Compounds > ucb 34714
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ucb 34714

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Description

brivaracetam: A pyrrolidinone compound that is used to treat partial onset seizures in adult patients; structure in first source. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

brivaracetam : A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative that is butanamide in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (4R)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl. Used for treatment of partial onset seizures related to epilepsy. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID9837243
CHEMBL ID607400
CHEBI ID133013
SCHEMBL ID122081
MeSH IDM0462698

Synonyms (54)

Synonym
rikelta
ucb-34714
brivaracetam
2-(2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl)butanamide
ucb34714
briviact
ucb 34714
CHEBI:133013 ,
(2s)-2-[(4r)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl]butanamide
D08879
brivaracetam (jan/usan/inn)
briviact (tn)
357336-20-0
CHEMBL607400
1-pyrrolidineacetamide, alpha-ethyl-2-oxo-4-propyl-, (alphas,4r)-
(2s)-2-((4r)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl)butanamide
brivaracetam [usan:inn]
u863jgg2ia ,
unii-u863jgg2ia
brivaracetam [mart.]
(2s)-2-((4r)-2-oxo-4-propyltetrahydro-1h-pyrrol-1-yl) butanamide
brivaracetam [orange book]
1-pyrrolidineacetamide, .alpha.-ethyl-2-oxo-4-propyl (.alpha.s,4r)-
brivaracetam [inn]
brivaracetam [mi]
brivaracetam [who-dd]
brivaracetam [jan]
brivaracetam [usan]
(2s)-2-((4r)-2-oxo-4-n-propyl-1-pyrrolidinyl)butanamide
MSYKRHVOOPPJKU-BDAKNGLRSA-N
bdbm50422531
SCHEMBL122081
CS-3418
HY-14449
AC-29289
gtpl9041
compound 83alpha
AKOS027324306
mfcd25976668
EX-A2748
DB05541
DTXSID00905081
AS-35277
Q408099
CCG-266666
NCGC00390779-02
(S)-2-((R)-2-OXO-4-PROPYLPYRROLIDIN-1-YL)BUTANAMIDE
BB161996
1-pyrrolidineacetamide, alpha-ethyl-2-oxo-4-propyl-, (alphas,4r)-; (alphas,4r)-alpha-ethyl-2-oxo-4-propyl-1-pyrrolidineacetamide; brivaracetam; briviact; ucb 34714
brivaracetamum
brivaracetam (mart.)
1-pyrrolidineacetamide, alpha-ethyl-2-oxo-4-propyl (alphas,4r)-
n03ax23
ae5 - anti-epileptic drugs 5

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The objective of the study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (and how they are affected by food), CNS pharmacodynamics and the adverse event profile of brivaracetam after single increasing doses."( The pharmacokinetics, CNS pharmacodynamics and adverse event profile of brivaracetam after single increasing oral doses in healthy males.
Connell, J; Jacobs, T; Pigeolet, E; Riethuisen, JM; Rolan, P; Sargentini-Maier, ML; Stockis, A; Tytgat, D, 2007)		0.34
" The most common adverse events were somnolence and dizziness."( The pharmacokinetics, CNS pharmacodynamics and adverse event profile of brivaracetam after single increasing oral doses in healthy males.
Connell, J; Jacobs, T; Pigeolet, E; Riethuisen, JM; Rolan, P; Sargentini-Maier, ML; Stockis, A; Tytgat, D, 2007)		0.34
" This study examined the pharmacokinetics, central nervous system pharmacodynamics and adverse event profile of multiple oral doses of brivaracetam in healthy male subjects."( The pharmacokinetics, CNS pharmacodynamics and adverse event profile of brivaracetam after multiple increasing oral doses in healthy men.
Pigeolet, E; Rolan, P; Sargentini-Maier, ML; Stockis, A, 2008)		0.35
" Adverse events were mostly mild to moderate, central nervous system-related and resolved within the first day of treatment."( The pharmacokinetics, CNS pharmacodynamics and adverse event profile of brivaracetam after multiple increasing oral doses in healthy men.
Pigeolet, E; Rolan, P; Sargentini-Maier, ML; Stockis, A, 2008)		0.35
" The outcomes of interest included 50% responder rates, seizure freedom, the incidence of withdrawal and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs)."( The efficacy and safety of brivaracetam at different doses for partial-onset epilepsy: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies.
Tian, X; Wang, X; Yuan, M; Zhou, Q, 2015)		0.42
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) occurred in 155 (59."( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, parallel-group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adjunctive brivaracetam in adult patients with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures.
Brandt, C; Klein, P; Kwan, P; Liang, W; Schiemann, J; Sperling, MR; Stalvey, T; Whitesides, J, 2015)		0.42
" Safety and tolerability were assessed using adverse events, electrocardiography, vital signs, and laboratory assessments."( Safety and tolerability of adjunctive brivaracetam as intravenous infusion or bolus in patients with epilepsy.
Barnes, M; Biton, V; Dilley, D; Klein, P; Lu, S; Schiemann, J, 2016)		0.43
" Treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) incidence during IV BRV was similar whether IV BRV was initiated first (70."( Safety and tolerability of adjunctive brivaracetam as intravenous infusion or bolus in patients with epilepsy.
Barnes, M; Biton, V; Dilley, D; Klein, P; Lu, S; Schiemann, J, 2016)		0.43
" Safety/tolerability data pooled from 2,186 patients: ≥1 treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) reported by 1,848 (84."( Safety, tolerability, and seizure control during long-term treatment with adjunctive brivaracetam for partial-onset seizures.
Borghs, S; Eckhardt, K; Johnson, ME; Kwan, P; McDonough, B; Schiemann, J; Toledo, M; Whitesides, J, 2016)		0.43
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported by 68."( Efficacy and safety of brivaracetam for partial-onset seizures in 3 pooled clinical studies.
Ben-Menachem, E; Eckhardt, K; Gamage, J; Johnson, ME; Klein, P; Mameniškienė, R; McDonough, B; Quarato, PP; Schiemann, J; Whitesides, J, 2016)		0.43
"3% BRV-treated patients reported treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) during the treatment period; most commonly, headache (25."( Tolerability, safety, and efficacy of adjunctive brivaracetam for focal seizures in older patients: A pooled analysis from three phase III studies.
Brodie, MJ; D'Souza, J; Johnson, ME; Schiemann, J; Whitesides, J, 2016)		0.43
" In the SGTCS safety population (N=487), treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported by 60."( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of adjunctive brivaracetam for secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures: Pooled results from three Phase III studies.
Asadi-Pooya, AA; Diaz, A; Elmouft, S; Moseley, BD; Schiemann, J; Sperling, MR; Whitesides, J, 2016)		0.43
"To comprehensively evaluate the adverse events (AEs) significantly associated with brivaracetam (BRV) treatment in a large selection of randomized control trials."( The adverse event profile of brivaracetam: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Chen, D; Chen, SH; Chen, T; Liu, L; Xu, D; Zhu, LN, 2017)		0.46
" Serious AEs (SAEs), withdrawal, and treatment-emergent adverse effects were then assessed for their association with brivaracetam."( The adverse event profile of brivaracetam: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Chen, D; Chen, SH; Chen, T; Liu, L; Xu, D; Zhu, LN, 2017)		0.46
" Serious AEs, overall withdrawal, AE-related withdrawal and psychiatric adverse events (PAEs) were not significantly associated with BRV treatment."( The adverse event profile of brivaracetam: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Chen, D; Chen, SH; Chen, T; Liu, L; Xu, D; Zhu, LN, 2017)		0.46
" The content includes dose-related adverse effects, idiosyncratic reactions, behavioural and psychiatric comorbidities, chronic problems, enzyme induction and teratogenesis."( Tolerability and Safety of Commonly Used Antiepileptic Drugs in Adolescents and Adults: A Clinician's Overview.
Brodie, MJ, 2017)		0.46
" Safety findings were generally similar to those of pivotal trials, with no major safety risks identified and with several specific adverse drug effects, such as hyponatremia, reported."( Comparing Safety and Efficacy of "Third-Generation" Antiepileptic Drugs: Long-Term Extension and Post-marketing Treatment.
Johnson, EL; Krauss, GL; Kwok, CS, 2017)		0.46
" Behavioral changes are the most significant adverse effects reported by patients taking LEV."( Favorable adverse effect profile of brivaracetam vs levetiracetam in a preclinical model.
Aboulamer, S; Bosoi, CM; Carmant, L; Desgent, S; Gagné, J; Messiet, E; Sanon, NT; Simard, A; Wolf, DC, 2018)		0.48
" In the LTG and TPM safety populations (n=245 versus n=125), treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported with LTG 68."( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of brivaracetam with concomitant lamotrigine or concomitant topiramate in pooled Phase III randomized, double-blind trials: A post-hoc analysis.
Benbadis, S; Diaz, A; Elmoufti, S; Klein, P; Schiemann, J; Whitesides, J, 2018)		0.48
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) considered drug related by the investigator were reported by 32/99 (32."( Safety and Tolerability of Adjunctive Brivaracetam in Pediatric Patients < 16 Years with Epilepsy: An Open-Label Trial.
Daniels, T; Dilley, D; Liu, E; McDonough, B; Stockis, A, 2019)		0.51
"4%) and adverse events (AEs) (27%) of other antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)."( Efficacy, retention, and safety of brivaracetam in adult patients with genetic generalized epilepsy.
Abraira, L; Fonseca, E; Guzmán, L; Quintana, M; Salas-Puig, X; Santamarina, E; Toledo, M, 2020)		0.56
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported by 140/149 (94."( Safety and tolerability of adjunctive brivaracetam in children with focal seizures: Interim analysis of pooled data from two open-label trials.
Badalamenti, V; Elmoufti, S; Elshoff, JP; Gasalla, T; Patel, AD, 2020)		0.56
" Adverse events (AEs) of interest were summarized in relevant categories."( Safety and tolerability of adjunctive brivaracetam in epilepsy: In-depth pooled analysis.
Badalamenti, V; Brandt, C; Gasalla, T; Klein, P; Whitesides, J, 2020)		0.56
" Overall, the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was 66."( Safety and tolerability of adjunctive brivaracetam in epilepsy: In-depth pooled analysis.
Badalamenti, V; Brandt, C; Gasalla, T; Klein, P; Whitesides, J, 2020)		0.56
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) occurred in 91."( Long-term safety, efficacy, and quality of life outcomes with adjunctive brivaracetam treatment at individualized doses in patients with epilepsy: An up to 11-year, open-label, follow-up trial.
Biton, V; Borghs, S; He, QJ; O'Brien, TJ; Schulz, AL; Yates, S, 2020)		0.56
"Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) in clinical trials are typically reported for the full duration of the treatment period including titration and maintenance."( Time course of drug-related treatment-emergent adverse side effects of brivaracetam.
Elmoufti, S; Fishman, J; Gasalla, T; Klein, P; Laloyaux, C; Martin, MS; Meador, KJ, 2020)		0.56
" Safety variables included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs)."( Long-term safety and efficacy of brivaracetam in adults with focal seizures: Results from an open-label, multinational, follow-up trial.
Arnold, S; Elmoufti, S; Fakhoury, T; Laloyaux, C; Schulz, AL; Yates, S, 2020)		0.56
"3 %)] and adverse events [16 (14."( Long-term safety and efficacy of brivaracetam in adults with focal seizures: Results from an open-label, multinational, follow-up trial.
Arnold, S; Elmoufti, S; Fakhoury, T; Laloyaux, C; Schulz, AL; Yates, S, 2020)		0.56
" Safety variables included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs)."( Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of brivaracetam as adjunctive therapy in patients with focal seizures, generalized onset seizures, or Unverricht-Lundborg disease: An open-label, long-term follow-up trial.
Baulac, M; Ben-Menachem, E; Brandt, C; Cleveland, JM; Hong, SB; Reichel, C; Schulz, AL; Wagener, G, 2021)		0.62
" Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported by 643 (83."( Long-term safety, efficacy, and quality of life during adjunctive brivaracetam treatment in patients with uncontrolled epilepsy: An open-label follow-up trial.
Brandt, C; Cleveland, JM; Klein, P; Quarato, PP; Schulz, AL; Toledo, M; Wagener, G, 2021)		0.62
"In this select group of patients who entered the LTFU trial, BRV was generally safe and well tolerated."( Long-term safety, efficacy, and quality of life during adjunctive brivaracetam treatment in patients with uncontrolled epilepsy: An open-label follow-up trial.
Brandt, C; Cleveland, JM; Klein, P; Quarato, PP; Schulz, AL; Toledo, M; Wagener, G, 2021)		0.62
"To understand the currently available post-marketing real-world evidence of the incidences of and discontinuations due to the BAEs of irritability, anger, and aggression in people with epilepsy (PWE) treated with the anti-seizure medications (ASMs) brivaracetam (BRV), levetiracetam (LEV), perampanel (PER), and topiramate (TPM), as well as behavioral adverse events (BAEs) in PWE switching from LEV to BRV."( Behavioral adverse events with brivaracetam, levetiracetam, perampanel, and topiramate: A systematic review.
Klein, P; Klitgaard, H; Laloyaux, C; Moseley, BD; Ricchetti-Masterson, K; Rosenow, F; Sirven, JI; Smith, B; Steinhoff, BJ; Stern, JM; Toledo, M; Villanueva, V; Zipfel, PA, 2021)		0.62
" Behavioral and psychiatric adverse events in PWE switching from LEV to BRV were summarized descriptively."( Behavioral adverse events with brivaracetam, levetiracetam, perampanel, and topiramate: A systematic review.
Klein, P; Klitgaard, H; Laloyaux, C; Moseley, BD; Ricchetti-Masterson, K; Rosenow, F; Sirven, JI; Smith, B; Steinhoff, BJ; Stern, JM; Toledo, M; Villanueva, V; Zipfel, PA, 2021)		0.62
" Outcomes included BRV plasma concentrations before and after IV administration, treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), and discontinuations due to TEAEs."( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of intravenous brivaracetam in pediatric patients with epilepsy: An open-label trial.
Bozorg, A; Elshoff, JP; Farkas, MK; Fogarasi, A; James, GD; Kang, H; Krauwinkel, W; Morita, D; Will, E, 2022)		0.72
" Efficacy variables were derived from seizure-related changes, and tolerability and safety variables from reported treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), BRV withdrawal, and changes to questionnaire scores."( BRIVEST: A 'real-world' observational, single-centre study investigating the efficacy, safety and tolerability of Brivaracetam.
Cavill, R; Manuel, M; Naddell, S; Sieradzan, K; White, P, 2023)		0.91
" Adverse events, vital signs, electrocardiograms, laboratory tests, general and neurological examinations, and psychometric rating scales were recorded at regular intervals."( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Brivaracetam in Healthy Elderly Participants.
Krauwinkel, W; Nicolas, JM; Sargentini-Maier, ML; Stockis, A, 2023)		0.91
" Outcomes included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), behavior assessments (Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL], Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function [BRIEF]/BRIEF-Preschool version [BRIEF-P]), and efficacy outcomes (percent change in focal seizure frequency, 50% responder rate for all seizure types for patient subgroups <2 years and ≥2 years of age using daily record card data)."( Long-term safety and efficacy of adjunctive brivaracetam in pediatric patients with epilepsy: An open-label, follow-up trial.
Elshoff, JP; Fleyshman, S; Floricel, F; Fogarasi, A; Kang, H; Klotz, KA; Lagae, L; Reichel, C, 2023)		0.91

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Brivaracetam was found to have desirable pharmacokinetic properties."( The pharmacokinetics, CNS pharmacodynamics and adverse event profile of brivaracetam after single increasing oral doses in healthy males.
Connell, J; Jacobs, T; Pigeolet, E; Riethuisen, JM; Rolan, P; Sargentini-Maier, ML; Stockis, A; Tytgat, D, 2007)		0.34
" Pharmacodynamic tests showed dose-related sedation and decreased alertness that only persisted at 800 mg daily."( The pharmacokinetics, CNS pharmacodynamics and adverse event profile of brivaracetam after multiple increasing oral doses in healthy men.
Pigeolet, E; Rolan, P; Sargentini-Maier, ML; Stockis, A, 2008)		0.35
" Brivaracetam had a favourable pharmacokinetic profile in this population, characterized by rapid absorption, volume of distribution limited to total body water, apparent single-compartment elimination and dose proportionality."( The pharmacokinetics, CNS pharmacodynamics and adverse event profile of brivaracetam after multiple increasing oral doses in healthy men.
Pigeolet, E; Rolan, P; Sargentini-Maier, ML; Stockis, A, 2008)		0.35
" A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed for predicting BRV concentrations in human plasma and brain tissue."( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic animal-to-man prediction of therapeutic dose in a model of epilepsy.
Brochot, A; Stockis, A; Zamacona, M, 2010)		0.36
" A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model and a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model were developed describing brivaracetam plasma concentration and the relationship with daily seizure counts in adequate well-controlled efficacy trials."( Brivaracetam Population Pharmacokinetics and Exposure-Response Modeling in Adult Subjects With Partial-Onset Seizures.
Schoemaker, R; Stockis, A; Wade, JR, 2016)		0.43
"The aims of the study were to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of orally administered brivaracetam in paediatric patients and to provide dosing suggestions."( Brivaracetam population pharmacokinetics in children with epilepsy aged 1 month to 16 years.
Schoemaker, R; Stockis, A; Wade, JR, 2017)		0.46
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using non-linear mixed effects modelling, and a stepwise covariate search was used to determine factors influencing brivaracetam clearance."( Brivaracetam population pharmacokinetics in children with epilepsy aged 1 month to 16 years.
Schoemaker, R; Stockis, A; Wade, JR, 2017)		0.46
" BRV shares many of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of an ideal ASMs."( Brivaracetam for the treatment of focal-onset seizures: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations.
de Biase, S; Gigli, GL; Valente, M, 2020)		0.56
"We present pharmacokinetic data during pregnancy and lactation for brivaracetam, lacosamide and perampanel based on two case studies."( Pharmacokinetic data on brivaracetam, lacosamide and perampanel during pregnancy and lactation.
Brodtkorb, E; Burns, ML; Johannessen, SI; Landmark, CJ; Rektorli, L; Revdal, E, 2021)		0.62
" No unexpected safety or pharmacokinetic differences were observed between patients receiving 15-min infusions or bolus, and plasma concentrations were in the expected range."( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of intravenous brivaracetam in pediatric patients with epilepsy: An open-label trial.
Bozorg, A; Elshoff, JP; Farkas, MK; Fogarasi, A; James, GD; Kang, H; Krauwinkel, W; Morita, D; Will, E, 2022)		0.72
" The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical experience with BRV with focus on efficacy, tolerability and pharmacokinetic variability among adult patients with difficult-to-treat epilepsy."( Efficacy, tolerability and pharmacokinetic variability of brivaracetam in adults with difficult-to-treat epilepsy.
Brodtkorb, E; Burns, ML; Johannessen, SI; Landmark, CJ; Linge, HL; Lossius, MI; Nakken, KO; Svendsen, T, 2022)		0.72
" Pharmacokinetic variability between patients was considerable; 14-fold variation in concentration/dose (C/D)-ratios."( Efficacy, tolerability and pharmacokinetic variability of brivaracetam in adults with difficult-to-treat epilepsy.
Brodtkorb, E; Burns, ML; Johannessen, SI; Landmark, CJ; Linge, HL; Lossius, MI; Nakken, KO; Svendsen, T, 2022)		0.72
" The combination of clinical and pharmacokinetic data provides insight into factors contributing to efficacy and tolerability of new ASMs."( Efficacy, tolerability and pharmacokinetic variability of brivaracetam in adults with difficult-to-treat epilepsy.
Brodtkorb, E; Burns, ML; Johannessen, SI; Landmark, CJ; Linge, HL; Lossius, MI; Nakken, KO; Svendsen, T, 2022)		0.72
" This study utilized physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to explore the pharmacokinetics of BRV and drug interactions between BRV and rifampin (RIF), a CYP2C19 inducer, based on CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms."( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of brivaracetam and its interactions with rifampin based on CYP2C19 phenotypes.
Jiang, X; Wang, L; Yang, H; Yang, L; Zheng, L; Zhong, X, 2022)		0.72

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Brivaracetam does not interact with most metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters, and therefore does not interfere with drugs that use these metabolic routes."( A review of the drug-drug interactions of the antiepileptic drug brivaracetam.
Chanteux, H; Gidal, B; Laloyaux, C; Moseley, BD; Nicolas, JM; Stockis, A, 2020)		0.56

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"To determine the bioequivalence of brivaracetam oral tablet formulations (10, 75, and 100 mg) versus 50 mg oral tablet and to compare the bioavailability of brivaracetam 100 mg intravenous (i."( Bioavailability and bioequivalence comparison of brivaracetam 10, 50, 75, and 100 mg tablets and 100 mg intravenous bolus.
Hadi, S; Hartstra, J; Mollet, M; Stockis, A, 2016)		0.43
" Bioavailability comparisons were based on the 90% confidence intervals (CIs) around the geometric least squares mean ratios (test: reference)."( Bioavailability and bioequivalence comparison of brivaracetam 10, 50, 75, and 100 mg tablets and 100 mg intravenous bolus.
Hadi, S; Hartstra, J; Mollet, M; Stockis, A, 2016)		0.43
", bolus had bioavailability similar to that of 50 and 100 mg tablets."( Bioavailability and bioequivalence comparison of brivaracetam 10, 50, 75, and 100 mg tablets and 100 mg intravenous bolus.
Hadi, S; Hartstra, J; Mollet, M; Stockis, A, 2016)		0.43
" Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic studies in volunteers exhibited that the bioavailability of F5 and F10 was 95."( Design and evaluation of gastro-swelling/gastro-floating sustained-release tablets of brivaracetam for epilepsy therapy.
Cheng, X; Ding, J; Hou, Z; Li, Y; Lin, J; Zhang, H; Zhao, X, 2023)		0.91

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Plasma samples were obtained before and up to 12 h after last dosing for drug determination."( Effect of brivaracetam on cardiac repolarisation--a thorough QT study.
Astruc, B; Hulhoven, R; Meeus, MA; Rosillon, D; Stockis, A; Troenaru, MM; Watanabe, S, 2008)		0.35
" Various dosing regimens of the new compound were simulated in order to reach the same brain SV2A occupancy as for the reference compound."( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic animal-to-man prediction of therapeutic dose in a model of epilepsy.
Brochot, A; Stockis, A; Zamacona, M, 2010)		0.36
"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, four-way cross-over design was employed in 16 healthy volunteers comparing acute dosing (i."( Neurocognitive effects of brivaracetam, levetiracetam, and lorazepam.
Gevins, A; Leese, PT; Loring, DW; Meador, KJ; Otoul, C, 2011)		0.37
" Further large clinical and pharmacovigilance studies are needed to investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of BRV and, furthermore, to suggest an optimal BRV dosage for clinical use."( Adjunctive brivaracetam for patients with refractory partial seizures: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials.
Huang, S; Ma, J; You, C, 2015)		0.42
" Plasma and brain levels were measured over time after single oral dosing to audiogenic mice and were correlated with anticonvulsant activity."( Brivaracetam, a selective high-affinity synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) ligand with preclinical evidence of high brain permeability and fast onset of action.
Carson, RE; Chanteux, H; Hannestad, J; Holden, D; Huang, Y; Kervyn, S; Klitgaard, H; Matagne, A; Mathy, FX; Mercier, J; Nabulsi, N; Nicolas, JM; Staelens, L; Stockis, A; Tytgat, D, 2016)		0.43
" Simulation allowed characterization of the dose-response curve, suggesting maximum response is obtained at brivaracetam 150-200 mg/day."( Brivaracetam Population Pharmacokinetics and Exposure-Response Modeling in Adult Subjects With Partial-Onset Seizures.
Schoemaker, R; Stockis, A; Wade, JR, 2016)		0.43
" There is no need to limit brivaracetam dosing when used concomitantly with carbamazepine."( Pharmacokinetic interaction of brivaracetam on carbamazepine in adult patients with epilepsy, with and without valproate co-administration.
Brodie, MJ; Sargentini-Maier, ML; Stockis, A, 2016)		0.43
"The aims of the study were to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of orally administered brivaracetam in paediatric patients and to provide dosing suggestions."( Brivaracetam population pharmacokinetics in children with epilepsy aged 1 month to 16 years.
Schoemaker, R; Stockis, A; Wade, JR, 2017)		0.46
" Simulations were performed to investigate dosing regimens."( Brivaracetam population pharmacokinetics in children with epilepsy aged 1 month to 16 years.
Schoemaker, R; Stockis, A; Wade, JR, 2017)		0.46
" Data suggest no need to change brivaracetam dosing when used concomitantly with carbamazepine, phenobarbital or valproate."( Brivaracetam population pharmacokinetics in children with epilepsy aged 1 month to 16 years.
Schoemaker, R; Stockis, A; Wade, JR, 2017)		0.46
"Simulation with the adult brivaracetam PK/PD model in combination with an existing pediatric brivaracetam population PK model allowed characterization of the dose-response curve, suggesting maximum response at brivaracetam 4 mg/kg/day dosing (capped at 200 mg/day, the maximum adult dose) in children aged ≥4 years."( Extrapolation of a Brivaracetam Exposure-Response Model from Adults to Children with Focal Seizures.
Schoemaker, R; Stockis, A; Wade, JR, 2018)		0.48
" The goal of the present analysis was to determine if the dose-response of brivaracetam as monotherapy would fall within the range associated with brivaracetam efficacy as adjunctive therapy."( Evaluation of brivaracetam efficacy as monotherapy in adult patients with focal seizures.
D'Souza, J; Schoemaker, R; Stockis, A; Wade, JR, 2017)		0.46
" AED extension studies evaluate treatment retention, drug tolerability, and drug safety during individualized treatment with flexible dosing and thus provide information not available in rigid pivotal trials."( Comparing Safety and Efficacy of "Third-Generation" Antiepileptic Drugs: Long-Term Extension and Post-marketing Treatment.
Johnson, EL; Krauss, GL; Kwok, CS, 2017)		0.46
"The number of patients in each of the three BRV dosage groups was small, particularly for the TPM subgroup."( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of brivaracetam with concomitant lamotrigine or concomitant topiramate in pooled Phase III randomized, double-blind trials: A post-hoc analysis.
Benbadis, S; Diaz, A; Elmoufti, S; Klein, P; Schiemann, J; Whitesides, J, 2018)		0.48
" Target dosage was achieved by 30."( BRIVA-LIFE-A multicenter retrospective study of the long-term use of brivaracetam in clinical practice.
López-González, FJ; Mauri, JA; Montoya, J; Olivé-Gadea, M; Rodriguez-Uranga, J; Ruiz-Giménez, J; Villanueva, V; Zurita, J, 2019)		0.51
" Responders received significantly greater median loading dosage per body weight (3."( Intravenous brivaracetam in status epilepticus: Correlation between loading dose, plasma levels and clinical response.
Aicua-Rapun, I; André, P; Buclin, T; Decosterd, LA; Novy, J; Rossetti, AO, 2019)		0.51
" In vitro and in vivo animal studies suggest faster brain penetration and SV2A occupancy (SO) after dosing with BRV than LEV."( A single-center, open-label positron emission tomography study to evaluate brivaracetam and levetiracetam synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A binding in healthy volunteers.
Carson, RE; DeBruyn, S; Finnema, SJ; Gao, H; Hannestad, J; Henry, S; Huang, Y; Kaminski, RM; Kervyn, S; Klitgaard, H; Maguire, RP; Martin, P; Matuskey, D; Mercier, J; Muglia, P; Nabulsi, NB; Naganawa, M; Nicolas, JM; Otoul, C; Pracitto, R; Rossano, S; Stockis, A, 2019)		0.51
" Cohort 3 (n = 4) was examined at baseline and steady state after 4 days of twice-daily oral dosing of BRV (50-100 mg) and 4 hours postdose of LEV (250-600 mg)."( A single-center, open-label positron emission tomography study to evaluate brivaracetam and levetiracetam synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A binding in healthy volunteers.
Carson, RE; DeBruyn, S; Finnema, SJ; Gao, H; Hannestad, J; Henry, S; Huang, Y; Kaminski, RM; Kervyn, S; Klitgaard, H; Maguire, RP; Martin, P; Matuskey, D; Mercier, J; Muglia, P; Nabulsi, NB; Naganawa, M; Nicolas, JM; Otoul, C; Pracitto, R; Rossano, S; Stockis, A, 2019)		0.51
" Gender, duration of epilepsy, and dosage did not affect epilepsy control."( Treatment with brivaracetam in children - The experience of a pediatric epilepsy center.
Bar-Yosef, O; Ben-Zeev, B; Nissenkorn, A; Tzadok, M, 2019)		0.51
" Furthermore, most preclinical antiepileptogenic studies lack information needed for translation, such as dose-blood level relationship, brain target engagement, and dose-response, and many use treatment parameters that cannot be applied clinically, for example, treatment initiation before or at the time of injury and dosing higher than tolerated human equivalent dosing."( Repurposed molecules for antiepileptogenesis: Missing an opportunity to prevent epilepsy?
Bar-Klein, G; Friedman, A; Hameed, MQ; Jozwiak, S; Kaminski, RM; Klein, P; Klitgaard, H; Koepp, M; Löscher, W; Prince, DA; Rotenberg, A; Twyman, R; Vezzani, A; Wong, M, 2020)		0.56
" Patients entered LTFU at a recommended BRV dose of 100 mg/day, with flexible dosing of 50-200 mg/day, as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy; additional AEDs could be prescribed and adapted in dose if clinically indicated."( Long-term safety and efficacy of brivaracetam in adults with focal seizures: Results from an open-label, multinational, follow-up trial.
Arnold, S; Elmoufti, S; Fakhoury, T; Laloyaux, C; Schulz, AL; Yates, S, 2020)		0.56
" Target dosing was 200 mg/day."( Adjunctive brivaracetam - A prospective audit of outcomes from an epilepsy clinic.
Brodie, MJ; Stephen, L, 2021)		0.62
"0 mg and the mean daily dosage was 195."( Real-life evidence about the use of intravenous brivaracetam in urgent seizures: The BRIV-IV study.
Asensio, M; Campos, D; Castillo, A; Chavarria, B; Escalza, I; Falip, M; Fernández-Cabrera, A; Garcés, M; García-Morales, I; Gifreu, A; Giménez, J; Guillén, V; Hampel, K; Hernández Pérez, G; Juiz-Fernández, Á; Martínez, AB; Massot, M; Montoya, J; Parejo-Carbonell, B; Rocamora, R; Rodriguez-Osorio, X; Rubio-Nazábal, E; Ruiz-Giménez, J; Santamarina, E; Sayas, D; Villanueva, V, 2023)		0.91
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
anticonvulsantA drug used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
gamma-lactamA lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a five-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.
non-proteinogenic amino acid derivativeAny derivative of a non-proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group or carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (7)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID10673Maximum time to achieve peak plasma concentration was determined in rat at 10 mg/kg2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-29, Volume: 47, Issue:3
Discovery of 4-substituted pyrrolidone butanamides as new agents with significant antiepileptic activity.
AID11197Total clearance at 10 mg/kg was determined in rat2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-29, Volume: 47, Issue:3
Discovery of 4-substituted pyrrolidone butanamides as new agents with significant antiepileptic activity.
AID10445Half life at 10 mg/kg was determined in rat2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-29, Volume: 47, Issue:3
Discovery of 4-substituted pyrrolidone butanamides as new agents with significant antiepileptic activity.
AID102959In vitro inhibitory activity against [3H](2S)-2-[4-(3-azidophenyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl]butanamide binding to levetiracetam binding site2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-29, Volume: 47, Issue:3
Discovery of 4-substituted pyrrolidone butanamides as new agents with significant antiepileptic activity.
AID13327Oral bioavailability at 10 mg/kg was determined in rat2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-29, Volume: 47, Issue:3
Discovery of 4-substituted pyrrolidone butanamides as new agents with significant antiepileptic activity.
AID113197In vivo dose required to protect 50% audiogenic seizure prone mice against clonic convulsions2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-29, Volume: 47, Issue:3
Discovery of 4-substituted pyrrolidone butanamides as new agents with significant antiepileptic activity.
AID1346078Rat synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (Atypical major facilitator superfamily (MSF) proteins)2004Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-29, Volume: 47, Issue:3
Discovery of 4-substituted pyrrolidone butanamides as new agents with significant antiepileptic activity.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (244)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's15 (6.15)29.6817
2010's129 (52.87)24.3611
2020's100 (40.98)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials64 (25.40%)5.53%
Reviews61 (24.21%)6.00%
Case Studies8 (3.17%)4.05%
Observational8 (3.17%)0.25%
Other111 (44.05%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		3.5820amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
carbamates
[no description available]		4.7230amino-acid anion
phloroglucinol
Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.		2.4110benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		algal metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		2.4110sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
glycine
[no description available]		2.1510alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.1510isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		2.6320aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
phenytoin
[no description available]		2.6920imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		3.5611organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		11.221511dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine epoxide
carbamazepine epoxide: metabolite of carbamazepine; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide : An epoxide and metabolite of carbamazepine.		4.0221dibenzoazepine;
epoxide;
ureas		allergen;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		3.41101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		7.29321,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		3.71201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		8.354branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		4.120gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		3.4611aromatic etherantilipemic drug
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		3.3510organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
lamotrigine
[no description available]		8.75661,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		2.1510benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		5.9542benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		3.3510biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		3.511imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		8.7263barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		13.06289organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.0510inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
vigabatrin
[no description available]		3.3510gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		5.87221,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		2.4110pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		3.471117-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.		3.5110tetrachlorophenolxenobiotic metabolite
ethane
Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.		2.1310alkane;
gas molecular entity		plant metabolite;
refrigerant
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		2.610pyrrolidin-2-ones
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		3.1410pyrrole;
secondary amine
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		3.3110cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		5.8722isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		2.1710dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		3.3510acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		3.471117beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		2.2110ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination
Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.		3.4711
pregnanolone
Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.		3.13103-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.6320glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		7.4453cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		3.5911beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
atorvastatin
[no description available]		3.3510aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		4.42301,2,3-triazole
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: structure given in first source		2.3110beta-carbolines
1-hydroxymethylmidazolam
1-hydroxymethylmidazolam: metabolite of midazolam. 1-hydroxymidazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is midazolam in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of the anesthetic, midazolam.		3.511aromatic primary alcohol;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		drug metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite
fingolimod hydrochloride
Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).		3.3510hydrochlorideimmunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
ezogabine
ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.		3.1310carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anticonvulsant;
potassium channel modulator
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		4.1120aromatic amide;
heteroarene
ly 300164
talampanel: AMPA receptor antagonist		3.1310benzodioxoles
eslicarbazepine acetate
eslicarbazepine acetate : The acetate ester, with S configuration, of licarbazepine. An anticonvulsant, it is approved for use in Europe and the United States as an adjunctive therapy for epilepsy.		5.2550acetate ester;
carboxamide;
dibenzoazepine;
ureas		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		6.55100N-acyl-amino acid
alpha-aminobutyric acid
alpha-aminobutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-aminobutyric acid : An alpha-amino acid that is butyric acid bearing a single amino substituent located at position 2.. D-alpha-aminobutyric acid : An optically active form of alpha-aminobutyric acid having D-configuration.		2.1710alpha-aminobutyric acid;
D-alpha-amino acid
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		3.7620olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		7.2232cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
quinine
[no description available]		2.1510cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		15.415917pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		3.3510antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		10.5185cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
stiripentol
stiripentol: structure		3.4110
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		2.2110chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		4.4230gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.		2.0510azatetracycloalkane;
oxatetracycloalkane;
quinazoline alkaloid		animal metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
n,n'-dicyclopentyl-2-methylsulfanyl-5-nitro-pyrimidine-4,6-diamine
N,N'-dicyclopentyl-2-methylsulfanyl-5-nitro-pyrimidine-4,6-diamine: structure in first source		3.3110aryl sulfide
6 beta-hydroxycortisol
6 beta-hydroxycortisol: RN given refers to the (6beta,11beta)-isomer; see also record for 6 alpha-hydrocortisol. 6beta-hydroxycortisol : A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.		3.51111beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
6beta-hydroxy steroid;
C21-steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mammalian metabolite;
probe
ganaxolone
ganaxolone: a selective, high-affinity, steroid modulator of the GABA(A) receptor; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer		3.1310corticosteroid hormone
rwj-333369
S-2-O-carbamoyl-1-o-chlorophenyl-ethanol: neuromodulator/Antiepileptic Agent; structure in first source		3.1410organochlorine compound
eslicarbazepine
[no description available]		5.0640dibenzooxazepine
perampanel
perampanel : A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2,3'-bipyridin-6'-one substituted at positions 1' and 5' by phenyl and 2-cyanophenyl groups respectively. Used as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients with epilepsy.		7.1130bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		AMPA receptor antagonist;
anticonvulsant
seletracetam
Seletracetam: Antiepileptic Agent; structure in first source		2.7430organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pimavanserin
pimavanserin: A 5-HT(2A) inverse agonist; ACP-103 is the dihydroxybutanedioate (2:1) salt. It is used to treat hallucinations and delusions associated with PARKINSON DISEASE; structure in first source.. pimavanserin : A member of the class of ureas in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by 4-fluorobenzyl, 1-methylpiperidin-4-yl, and 4-(isopropyloxy)benzyl groups. An atypical antipsychotic that is used (in the form of its tartrate salt) for treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease.		2.1510aromatic ether;
monofluorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound;
ureas		5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor inverse agonist;
antipsychotic agent;
serotonergic antagonist
cariprazine
cariprazine: Structure in first source. cariprazine : An N-alkylpiperazine that is N,N-dimethyl-N'-{trans-4-[2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}urea substituted at position 4 on the piperazine ring by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.		2.1510
lorcaserin
lorcaserin: orally active, small-molecule 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C agonist for the potential treatment of obesity and diabetes. lorcaserin : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and a t position 6 by a chloro group.		2.2110benzazepine;
organochlorine compound		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		3.3510
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		3.3510
suvorexant
suvorexant: an orexin receptor antagonist; structure in first source. suvorexant : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group of 5-chloro-2-[(5R)-5-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1,3-benzoxazole. An orexin receptor antagonist used for the management of insomnia.		2.21101,3-benzoxazoles;
aromatic amide;
diazepine;
organochlorine compound;
triazoles		central nervous system depressant;
orexin receptor antagonist
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		2.1510
insulin degludec
[no description available]		2.1510
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		421cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
spd 502
SPD 502: structure in first source		3.1410
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		023.61267180
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		125.61267180
Drug Refractory Epilepsy
[description not available]		017.946615
Abdominal Epilepsy
[description not available]		019.459958
Epilepsies, Partial
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)		019.459958
Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
[description not available]		03.2310
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy
[description not available]		03.4220
Epilepsies, Myoclonic
A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.		03.4220
Lennox Gastaut Syndrome
A childhood-onset epilepsy syndrome.		03.2310
Aura
[description not available]		022.0818973
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		124.0818973
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		02.3110
Concussive Convulsion
[description not available]		04.1940
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		02.3110
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		03.4120
Epileptiform Neuralgia
[description not available]		02.4110
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		03.4120
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)		02.4110
Lassitude
[description not available]		013.261910
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		013.261910
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		019.588637
Apoplexy
[description not available]		03.6420
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		03.6420
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		06.4171
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		06.4171
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid
[description not available]		02.4110
Cerebral Palsy
A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)		02.4110
Absence Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		04.9621
Epilepsy, Absence
A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)		04.9621
Adolescent Myoclonic Epilepsy
[description not available]		03.7420
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		03.0430
Actinic Reticuloid Syndrome
[description not available]		06.0844
Absence Status
[description not available]		09.56215
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		09.56215
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.610
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		03.6820
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		03.6820
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.610
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		02.610
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		03.1840
Drug Abuse, Intravenous
[description not available]		02.610
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		03.1840
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		03.6820
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		03.6820
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		02.610
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		06.6461
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		06.6461
Sleepiness
Compelling urge to sleep.		010.241310
Dizzyness
[description not available]		013.141811
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.2510
Paranoia
[description not available]		02.2510
Dysesthesia
[description not available]		02.2510
Itching
[description not available]		02.2510
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		02.2510
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		02.2510
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		013.141811
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.2510
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		02.2510
Epilepsy Syndromes
[description not available]		02.2110
Epileptic Syndromes
EPILEPTIC SEIZURES that are of similar type and age of onset and have other similar features (e.g., clinical course, EEG findings, genetic association and neuropathology).		02.2110
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.2510
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		02.2510
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		02.3110
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		02.3110
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		02.2510
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		02.2510
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.2510
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		02.2510
Audiogenic Epilepsy
[description not available]		05.8742
Epilepsy, Reflex
A subtype of epilepsy characterized by seizures that are consistently provoked by a certain specific stimulus. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli as well as the acts of writing, reading, eating, and decision making are examples of events or activities that may induce seizure activity in affected individuals. (From Neurol Clin 1994 Feb;12(1):57-8)		05.8742
Cramp
[description not available]		02.2510
Muscle Cramp
A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)		02.2510
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		02.3110
Baltic Myoclonic Epilepsy
[description not available]		014.214040
Unverricht-Lundborg Syndrome
An autosomal recessive condition characterized by recurrent myoclonic and generalized seizures, ATAXIA, slowly progressive intellectual deterioration, DYSARTHRIA, and intention tremor. Myoclonic seizures are severe and continuous, and tend to be triggered by movement, stress, and sensory stimuli. The age of onset is between 8 and 13 years, and the condition is relatively frequent in the Baltic region, especially Finland. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp109-110)		116.214040
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.1510
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		02.1510
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		05.3790
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		04.8121
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		02.2110
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		02.2110
Child Behavior Disorders
Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.		02.1710
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)		02.2110
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		03.4711
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		03.4711
Suicidal Ideation
A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.		04.4111
Daytime Sleepiness
[description not available]		03.0410
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence
Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)		03.0410
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		09.7499
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		09.7499
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.0410
Dystonia
An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)		02.0410
Action Myoclonus-Renal Failure Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9810
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		03.4611
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		03.4611
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.0310
Asystole
[description not available]		02.0310
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.0310
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		02.0310
Ache
[description not available]		02.9610
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		02.9610
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		02.9610
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		02.9610