incidence of adverse events was similar across groups."( Efficacy and safety of once-daily inhaled umeclidinium/vilanterol in Asian patients with COPD: results from a randomized, placebo-controlled study.
Church, A; Goh, AH; Newlands, A; Zheng, J; Zhong, N, 2015)		0.66
" Safety endpoints included cardiovascular monitoring, cortisol excretion, COPD exacerbations, and adverse events, including prespecified drug effects."( Efficacy and safety of fluticasone furoate/vilanterol or tiotropium in subjects with COPD at cardiovascular risk.
Covelli, H; Crim, C; Emmett, A; Pek, B; Schenkenberger, I; Scott-Wilson, C, 2016)		0.7
" Secondary end points were the mean change from baseline in percentage rescue-free 24-hour periods, daily morning peak expiratory flow, percentage symptom-free 24-hour periods, Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire score, adverse events, and severe exacerbations."( Efficacy and safety evaluation of once-daily fluticasone furoate/vilanterol in Asian patients with asthma uncontrolled on a low- to mid-strength inhaled corticosteroid or low-dose inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta2-agonist.
Chen, P; Crawford, J; Jacques, L; Kim, MK; Lin, J; Stone, S; Tang, H; Wang, H, 2016)		0.67
" On-treatment adverse events were 35% with FF/VI (n = 2 [serious]), 31% with placebo; severe exacerbations were FF/VI (n = 1), placebo (n = 7)."( Efficacy and safety evaluation of once-daily fluticasone furoate/vilanterol in Asian patients with asthma uncontrolled on a low- to mid-strength inhaled corticosteroid or low-dose inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta2-agonist.
Chen, P; Crawford, J; Jacques, L; Kim, MK; Lin, J; Stone, S; Tang, H; Wang, H, 2016)		0.67
" Annual rates of moderate/severe exacerbations (primary outcome), selected secondary outcomes, and incidence of pneumonia serious adverse events of special interest (SAESI) were compared between randomisation groups across various patient subgroups/baseline treatment strata."( Benefit and safety of fluticasone furoate/vilanterol in the Salford Lung Study in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (SLS COPD) according to baseline patient characteristics and treatment subgroups.
Bakerly, ND; Boucot, I; Collier, S; Crawford, J; Harvey, C; Leather, DA; New, JP; Vestbo, J; Woodcock, A, 2019)		0.78
" CV safety assessments included proportion of patients with and exposure-adjusted rates of on-treatment CV adverse events of special interest (CVAESI) and major adverse cardiac events (MACE), as well as time-to-first (TTF) CVAESI, and TTF CVAESI resulting in hospitalization/prolonged hospitalization or death."( Single-inhaler triple therapy fluticasone furoate/umeclidinium/vilanterol versus fluticasone furoate/vilanterol and umeclidinium/vilanterol in patients with COPD: results on cardiovascular safety from the IMPACT trial.
Criner, G; Day, NC; Dransfield, M; Halpin, DMG; Han, MK; Jones, CE; Kaisermann, MC; Kilbride, S; Kumar, S; Lange, P; Lipson, DA; Lomas, DA; Martin, N; Martinez, FJ; Singh, D; Wise, R, 2020)		0.8
" The safety endpoint is the occurrence of any adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of once-daily single-inhaler triple therapy for mild-to-moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a study protocol for a randomised and interventional study.
Inoue, H; Kawaguchi, A; Kawayama, T; Kinoshita, T; Machida, K; Takagi, K; Takahashi, K; Takamori, A; Tashiro, H; Yamasaki, K; Yatera, K, 2023)		0.91
" Safety endpoints were the incidence of adverse events (AEs), including unexpected AEs/adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and serious AEs/ADRs."( Real-World Safety and Effectiveness of Fluticasone Furoate/Vilanterol in Patients with Asthma and/or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Post-Marketing Study in Korea.
Cho, EY; Cho, JE; Hwang, KE; Jang, SH, 2023)		1.15

Pharmacokinetics

A population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted from a subset of samples obtained from the Lung Function and Quality of Life Assessment in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with Closed Triple Therapy trial. There were no apparent pharmacokinetics when umeclidinium and vilanterol were co-administered in patients with COPD.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Pharmacodynamic and PK data were obtained up to 48 h following the VI dose."( The effect of ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled fluticasone furoate and vilanterol trifenatate in healthy subjects.
Allen, A; Bal, J; Kempsford, R; Rubin, D; Tombs, L, 2013)		0.6
"In study 1, there was no effect of co-administration of ketoconazole and VI on pharmacodynamic or PK parameters."( The effect of ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled fluticasone furoate and vilanterol trifenatate in healthy subjects.
Allen, A; Bal, J; Kempsford, R; Rubin, D; Tombs, L, 2013)		0.6
" There was no increase in β-agonist systemic pharmacodynamic effects, while serum cortisol was decreased by 27%."( The effect of ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled fluticasone furoate and vilanterol trifenatate in healthy subjects.
Allen, A; Bal, J; Kempsford, R; Rubin, D; Tombs, L, 2013)		0.6
"To assess the effects of renal and hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and tolerability of fluticasone furoate/vilanterol (FF/VI) administered in combination."( Influence of renal and hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and tolerability of fluticasone furoate and vilanterol in combination.
Allen, A; Davis, A; Hardes, K; Kempsford, R; Tombs, L, 2012)		0.78
"Severe renal impairment had no apparent clinically relevant effects on the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic properties or tolerability of FF/VI."( Influence of renal and hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and tolerability of fluticasone furoate and vilanterol in combination.
Allen, A; Davis, A; Hardes, K; Kempsford, R; Tombs, L, 2012)		0.58
" Individual pharmacokinetic parameters of FF and VI differed when co-administered but the differences from monotherapy were not clinically significant."( The safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination of fluticasone furoate and vilanterol in healthy Japanese subjects.
Allen, A; Hirama, T; Kempsford, R; Nakahara, N; Nohda, S; Wakamatsu, A; Yamada, M, 2013)		0.61
" Umeclidinium and vilanterol population-pharmacokinetic model-based systemic exposure predictions showed no pharmacokinetic interactions between umeclidinium and vilanterol when administered in combination."( Population pharmacokinetics of inhaled umeclidinium and vilanterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Beerahee, M; Church, A; Goyal, N; Kalberg, C; Kilbride, S; Mehta, R, 2014)		0.98
"There were no apparent pharmacokinetic interactions when umeclidinium and vilanterol were co-administered in patients with COPD."( Population pharmacokinetics of inhaled umeclidinium and vilanterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Beerahee, M; Church, A; Goyal, N; Kalberg, C; Kilbride, S; Mehta, R, 2014)		0.88
"The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effects of moderate hepatic impairment on the plasma and urinary pharmacokinetic properties of each drug, and on the tolerability of inhalational UMEC/VI 125/25 µg and UMEC 125 µg."( Effects of moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetic properties and tolerability of umeclidinium and vilanterol in inhalational umeclidinium monotherapy and umeclidinium/vilanterol combination therapy: an open-label, nonrandomized study.
Brealey, N; Hardes, K; Kelleher, D; Mehta, R; Preece, A; Tombs, L, 2014)		0.61
" Primary end points were the plasma pharmacokinetic properties of single- and repeat-dose UMEC and VI."( Effects of moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetic properties and tolerability of umeclidinium and vilanterol in inhalational umeclidinium monotherapy and umeclidinium/vilanterol combination therapy: an open-label, nonrandomized study.
Brealey, N; Hardes, K; Kelleher, D; Mehta, R; Preece, A; Tombs, L, 2014)		0.61
" UMEC accumulation following repeat dosing was 11–34% based on Cmax and 19–59% based on area under the concentration-time curve from time zero to 2 h (AUC(0-2))."( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of inhaled umeclidinium and vilanterol alone and in combination in healthy Chinese subjects: a randomized, open-label, crossover trial.
Dong, K; Gross, A; Hu, C; Jia, J; Luo, L; Mehta, R; Peng, J; Ren, Y; Wu, K; Yu, H, 2015)		0.66
"To investigate the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles of fluticasone furoate (FF)/vilanterol (VI) - a fixed-dose combination of an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and a long-acting β2 -agonist for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - after single and repeat administration in healthy Chinese subjects."( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of fluticasone furoate/vilanterol in healthy Chinese subjects.
Allen, A; Chen, X; Du, X; Hu, P; Jiang, J; Kempsford, R; Liu, L; Wu, K; Zheng, X; Zhuang, L, 2015)		0.88
"The co-primary outcome measures reflected pharmacodynamic responses relating to recognized class effects of the two drug classes: reduced serum cortisol level (ICSs), and increased Fridericia's corrected QT interval (QTcF) and reduced serum potassium level (long-acting β2 -agonists)."( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of fluticasone furoate/vilanterol in healthy Chinese subjects.
Allen, A; Chen, X; Du, X; Hu, P; Jiang, J; Kempsford, R; Liu, L; Wu, K; Zheng, X; Zhuang, L, 2015)		0.66
"In healthy Chinese subjects, minimal and non-clinically relevant β-adrenergic pharmacodynamic effects were observed with FF/VI doses ranging from 50/25 to 200/25 μg."( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of fluticasone furoate/vilanterol in healthy Chinese subjects.
Allen, A; Chen, X; Du, X; Hu, P; Jiang, J; Kempsford, R; Liu, L; Wu, K; Zheng, X; Zhuang, L, 2015)		0.66
" These are the first studies where pharmacokinetic (PK) profile assessment was possible for this inhaled triple fixed-dose combination product."( Pharmacokinetics of fluticasone furoate, umeclidinium, and vilanterol as a triple therapy in healthy volunteers.
Allen, A; Brealey, N; Gupta, A; Henderson, A; Mehta, R; Renaux, J, 2015)		0.66
"Population pharmacokinetic (PK) methods were used to characterize the PK of fluticasone furoate (FF) and vilanterol (VI) in patients with asthma following once daily inhaled FF/VI and FF and to identify significant covariates that impact the PK."( Population pharmacokinetics of inhaled fluticasone furoate and vilanterol in adult and adolescent patients with asthma.
Allen, A; Siederer, S; Yang, S, 2016)		0.89
"To investigate the potential for systemic pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) interactions between inhaled fluticasone furoate (FF) and vilanterol (VI) when delivered simultaneously via the ELLIPTA™ dry powder inhaler (DPI)."( The pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of inhaled fluticasone furoate and vilanterol administered alone or simultaneously as fluticasone furoate/vilanterol.
Allen, A; Bareille, P; Cheesbrough, A; Hamilton, M; Kempsford, R, 2015)		0.83
"A population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted from a subset of samples obtained from the Lung Function and Quality of Life Assessment in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with Closed Triple Therapy trial to characterize the pharmacokinetics of fluticasone furoate, umeclidinium, and vilanterol in patients with symptomatic COPD following treatment with fluticason furoate-umeclidinium-vilanterol combined in a single inhaler."( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Fluticasone Furoate/Umeclidinium/Vilanterol via a Single Inhaler in Patients with COPD.
Barnacle, H; Beerahee, M; Birk, R; Brealey, N; Lipson, DA; Mehta, R; Pefani, E; Zhu, CQ, 2018)		0.89
"Population pharmacokinetic methods were used to characterize the pharmacokinetics of fluticasone furoate (FF), umeclidinium (UMEC), and vilanterol (VI) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) when administered as a fixed-dose combination via a single closed inhaler."( Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Fluticasone Furoate/Umeclidinium Bromide/Vilanterol in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
Birk, R; Farrell, C; Hayes, S; Lipson, DA; Mehta, R; Okour, M, 2020)		0.99

Compound-Compound Interactions

Umeclidinium (UMEC; GSK573719) is a new long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) Currently in development in combination with vilanterol (VI), an inhaled beta₂ agonist for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Umeclidinium (UMEC; GSK573719) is a new long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) currently in development in combination with vilanterol (VI), an inhaled, long-acting beta₂ agonist for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)."( 28-Day safety and tolerability of umeclidinium in combination with vilanterol in COPD: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Brooks, J; Crater, G; Feldman, G; Mehta, R; Walker, RR, 2012)		0.82
"Once-daily dosing with UMEC in combination with VI in patients with moderate-to-very-severe COPD was well tolerated over 28 days."( 28-Day safety and tolerability of umeclidinium in combination with vilanterol in COPD: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Brooks, J; Crater, G; Feldman, G; Mehta, R; Walker, RR, 2012)		0.62
"The inhaled corticosteroid fluticasone furoate (FF) in combination with the long-acting β2 agonist vilanterol (VI) is in development for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease."( Safety and tolerability of the novel inhaled corticosteroid fluticasone furoate in combination with the β2 agonist vilanterol administered once daily for 52 weeks in patients >=12 years old with asthma: a randomised trial.
Andersen, L; Apoux, L; Bateman, ED; Bleecker, ER; Busse, WW; Crawford, J; Hicks, W; Jacques, L; Lötvall, J; O'Byrne, PM; Woodcock, A, 2013)		0.82

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Compound 13f had high potency, selectivity, fast onset, and long duration of action in vitro and was found to have long duration in vivo, low oral bioavailability in the rat, and to be rapidly metabolized."( Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of long-acting beta2 adrenergic receptor agonists incorporating metabolic inactivation: an antedrug approach.
Barrett, VJ; Bevan, NJ; Biggadike, K; Box, PC; Butchers, PR; Coe, DM; Conroy, R; Emmons, A; Ford, AJ; Holmes, DS; Horsley, H; Kerr, F; Li-Kwai-Cheung, AM; Looker, BE; Mann, IS; McLay, IM; Morrison, VS; Mutch, PJ; Procopiou, PA; Smith, CE; Tomlin, P, 2010)		0.36

Dosage Studied

Fluticasone furoate/vilanterol (FF/VI) is a novel inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β₂-agonist (ICS/LABA) fixed dose combination. It offers several benefits from both drugs, such as a convenient once daily dosing schedule and high lipophilicity.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Although our study was not powered to demonstrate non-inferiority of once- versus twice-daily dosing of VI, the data suggest no advantage over a 24-h period of twice-daily over once-daily dosing for the same total daily dose."( Efficacy and optimal dosing interval of the long-acting beta₂ agonist, vilanterol, in persistent asthma: a randomised trial.
Frith, L; Haumann, B; Jacques, L; Lim, J; Snowise, NG; Sterling, R, 2012)		0.61
" Results from Phase II studies have shown clinically and statistically significant improvements over placebo in trough (24-hour postdose) forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) after once-daily dosing with FF or VI (VI concurrently with an inhaled corticosteroid) in asthma and VI in COPD."( Effect of once-daily fluticasone furoate/vilanterol on 24-hour pulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized, three-way, incomplete block, crossover study.
Boscia, JA; Crim, C; Pudi, KK; Sanford, L; Siederer, SK; Zvarich, MT, 2012)		0.64
"Patients (aged ≥40 years) who completed a 2-week placebo run-in period were randomized to 1 of 18 three-course sequences of placebo and 2 of 3 dose combinations of FF/VI (50/25 μg, 100/25 μg, and 200/25 μg), dosed once daily in the morning."( Effect of once-daily fluticasone furoate/vilanterol on 24-hour pulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized, three-way, incomplete block, crossover study.
Boscia, JA; Crim, C; Pudi, KK; Sanford, L; Siederer, SK; Zvarich, MT, 2012)		0.64
" The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of repeat dosing of UMEC and VI in combination once daily for 28 days in patients with COPD."( 28-Day safety and tolerability of umeclidinium in combination with vilanterol in COPD: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Brooks, J; Crater, G; Feldman, G; Mehta, R; Walker, RR, 2012)		0.62
"Once-daily dosing with UMEC in combination with VI in patients with moderate-to-very-severe COPD was well tolerated over 28 days."( 28-Day safety and tolerability of umeclidinium in combination with vilanterol in COPD: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Brooks, J; Crater, G; Feldman, G; Mehta, R; Walker, RR, 2012)		0.62
" This pharmacological profile combined with clinical data is consistent with once a day dosing of vilanterol in the treatment of both asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)."( In vitro pharmacological characterization of vilanterol, a novel long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonist with 24-hour duration of action.
Barrett, VJ; Emmons, AJ; Ford, AJ; Knowles, RG; Morrison, VS; Slack, RJ; Sturton, RG, 2013)		0.87
" All VI doses produced increases in FEV(1) from as early as 5 min after dosing which were maintained up to 24 h post-dose in subjects with asthma and COPD."( Vilanterol trifenatate, a novel inhaled long-acting beta2 adrenoceptor agonist, is well tolerated in healthy subjects and demonstrates prolonged bronchodilation in subjects with asthma and COPD.
Kempsford, R; Norris, V; Siederer, S, 2013)		1.83
" Peak plasma concentration of FF and VI following repeat dosing was up to two times higher compared with the single dose."( The safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination of fluticasone furoate and vilanterol in healthy Japanese subjects.
Allen, A; Hirama, T; Kempsford, R; Nakahara, N; Nohda, S; Wakamatsu, A; Yamada, M, 2013)		0.61
"In healthy Japanese subjects, no safety concerns were found following repeat dosing of FF and VI or single dosing of FF, VI and FF/VI."( The safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a combination of fluticasone furoate and vilanterol in healthy Japanese subjects.
Allen, A; Hirama, T; Kempsford, R; Nakahara, N; Nohda, S; Wakamatsu, A; Yamada, M, 2013)		0.61
"Repeat once-daily dosing of FF/VI (200/25 μg), which is the highest therapeutic strength used in phase III studies, is not associated with QTc prolongation in healthy subjects."( A repeat-dose thorough QT study of inhaled fluticasone furoate/vilanterol combination in healthy subjects.
Allen, A; Crim, C; Kelly, K; Kempsford, R; Saggu, P, 2014)		0.64
"To investigate the effect of time of day of dosing (morning or evening) on lung function following administration of fluticasone furoate (FF)/vilanterol (VI) 100/25 mcg."( The efficacy of once-daily fluticasone furoate/vilanterol in asthma is comparable with morning or evening dosing.
Bal, J; Kempsford, RD; Oliver, A; Quinn, D; Tombs, L, 2013)		0.85
"FF/VI 100/25 administered morning or evening produced clinically significant increases in weighted mean FEV1: the differences [95% confidence interval (CI)] from placebo were 377 mL [293, 462] and 422 mL [337, 507], respectively; the difference between morning and evening dosing was -44 mL [-125, 36]."( The efficacy of once-daily fluticasone furoate/vilanterol in asthma is comparable with morning or evening dosing.
Bal, J; Kempsford, RD; Oliver, A; Quinn, D; Tombs, L, 2013)		0.65
"FF/VI 100/25 produces comparable improvements in lung function whether dosed in the morning or evening in subjects with persistent asthma."( The efficacy of once-daily fluticasone furoate/vilanterol in asthma is comparable with morning or evening dosing.
Bal, J; Kempsford, RD; Oliver, A; Quinn, D; Tombs, L, 2013)		0.65
" The once-daily dosing might improve adherence in select patients."( Combination of fluticasone furoate and vilanterol for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Bollmeier, SG; Prosser, TR, 2014)		0.67
"Once-daily repeated dosing of FF/VI, 100/25 µg, using the ELLIPTA dry powder inhaler was as well tolerated as FF, 100 µg, in this small, selected population of 5- to 11-year-old, mostly white/caucasian children with persistent asthma."( Tolerability of fluticasone furoate/vilanterol combination therapy in children aged 5 to 11 years with persistent asthma.
Allen, A; Hamilton, M; Inamdar, A; Kempsford, R; Oliver, A; Tombs, L; VanBuren, S, 2014)		0.68
" UMEC accumulations with 7-day dosing of UMEC were similar between patients with moderate hepatic impairment and healthy volunteers."( Effects of moderate hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetic properties and tolerability of umeclidinium and vilanterol in inhalational umeclidinium monotherapy and umeclidinium/vilanterol combination therapy: an open-label, nonrandomized study.
Brealey, N; Hardes, K; Kelleher, D; Mehta, R; Preece, A; Tombs, L, 2014)		0.61
"Fluticasone furoate/vilanterol (FF/VI) is a novel inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β₂-agonist (ICS/LABA) fixed dose combination that, by simplifying the dosing schedule, allows, for the first time in a member of the ICS/LABA class, a shift from twice-daily to once-daily treatment."( Fluticasone furoate and vilanterol inhalation powder for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Capuano, A; Cazzola, M; Matera, MG, 2015)		1.05
" This allows lower dosing of individual medications, which may limit adverse effects."( Umeclidinium/vilanterol combination inhaler efficacy and potential impact on current chronic obstructive pulmonary disease management guidelines.
Davidson, JF; Donohue, JF; Ohar, JA, 2015)		0.79
" UMEC and VI were rapidly absorbed following single and repeat dosing (time to maximum plasma concentration [tmax]: UMEC = 5 min; VI = 5 min)."( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of inhaled umeclidinium and vilanterol alone and in combination in healthy Chinese subjects: a randomized, open-label, crossover trial.
Dong, K; Gross, A; Hu, C; Jia, J; Luo, L; Mehta, R; Peng, J; Ren, Y; Wu, K; Yu, H, 2015)		0.66
" FF/VI, by simplifying the dosing schedule, allows, for the first time, a shift from twice-daily to once-daily treatment, with an acceptable safety and tolerability profile that is consistent with the ICS/LABA class."( Fluticasone furoate/vilanterol combination for the treatment of COPD and asthma.
Cazzola, M; Matera, MG; Rogliani, P, 2015)		0.74
" The once-daily dosing is well tolerated, with limited clinically significant adverse events; the once-daily inhaled dosing regimen should also improve medication adherence."( The combination of fluticasone furoate and vilanterol trifenatate in the management of asthma: clinical trial evidence and experience.
Albertson, TE; Richards, JR; Zeki, AA, 2016)		0.7
" The effect of race on PK of FF or VI does not have impact on dosage adjustments for FF/VI in East Asian patients with asthma."( Population pharmacokinetics of inhaled fluticasone furoate and vilanterol in adult and adolescent patients with asthma.
Allen, A; Siederer, S; Yang, S, 2016)		0.67
" It is hoped that OD dosage of FF/VI can improve adherence and hence asthma control in these patients, however evidence to support this has yet to become available."( Fluticasone furoate and vilanterol trifenatate combination therapy for the treatment of asthma.
Chang, V; Gray, EL; Thomas, PS, 2016)		0.74
" The advantage of them are related with higher adherence and better acceptability by the patients as compared to both components dosed with individual inhalers."( Triple fixed inhaled therapy in frequent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbators: potential advantages for various degrees of airways obstruction.
Antohe, I; Antoniu, SA; Gavrilovici, C, 2018)		0.48
" To encourage patient adherence, two classes of medication are often combined in a single medication device; it seems that once-daily dosing offers greatest convenience to patients and may markedly influence adherence."( Once-daily long-acting beta₂-agonists/inhaled corticosteroids combined inhalers versus inhaled long-acting muscarinic antagonists for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Bala, MM; Gross-Sondej, I; Jankowski, M; Nowobilski, R; Sliwka, A; Storman, M, 2018)		0.48
" It offers several benefits from both drugs, such as a convenient once daily dosing schedule; high lipophilicity; high receptor affinity of fluticasone furoate along with high functional selectivity and a quick onset of action of vilanterol."( ICS/Ultra LABA in the Treatment of Obstructive Airway Diseases: A Consensus of Indian Experts.
Barkate, H; Bhagat, S; Dhar, R; James, P; Khatri, N; Mishra, A; Patil, S; Talwar, D; Vachaparambil, J, 2022)		0.9
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (2)

RoleDescription
beta-adrenergic agonistAn agent that selectively binds to and activates beta-adrenergic receptors.
bronchodilator agentAn agent that causes an increase in the expansion of a bronchus or bronchial tubes.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (5)

ClassDescription
etherAn organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.
secondary amino compoundA compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
benzyl alcoholsCompounds containing a phenylmethanol skeleton.
phenolsOrganic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring.
dichlorobenzeneAny member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (2)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1346250Human beta2-adrenoceptor (Adrenoceptors)2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-10, Volume: 53, Issue:11
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of long-acting beta2 adrenergic receptor agonists incorporating metabolic inactivation: an antedrug approach.
AID1760549Inhibition of acetylcholine-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pig assessed as duration of action by measuring half life2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 12-24, Volume: 63, Issue:24
Recent Advances in β
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (236)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's0 (0.00)29.6817
2010's180 (76.27)24.3611
2020's56 (23.73)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 79.33

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index79.33 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.88 (2.92)
Research Growth Index6.91 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index137.74 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.04 (0.95)

This Compound (79.33)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials111 (45.31%)5.53%
Reviews44 (17.96%)6.00%
Case Studies2 (0.82%)4.05%
Observational6 (2.45%)0.25%
Other82 (33.47%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
benzyl alcohol
Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.0510benzyl alcoholsantioxidant;
fragrance;
metabolite;
solvent
bromide
Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)		9.164halide anion;
monoatomic bromine
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		12.651610phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
theophylline
[no description available]		3.2110dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		9.3911aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
cgp 12177
CGP 12177 : A benzimidazole that is benzimidazol-2-one substituted at position 4 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group.		2.0810aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic antagonist
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.1310resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		2.0510catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		5.8222dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
salmeterol xinafoate
salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.		3.6120ether;
phenols;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.1310phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		2.5120phthalimides;
piperidones
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		2.251011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		11.07154monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		4.4811quaternary ammonium salt
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		19.2411853quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		3.2110pyrrole;
secondary amine
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		3.2110
glycopyrrolate
Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.		16.34164organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		3.211011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
bambuterol
bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.		2.1310carbamate ester;
phenylethanolamines		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		8.5882naphthoic acid
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		2.5120D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
bendamustine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.5911
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		4.5111iditolfungal metabolite
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		4.4622aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
bazedoxifene
[no description available]		2.1110phenylindole
eslicarbazepine acetate
eslicarbazepine acetate : The acetate ester, with S configuration, of licarbazepine. An anticonvulsant, it is approved for use in Europe and the United States as an adjunctive therapy for epilepsy.		2.1110acetate ester;
carboxamide;
dibenzoazepine;
ureas		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
roflumilast
[no description available]		3.2110aromatic ether;
benzamides;
chloropyridine;
cyclopropanes;
organofluorine compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
arformoterol
arformoterol : An N-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide in which both of the stereocentres have R configuration. The active enantiomer of formoterol, it is administered by inhalation (generally as the tartrate salt) as a direct-acting sympathomimetic and bronchodilator for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (any progressive respiratory disease that makes it harder to breathe over time, such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema).		3.3510N-[2-hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamideanti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		7.263211beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
maytansine
Maytansine: An ansa macrolide isolated from the MAYTENUS genus of East African shrubs.. maytansine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and 19-membered macrocyclic lactam antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata but also found in other Maytenus species. It exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumour cell lines.		2.110alpha-amino acid ester;
carbamate ester;
epoxide;
maytansinoid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organochlorine compound		antimicrobial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		13.2301111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
tiotropium bromide
Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		13.572910
indacaterol
indacaterol: a beta2 adrenoceptor agonist; indacaterol is the (R)-isomer; structure in first source. indacaterol : A monohydroxyquinoline that consists of 5-[(1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-8-hydroxyquinolin-2-one having a 5,6-diethylindan-2-yl group attached to the amino function. Used as the maleate salt for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		9.3122indanes;
monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent
fluticasone furoate
fluticasone furoate: a glucocorticoid; structure in first source. fluticasone furoate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a 2-furoyl substituent at position 17. Used in combination with vilanterol trifenate for treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		20.251388811beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-furoate ester;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid ester;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
prodrug
avanafil
[no description available]		2.1110aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
prolinols;
pyrimidines		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
dapagliflozin
[no description available]		2.5120aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
perampanel
perampanel : A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2,3'-bipyridin-6'-one substituted at positions 1' and 5' by phenyl and 2-cyanophenyl groups respectively. Used as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients with epilepsy.		2.1110bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		AMPA receptor antagonist;
anticonvulsant
tofacitinib
tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.		3.2110N-acylpiperidine;
nitrile;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antirheumatic drug;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
vortioxetine
Vortioxetine: A piperazine derivative that acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, as a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, and 5-HT1A receptor agonist. It is used for the treatment of anxiety and depression.. vortioxetine : An N-arylpiperazine in which the aryl group is specified as 2-[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)sulfanyl]phenyl. Used (as its hydrobromide salt) for treatment of major depressive disorder.		3.6120aryl sulfide;
N-arylpiperazine		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonergic antagonist
vorapaxar
vorapaxar: has antiplatelet activity; structure in first source. vorapaxar : A carbamate ester that is the ethyl ester of [(1R,3aR,4aR,6R,8aR,9S,9aS)-9-{(E)-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethynyl}-1-methyl-3-oxododecahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-6-yl]carbamic acid. A protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist used (as its sulfate salt) for the reduction of thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) or with peripheral arterial disease. It has been shown to reduce the rate of a combined endpoint of cardiovascular death, MI, stroke and urgent coronary revascularisation.		2.110carbamate ester;
lactone;
naphthofuran;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines		cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist
bay 63-2521
riociguat: guanylate cyclase stimulator; structure in first source. riociguat : A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of {4,6-diamino-2-[1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-3-yl]pyrimidin-5-yl}methylcarbamic acid. It is used for treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension		2.520aminopyrimidine;
carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
pyrazolopyridine		antihypertensive agent;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator
olodaterol
[no description available]		5.5870aromatic ether;
benzoxazine;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent
gsk573719
GSK573719: Muscarinic Antagonist. umeclidinium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is quinuclidine substituted at positions 1 and 4 by 2-(benzyloxy)ethyl and hydroxy(diphenyl)methyl groups respectively.		19.0511449
aclidinium bromide
aclidinium bromide: a long-acting, inhaled antimuscarinic; in phase I trial 8/2008. aclidinium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt that is the bromide salt of aclidinium. A muscarinic acetylcholine M3 receptor antagonist, for the long-term maintenance treatment of bronchospasm associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		4.220organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		bronchodilator agent;
muscarinic antagonist
apremilast
[no description available]		2.5120aromatic ether;
N-acetylarylamine;
phthalimides;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
macitentan
[no description available]		2.110aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
pyrimidines;
ring assembly;
sulfamides		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist;
orphan drug
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		2.110
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.		4.033021-hydroxy steroid
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		3.2110
budesonide, formoterol fumarate drug combination
Budesonide, Formoterol Fumarate Drug Combination: A pharmaceutical preparation of budesonide and formoterol fumarate that is used as an ANTI-ASTHMATIC AGENT and for the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		6.2731
fluticasone propionate, salmeterol xinafoate drug combination
Fluticasone-Salmeterol Drug Combination: A drug combination of fluticasone and salmeterol that is used as an inhaler formulation to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		12.11169
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		022.7277154
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		018.219953
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		03.1710
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		120.219953
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		03.1710
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		03.1710
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		124.7277154
Breathlessness
[description not available]		09.5876
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		09.5876
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		04.7211
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		09.7211
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.610
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.610
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		03.5210
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		013.864037
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		013.864037
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		013.882919
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.2110
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		09.55128
Apoplexy
[description not available]		04.9621
Angina at Rest
[description not available]		04.9621
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		03.6411
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		04.9621
Angina, Unstable
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		04.9621
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		03.6411
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		04.9621
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		04.9621
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		03.1710
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		03.1710
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.2510
Tracheitis
INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.		02.2510
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		02.2510
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		02.2510
Acute Symptom Flare
[description not available]		06.6233
Catarrh
Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.		03.0910
Haemophilus Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.		03.0910
Moraxella Infections
[description not available]		03.0910
Common Cold
A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.		03.0910
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		04.4811
Itching
[description not available]		04.4811
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		04.4811
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		04.4811
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		05.3622
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		05.3622
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		03.4811
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		03.4811
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		03.4811
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		03.4811
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal
[description not available]		02.110
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.		02.110
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		04.4111
Recrudescence
[description not available]		07.5444
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		03.0310
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		03.0310
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		03.0310
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		03.0310
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		04.4511
Hepatic Insufficiency
Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.		07.544
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		07.544
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		07.544