Compounds > ru 66647
Page last updated: 2024-11-12

ru 66647

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

telithromycin: a ketolide; semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin with cycling of the C11-12 positions to form a carbamate ring to avoid acquired resistance to macrolides; binds 70S bacterial rRNA, specifically to the 23S part (23S RIBOSOMAL RNA), preventing protein synthesis; [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID11693521
CHEMBL ID1215848
MeSH IDM0278119

Synonyms (19)

Synonym
CHEMBL1215848
levviax
telithromycin
191114-48-4
hmr-3647
ru66647
ru-66647
HMS2052B11
MLS001424285
smr000469222
CCG-101183
AKOS016339661
173838-31-8
NC00433
MRF-0000457
mfcd00943561
(1s,2s,5s,7r,8r,9r,11r,13s,14r)-8-[(2s,3r,4s,6r)-4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-2-ethyl-9-methoxy-1,5,7,9,11,13-hexamethyl-15-[4-(4-pyridin-3-ylimidazol-1-yl)butyl]-3,17-dioxa-15-azabicyclo[12.3.0]heptadecane-4,6,12,16-tetrone
(1s,2r,5r,7r,8r,9r,11r,13r,14s)-8-[(2s,3r,4s,6r)-4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-2-ethyl-9-methoxy-1,5,7,9,11,13-hexamethyl-15-[4-(4-pyridin-3-ylimidazol-1-yl)butyl]-3,17-dioxa-15-azabicyclo[12.3.0]heptadecane-4,6,12,16-tetrone
gtpl10878

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Telithromycin was generally well tolerated, with gastro-intestinal adverse events observed most frequently (diarrhea 4/218 [1."( Efficacy and safety of telithromycin in community-acquired pneumonia.
Leroy, B; Matthews, PA; Van Rensburg, DJ, 2002)		0.31
" Adverse events were generally mild in severity, and no serious drug-related adverse events were reported."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of the ketolide telithromycin in patients with renal impairment.
Barrett, JS; Bhargava, VO; Chapel, S; Hardy, P; Leclerc, V; Leroy, B; Marbury, T; Montay, G; Sack, M; Shi, J; Swan, SK; Vargas, R, 2004)		0.32
" Most treatment-emergent adverse events were mild to moderate in intensity with most commonly reported adverse events involving the gastrointestinal system."( Clinical and bacteriological efficacy and safety of 5 and 7 day regimens of telithromycin once daily compared with a 10 day regimen of clarithromycin twice daily in patients with mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia.
Lavin, B; Niederman, MS; Nusrat, R; Patel, M; Tellier, G, 2004)		0.32
"Telithromycin 800 mg administered once a day for 5 or 7 days was as effective and safe as clarithromycin 500 mg administered twice a day for 10 days in treating patients with CAP caused by common respiratory pathogens, including macrolide-resistant isolates, and pneumococcal bacteraemia."( Clinical and bacteriological efficacy and safety of 5 and 7 day regimens of telithromycin once daily compared with a 10 day regimen of clarithromycin twice daily in patients with mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia.
Lavin, B; Niederman, MS; Nusrat, R; Patel, M; Tellier, G, 2004)		0.32
" Overall treatment-emergent adverse events for both drugs (mostly gastrointestinal) were mild to moderate in intensity."( Efficacy and safety of oral telithromycin once daily for 5 days versus moxifloxacin once daily for 10 days in the treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis.
Ferguson, BJ; Guzzetta, RV; Hadley, JA; Spector, SL, 2004)		0.32
" No serious adverse event related to the study drug was reported."( [Efficacy and safety of telithromycin in the treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis].
Dubreuil, C; Ebbo, D; Goldstein, F, 2005)		0.33
" In the 430 patients evaluable for safety, the most common drug-related adverse events were diarrhea (8."( Efficacy and safety of telithromycin 800 mg once daily for 7 days in community-acquired pneumonia: an open-label, multicenter study.
Dunbar, LM; Fogarty, CM; Leroy, BP; Patel, TC, 2005)		0.33
"4%) experienced at least one treatment-related adverse event (P=0."( [Efficacy and safety of extended-release clarithromycin (5-day short-course) vs telithromycin, in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis].
Drugeon, H; Filipecki, J; Goldfarb, G; Léophonte, P; Perronne, C; Vincent-Lacaze, N; Zuck, P, 2005)		0.33
" No treatment-related serious adverse events were observed."( [Efficacy and safety of telithromycin in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].
Benhamou, D; Piperno, D; Tremolieres, F; Zuck, P, 2005)		0.33
" This drug interaction-determined as probable according to the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale-may be mediated by P-glycoprotein."( Telithromycin-induced digoxin toxicity and electrocardiographic changes.
Laberge, P; Nenciu, LM; Thirion, DJ, 2006)		0.33
"We conducted a spontaneous-report case-control study of hepatotoxicity in telithromycin recipients using reports from the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System."( Telithromycin use and spontaneous reports of hepatotoxicity.
DiBello, JR; Dore, DD; Lapane, KL, 2007)		0.34
"Based on the Adverse Events Reporting System (AERS) database of the Food and Drug Administration, 4 DMAs, including the reporting odds ratio (ROR), the proportional reporting ratio (PRR), the information component (IC), and the Gamma Poisson Shrinker (GPS), were applied to examine the association between the reporting of hepatotoxicity and the use of telithromycin."( Risk of hepatotoxicity associated with the use of telithromycin: a signal detection using data mining algorithms.
Chen, Y; Guo, JJ; Healy, DP; Lin, X; Patel, NC, 2008)		0.35
" In addition, further observational studies are required to evaluate the utility of signal detection systems for early recognition of serious, life-threatening, low-frequency drug-induced adverse events."( Risk of hepatotoxicity associated with the use of telithromycin: a signal detection using data mining algorithms.
Chen, Y; Guo, JJ; Healy, DP; Lin, X; Patel, NC, 2008)		0.35
" To address these reports, an ad hoc group with expertise in spontaneous adverse events reporting and experience in evaluating drug-induced liver injury was formed, including members of the FDA, other federal agencies, and academia."( Telithromycin-associated hepatotoxicity: Clinical spectrum and causality assessment of 42 cases.
Avigan, M; Brinker, AD; Lee, WM; Lyndly, J; Seeff, LB; Serrano, J; Wassel, RT, 2009)		0.35
" In early 2014, we reviewed its adverse effect profile using data from periodic safety update reports, drug regulatory agencies, and detailed published case reports."( Telithromycin: review of adverse effects.
, 2014)		0.4

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The pharmacodynamic properties of a novel ketolide (a new class of macrolide), HMR 3647, were investigated by studying time-kill kinetics and postantibiotic effect (PAE)."( Pharmacodynamic properties of HMR 3647, a novel ketolide, on respiratory pathogens, enterococci and Bacteroides fragilis demonstrated by studies of time-kill kinetics and postantibiotic effect.
Andrews, JM; Boswell, FJ; Wise, R, 1998)		0.3
" Blood, saliva and faecal specimens were collected at defined intervals before, during and after administration for pharmacokinetic and microbiological analyses."( Pharmacokinetics and comparative effects of telithromycin (HMR 3647) and clarithromycin on the oropharyngeal and intestinal microflora.
Alván, G; Barkholt, L; Edlund, C; Nord, CE; Vacheron, F, 2000)		0.31
" The aim of the present study was to investigate different basic pharmacodynamic properties of this new compound."( Pharmacodynamics of telithromycin In vitro against respiratory tract pathogens.
Cars, O; Löwdin, E; Odenholt, I, 2001)		0.31
" Blood and urine samples were taken throughout the study for determination of pharmacokinetic parameters for telithromycin and RU 76363, its main metabolite."( Pharmacokinetics of the new ketolide telithromycin (HMR 3647) administered in ascending single and multiple doses.
Lenfant, B; Namour, F; Pascual, MH; Reynolds, D; Sultan, E; Wessels, DH, 2001)		0.31
"The pharmacodynamic properties of the ketolides HMR 3647 (telithromycin) and HMR 3004 were studied against Helicobacter pylori."( In vitro pharmacodynamic studies of activities of ketolides HMR 3647 (Telithromycin) and HMR 3004 against extracellular or intracellular Helicobacter pylori.
Cars, O; Engstrand, L; Gustafsson, I, 2001)		0.31
" Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiling of antimicrobial agents is increasingly being used to select the most appropriate treatment and dosage schedules for RTIs."( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic considerations in antimicrobial selection: focus on telithromycin.
Drusano, G, 2001)		0.31
" Neither microbiologic activity nor antibacterial pharmacokinetic data alone can adequately describe the complex interaction between pathogen, host and antibacterial during the disease process."( Predicting antibacterial response from pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles.
Nicolau, DP, 2001)		0.31
" Neither microbiological nor pharmacokinetic (PK) data alone can determine whether a drug is suitable for short-duration therapy."( Pharmacodynamic rationale for short-duration antibacterial therapy.
Nicolau, DP, 2002)		0.31
" The plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters of telithromycin and its major metabolite, RU 76363, were determined."( Pharmacokinetics and absolute oral bioavailability of an 800-mg oral dose of telithromycin in healthy young and elderly volunteers.
Lenfant, B; Montay, G; Perret, C; Scholtz, HE; Sultan, E; Weinling, E; Wessels, DH, 2002)		0.31
"The pharmacokinetic profiles of single and repeated oral doses of telithromycin 800 mg/day were compared in patients with hepatic impairment and healthy subjects in two open-label, non-randomized, parallel-group, multicentre studies."( Pharmacokinetics of the ketolide telithromycin after single and repeated doses in patients with hepatic impairment.
Batista, I; Bhargava, V; Cantalloube, C; Montay, G; Sultan, E; Vacheron, F, 2003)		0.32
", minimum inhibitory concentrations [MICs]) with the pharmacokinetic profile."( Optimizing outcomes with antimicrobial therapy through pharmacodynamic profiling.
Nicolau, DP, 2003)		0.32
" Therapeutic drug monitoring and quantitative assessment of antibacterial potency are not always feasible in daily practice, but the pharmacodynamic profiles of antibacterials - which integrate pharmacokinetic profiles and microbiological properties - can be used to predict clinical success."( Clinical use of antimicrobial pharmacodynamic profiles to optimise treatment outcomes in community-acquired bacterial respiratory tract infections: application to telithromycin.
Nicolau, DP, 2004)		0.32
" Only subjects with a single pathogen isolated at baseline, a telithromycin MIC determination and at least one plasma pharmacokinetic sample were included."( Pharmacodynamic analysis of the microbiological efficacy of telithromycin in patients with community-acquired pneumonia.
Barrett, JS; Chapel, S; Howard, D; Jenkins, SG; Pfister, M; Port, RE; Shi, J, 2005)		0.33
"To determine whether coadministration of the cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitors itraconazole or grapefruit juice will modify the pharmacokinetic profile of telithromycin, and to assess the safety of telithromycin."( Effects of itraconazole or grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of telithromycin.
Bhargava, VO; Leroy, B; Montay, G; Shi, J, 2005)		0.33
"Standard pharmacokinetic and safety measurements were performed."( Effects of itraconazole or grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of telithromycin.
Bhargava, VO; Leroy, B; Montay, G; Shi, J, 2005)		0.33
"The present study, using an in vitro model, assessed telithromycin pharmacodynamic activity at simulated clinically achievable free-drug concentrations in serum (S) and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) against efflux (mefE)-producing macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae."( Pharmacodynamic activity of telithromycin at simulated clinically achievable free-drug concentrations in serum and epithelial lining fluid against efflux (mefE)-producing macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae for which telithromycin MICs vary.
Hisanaga, T; Hoban, DJ; Johanson, C; Laing, N; Wierzbowski, A; Zhanel, GG, 2005)		0.33
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined, and exposure was linked to microbiological outcome using logistic regression analysis."( Pharmacodynamics of an 800-mg dose of telithromycin in patients with community-acquired pneumonia caused by extracellular pathogens.
Bhargava, V; Bryskier, A; Chapel, S; Drusano, GL; Lodise, TP; Nusrat, R; Preston, S; Rangaraju, M, 2005)		0.33
" The purpose of this article is to review the main pharmacokinetic properties of telithromycin and their application to the treatment of these infections."( Pharmacokinetics of telithromycin: application to dosing in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections.
Ciervo, CA; Shi, J, 2005)		0.33
" At the recommended 800 mg once-daily oral dosing regimen, telithromycin reaches a steady-state concentration of approximately 2 microg/mL in plasma and has an elimination half-life of approximately 10 hours."( Pharmacokinetics of telithromycin: application to dosing in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections.
Ciervo, CA; Shi, J, 2005)		0.33
"Bronchoscopic microsampling (BMS) is a new technique for repeated sampling of bronchial epithelial lining fluid (ELF) to obtain the pharmacokinetic profile of drugs."( Pharmacokinetics of telithromycin using bronchoscopic microsampling after single and multiple oral doses.
Ishizaka, A; Kikuchi, E; Kikuchi, J; Nishimura, M; Yamazaki, K, 2007)		0.34
" Hence, the pharmacokinetic parameters of telithromycin were compared after both intravenous and oral administration at a dose of 50 mg/kg to control rats and a rat model of U-ARF."( Effects of acute renal failure on the pharmacokinetics of telithromycin in rats: negligible effects of increase in CYP3A1 on the metabolism of telithromycin.
Lee, JH; Lee, MG, 2007)		0.34
" To assess this, the pharmacokinetic parameters of telithromycin were compared after intravenous and oral administration (50 mg/kg)."( Effects of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide on telithromycin pharmacokinetics in rats: inhibition of metabolism via CYP3A.
Cho, YK; Jung, YS; Kim, YC; Lee, JH; Lee, MG, 2008)		0.35
" Thus, the pharmacokinetic changes of telithromycin in both models of diabetes mellitus compared with those in the control rats were evaluated."( Telithromycin pharmacokinetics in rat model of diabetes mellitus induced by alloxan or streptozotocin.
Lee, JH; Lee, MG, 2008)		0.35
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of telithromycin were compared after intravenous and oral administration at a dose of 50mg/kg to control, 24-h KPLPS, and 96-h KPLPS rats."( Time-dependent effects of Klebsiella pneumoniae endotoxin on the telithromycin pharmacokinetics in rats; restoration of the parameters in 96-hour KPLPS rats to the control levels.
Cho, YK; Jung, YS; Kim, YC; Lee, JH; Lee, MG, 2008)		0.35
" However, in 96-h KPLPS rats, the pharmacokinetic parameters of telithromycin restored fully to those in control rats due to restoration of the protein expression of the hepatic CYP3A subfamily to that in control rats."( Time-dependent effects of Klebsiella pneumoniae endotoxin on the telithromycin pharmacokinetics in rats; restoration of the parameters in 96-hour KPLPS rats to the control levels.
Cho, YK; Jung, YS; Kim, YC; Lee, JH; Lee, MG, 2008)		0.35
" To clarify this clinically important issue, the present investigation was carried out to measure the pharmacokinetic profile of TEL in the interstitial space fluid (ISF) of skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue by means of the microdialysis technique in 10 healthy subjects following repetitive daily doses of 800 mg TEL."( Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of telithromycin in peripheral soft tissues.
Fille, M; Joukhadar, C; Thallinger, C; Traunmüller, F, 2009)		0.35
" Plasma concentrations of oxycodone and its oxidative metabolites were measured for 48 hours, and pharmacodynamic effects were evaluated."( Effect of telithromycin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral oxycodone.
Grönlund, J; Hagelberg, N; Laine, K; Martikainen, IK; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT; Saari, T, 2010)		0.36
" We constructed physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for 3 nonrenally eliminated drugs (sildenafil, repaglinide, and telithromycin)."( Evaluation of exposure change of nonrenally eliminated drugs in patients with chronic kidney disease using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation.
Abernethy, DR; Arya, V; Atkinson, AJ; Berglund, EG; Grillo, JA; Huang, SM; Lesko, LJ; Pang, KS; Reynolds, KS; Song, P; Sugiyama, Y; Vieira, Mde L; Wu, TC; Zhang, L; Zhao, P; Zheng, JH, 2012)		0.38
"Clinical pharmacokinetic profiles of clarithromycin and telithromycin in bronchopulmonary sites have not been fully characterized."( Pharmacokinetic modelling of serum and bronchial concentrations for clarithromycin and telithromycin, and site-specific pharmacodynamic simulation for their dosages.
Derendorf, H; Ikawa, K; Kikuchi, E; Kikuchi, J; Morikawa, N; Nishimura, M, 2014)		0.4
"Previously reported drug concentration data for serum and ELF were simultaneously fitted to a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model using nonmem program."( Pharmacokinetic modelling of serum and bronchial concentrations for clarithromycin and telithromycin, and site-specific pharmacodynamic simulation for their dosages.
Derendorf, H; Ikawa, K; Kikuchi, E; Kikuchi, J; Morikawa, N; Nishimura, M, 2014)		0.4
" Clarithromycin achieved a ≥ 90% probability of attaining a pharmacodynamic target [AUC/minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 100] in ELF against bacterial isolates for which MICs were ≤0·5 and ≤1 mg/L for twice-daily doses of 250 and 500 mg, respectively."( Pharmacokinetic modelling of serum and bronchial concentrations for clarithromycin and telithromycin, and site-specific pharmacodynamic simulation for their dosages.
Derendorf, H; Ikawa, K; Kikuchi, E; Kikuchi, J; Morikawa, N; Nishimura, M, 2014)		0.4
"These results should provide a better understanding of the bronchial pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin and telithromycin, while also providing useful information about their dosages for respiratory tract infections based on site-specific pharmacodynamic evaluation."( Pharmacokinetic modelling of serum and bronchial concentrations for clarithromycin and telithromycin, and site-specific pharmacodynamic simulation for their dosages.
Derendorf, H; Ikawa, K; Kikuchi, E; Kikuchi, J; Morikawa, N; Nishimura, M, 2014)		0.4

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The same dose protected 100% of infected mice when administered in combination with non-protective doses of atovaquone, clindamycin or sulphadiazine."( Use of ketolides in combination with other drugs to treat experimental toxoplasmosis.
Araujo, FG; Bryskier, A; Khan, AA; Remington, JS, 1998)		0.3
" In the absence of in vitro TDI data, a PBPK model can be used to incorporate TDI mechanisms based on nonlinear PK data to predict clinical drug-drug interactions."( Predicting drug interaction potential with a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model: a case study of telithromycin, a time-dependent CYP3A inhibitor.
Berglund, EG; Huang, SM; Lesko, LJ; Reynolds, KS; Vieira, ML; Zhang, L; Zhao, P, 2012)		0.38
"A previous attempt to accurately quantify the increased simvastatin acid exposure due to drug-drug interaction (DDI) with coadministered telithromycin, using a mechanistic static model, substantially underpredicted the magnitude of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve ratio (AUCR) based on reversible inhibition of CYP3A4 and organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1)."( Mechanistic In Vitro Studies Indicate that the Clinical Drug-Drug Interaction between Telithromycin and Simvastatin Acid Is Driven by Time-Dependent Inhibition of CYP3A4 with Minimal Effect on OATP1B1.
Butler, P; Elsby, R; Gill, RU; Hare, V; Neal, H; Outteridge, S; Pearson, C; Plant, K; Riley, RJ, 2019)		0.51
"The clinical impact of drug-drug interactions based on time-dependent inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 has often been overpredicted, likely due to use of improper inhibitor concentration estimates at the enzyme."( Improved predictions of time-dependent drug-drug interactions by determination of cytosolic drug concentrations.
Artursson, P; Baranczewski, P; Filppula, AM; Mateus, A; Parvizi, R, 2019)		0.51

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"This two-way, randomized, single-dose, crossover study determined the pharmacokinetics and absolute oral bioavailability of telithromycin in young and elderly healthy subjects."( Pharmacokinetics and absolute oral bioavailability of an 800-mg oral dose of telithromycin in healthy young and elderly volunteers.
Lenfant, B; Montay, G; Perret, C; Scholtz, HE; Sultan, E; Weinling, E; Wessels, DH, 2002)		0.31
" Absolute oral bioavailability was calculated using the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from zero hours to infinity."( Pharmacokinetics and absolute oral bioavailability of an 800-mg oral dose of telithromycin in healthy young and elderly volunteers.
Lenfant, B; Montay, G; Perret, C; Scholtz, HE; Sultan, E; Weinling, E; Wessels, DH, 2002)		0.31
"The absolute oral bioavailability of telithromycin was 57% in both young and elderly subjects."( Pharmacokinetics and absolute oral bioavailability of an 800-mg oral dose of telithromycin in healthy young and elderly volunteers.
Lenfant, B; Montay, G; Perret, C; Scholtz, HE; Sultan, E; Weinling, E; Wessels, DH, 2002)		0.31
"Telithromycin has an absolute oral bioavailability of 57% in young and elderly subjects and is well tolerated."( Pharmacokinetics and absolute oral bioavailability of an 800-mg oral dose of telithromycin in healthy young and elderly volunteers.
Lenfant, B; Montay, G; Perret, C; Scholtz, HE; Sultan, E; Weinling, E; Wessels, DH, 2002)		0.31
" This study assessed the effect of food on the bioavailability of a single oral dose of telithromycin 800 mg in healthy male subjects."( Lack of effect of food on the bioavailability of a new ketolide antibacterial, telithromycin.
Bhargava, V; Lenfant, B; Montay, G; Pascual, MH; Perret, C; Sultan, E, 2002)		0.31
" Its absolute bioavailability is 57% and is unaffected by food."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of telithromycin, the first ketolide antibacterial.
Bhargava, VO; Montay, G; Shi, J, 2005)		0.33
"The absolute oral bioavailability of telithromycin is approximately 57%, which is unaffected by food intake."( Pharmacokinetics of telithromycin: application to dosing in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections.
Ciervo, CA; Shi, J, 2005)		0.33
" Combined with an advantageous pharmacokinetic profile (good oral bioavailability and penetration in the respiratory tract tissues and fluids; prolonged half-life allowing for once-a-day administration), these antimicrobial properties make ketolides an attractive alternative for the treatment of severe respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia in areas with significant resistance to conventional macrolides."( Ketolides: pharmacological profile and rational positioning in the treatment of respiratory tract infections.
Harms, JM; Tulkens, PM; Van Bambeke, F; Van Laethem, Y, 2008)		0.35
"The aim of this study was to compare the roles of gastrointestinal absorption and hepatic extraction as barriers to oral bioavailability for macrolide antibiotics erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin and telithromycin."( Investigating the barriers to bioavailability of macrolide antibiotics in the rat.
Bencetić Mihaljević, V; Letfus, V; Milić, A; Padovan, J; Ralić, J, 2012)		0.38
"Population mean parameters for clarithromycin were as follows: distribution volumes of central, peripheral and ELF compartments (V1 /F, V2 /F and V3 /F) = 204·7, 168·9 and 67·1 L; clearance (CL/F) = 34·4 L/h; absorption rate constant (Ka ) = 0·680 1/h; transfer rate constants connecting compartments (K12 , K21 , K13 and K31  = 0·0193, 0·434, 0·667 and 0·260 1/h, respectively)."( Pharmacokinetic modelling of serum and bronchial concentrations for clarithromycin and telithromycin, and site-specific pharmacodynamic simulation for their dosages.
Derendorf, H; Ikawa, K; Kikuchi, E; Kikuchi, J; Morikawa, N; Nishimura, M, 2014)		0.4

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" A dosage of 100 mg of HMR 3647 per kg of body weight per day administered for 10 days protected 50% of mice infected with tachyzoites."( The ketolide antibiotics HMR 3647 and HMR 3004 are active against Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and in murine models of infection.
Araujo, FG; Bryskier, A; Khan, AA; Remington, JS; Slifer, TL, 1997)		0.3
" This randomized, three-period crossover study determined the dose proportionality of telithromycin pharmacokinetics after single and multiple dosing in healthy subjects."( Pharmacokinetics of the new ketolide telithromycin (HMR 3647) administered in ascending single and multiple doses.
Lenfant, B; Namour, F; Pascual, MH; Reynolds, D; Sultan, E; Wessels, DH, 2001)		0.31
" At the recommended dosage of 800 mg orally once daily, telithromycin reaches maximal plasma concentrations of about 2 mg/L."( Telithromycin.
Balfour, JA; Figgitt, DP, 2001)		0.31
" Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiling of antimicrobial agents is increasingly being used to select the most appropriate treatment and dosage schedules for RTIs."( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic considerations in antimicrobial selection: focus on telithromycin.
Drusano, G, 2001)		0.31
" The concentration of telithromycin in alveolar macrophages markedly exceeded that in plasma, reaching up to 146 times the concentration in plasma 8 h after dosing (median concentration, 81 mg/liter)."( Bronchopulmonary disposition of the ketolide telithromycin (HMR 3647).
Andremont, A; Brunner, F; Cantalloube, C; Gia, HP; Lemaitre, F; Muller-Serieys, C; Soler, P, 2001)		0.31
" Similar clinical and microbiologic efficacy has been demonstrated with oral dosing in comparative clinical trials for community-acquired pneumonia, acute sinusitis, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, and pharyngitis."( Telithromycin: an oral ketolide for respiratory infections.
Bearden, DT; Garey, KW; Neuhauser, MM, 2001)		0.31
" Time above MIC (T(MIC)) is therefore the parameter that best correlates with clinical efficacy for these agents and that, in turn, necessitates multiple daily dosing to optimize the duration of exposure."( Predicting antibacterial response from pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles.
Nicolau, DP, 2001)		0.31
" The results of these studies demonstrate that telithromycin, at a dosage of 800 mg once daily, is an effective, well-tolerated agent for the treatment of the most commonly encountered community-acquired RTIs."( Clinical management of respiratory tract infections in the community: experience with telithromycin.
Quintiliani, R, 2001)		0.31
" Telithromycin's pharmacokinetics permit once-daily dosing for abbreviated periods and good distribution into lung tissue and phagocytic cells."( Telithromycin: the first of the ketolides.
Amsden, GW; Shain, CS, 2002)		0.31
" Pharmacodynamics (PD) seeks to integrate PK and microbiological data into models that can then be used to predict clinical outcomes and to guide rational dosing strategies."( Pharmacodynamic rationale for short-duration antibacterial therapy.
Nicolau, DP, 2002)		0.31
" Tonsillar and plasma concentrations exceeded the MIC(50) for GABHS throughout the 24-h dosing period."( Telithromycin (HMR 3647) achieves high and sustained concentrations in tonsils of patients undergoing tonsillectomy.
Attal, P; Danon, J; Gehanno, P; Nabet, P; Passot, V; Romanet, P; Sultan, E, 2003)		0.32
" A once-daily dose of telithromycin 800 mg rapidly achieves high concentrations in both plasma and respiratory tissues and fluids and is maintained at effective levels throughout the 24-hour dosing period."( Telithromycin: the first ketolide antibacterial for the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections.
Lorenz, J, )		0.13
" Exposure to telithromycin was comparable in patients with hepatic impairment and healthy subjects and thus, no dosage adjustment is required in this patient group providing renal function is not severely impaired."( Pharmacokinetics of the ketolide telithromycin after single and repeated doses in patients with hepatic impairment.
Batista, I; Bhargava, V; Cantalloube, C; Montay, G; Sultan, E; Vacheron, F, 2003)		0.32
" The low MICs for many strains as well as the PAE and PA-SME demonstrated in this study for telithromycin show promise for increasing the dosing interval of this ketolide, but will need verification by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic and clinical studies."( Telithromycin post-antibiotic and post-antibiotic sub-MIC effects for 10 Gram-positive cocci.
Appelbaum, PC; Bajaksouzian, S; Jacobs, MR, 2003)		0.32
"The pharmacokinetics and safety of the ketolide telithromycin were evaluated in two separate studies after single and repeat oral dosing in patients with varying degrees of renal impairment and in subjects with normal renal function."( Pharmacokinetics and safety of the ketolide telithromycin in patients with renal impairment.
Barrett, JS; Bhargava, VO; Chapel, S; Hardy, P; Leclerc, V; Leroy, B; Marbury, T; Montay, G; Sack, M; Shi, J; Swan, SK; Vargas, R, 2004)		0.32
" It has a broad in vitro spectrum versus usual respiratory pathogens and oral once-daily dosing that increases patient compliance."( Telithromycin.
Spiers, KM; Zervos, MJ, 2004)		0.32
" These data suggest that telithromycin provides effective first-line therapy for use in patients with acute maxillary sinusitis in a short and convenient once-daily dosage regimen."( Bacteriological efficacy of 5-day therapy with telithromycin in acute maxillary sinusitis.
Buchanan, P; Leroy, B; Rangaraju, M; Roos, K; Tellier, G, 2005)		0.33
"The pharmacology, mechanisms of resistance, in vitro activity, clinical efficacy, pharmacokinetics, indications, adverse effects, dosage and administration, and place in therapy of telithromycin in the treatment of respiratory infections are reviewed."( Telithromycin: the first ketolide for the treatment of respiratory infections.
Acharya, PS; Kasbekar, N, 2005)		0.33
" Telithromycin is 60-70% bound to serum proteins and has extensive diffusion into a range of target biological tissues, achieving concentrations above its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against key respiratory pathogens throughout the dosing interval."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of telithromycin, the first ketolide antibacterial.
Bhargava, VO; Montay, G; Shi, J, 2005)		0.33
" It is expected that TEL can become an oral antibiotic recommended for treatment of gonococcus if dosage and administration are considered."( [In vitro antibacterial activities of telithromycin against clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae].
Arai, S; Matsumoto, T; Muratani, T, 2005)		0.33
" Telithromycin is dosed at 800 mg (two 400-mg tablets) QD in community-acquired respiratory tract infections (RTIs)."( Telithromycin: the first ketolide antimicrobial.
Chung, EP; Nguyen, M, 2005)		0.33
" At the recommended 800 mg once-daily oral dosing regimen, telithromycin reaches a steady-state concentration of approximately 2 microg/mL in plasma and has an elimination half-life of approximately 10 hours."( Pharmacokinetics of telithromycin: application to dosing in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections.
Ciervo, CA; Shi, J, 2005)		0.33
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of telithromycin administered for 5 days at a dosage of 800 mg/day, in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) presenting with at least 2 of Anthonisen's criteria including the increase of purulence."( [Efficacy and safety of telithromycin in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].
Benhamou, D; Piperno, D; Tremolieres, F; Zuck, P, 2005)		0.33
" The 3 PD parameters commonly used to predict antibiotic efficacy are (1) the ratio of maximum serum concentration to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (C(max)/MIC); (2) the ratio of the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) versus MIC (AUC/MIC) and (3) the duration of the dosing interval that plasma concentrations exceed the MIC (T>MIC)."( Pharmacodynamics: relation to antimicrobial resistance.
Rybak, MJ, 2006)		0.33
" The proposed method allows the quantitation of telithromycin in pharmaceutical dosage form and can be used for drug analysis in routine quality control."( Microbiological assay for the determination of telithromycin in tablets.
Breier, AR; Schapoval, EE; Vaucher, LC, )		0.13
"Clarithromycin is commonly dosed for 7 or more days in patients with acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (ABECB)."( Role for 5-day, once-daily extended-release clarithromycin in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis.
Busman, TA; Gotfried, M; Norris, S; Notario, GF, 2007)		0.34
" The advantages of lower antimicrobial resistance rates, once-daily short-duration dosing and reported lower health-care costs make oral telithromycin a useful option for the empiric management of mild-to-moderate RTIs."( Telithromycin versus clarithromycin for the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Jin, YH; Li, XM; Wang, FC; Yang, F, 2013)		0.39
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety of short-course versus longer-course treatment with the same antibiotic at the same daily dosage for CAP in non-hospitalised adolescents and adults (outpatients)."( Short-course versus long-course therapy of the same antibiotic for community-acquired pneumonia in adolescent and adult outpatients.
Azcoaga-Lorenzo, A; Casanova-Colominas, J; Gómez-García, M; Heras-Mosteiro, J; Hernandez Santiago, V; López-Alcalde, J; Marin-Cañada, J; Molero García, JM; Muñoz-Gutiérrez, J; Redondo-Sánchez, J; Rodriguez-Barrientos, R; Rodríguez-Fernández, C, 2018)		0.48
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (1)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (590)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's40 (6.78)18.2507
2000's472 (80.00)29.6817
2010's72 (12.20)24.3611
2020's6 (1.02)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 8.60

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index8.60 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.50 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.10 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (8.60)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials57 (9.39%)5.53%
Reviews85 (14.00%)6.00%
Case Studies24 (3.95%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other441 (72.65%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
carbamates
[no description available]		5.2131amino-acid anion
glycine
[no description available]		2.0310alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
taurine
[no description available]		3.1310amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trimethyloxamine
trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.		2.0110tertiary amine oxideEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
osmolyte
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		2.9710acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		2.0310phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
theophylline
[no description available]		2.4320dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		3.1210dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
caffeine
[no description available]		2.0210purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		2.0210aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
cefuroxime
Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.		5.9341carbamate ester;
cephalosporin
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		210aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		3.82110aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		2.0310ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		2.0510aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		2.9640
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		2.9710aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		3.4111dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		2.0310benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
memantine
[no description available]		4.0420adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		2.0510guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		2.9440C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		2.0710imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		2.5320aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		2.0810aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		4.161603-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		1.9910pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		3.4111ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.0510isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfobromophthalein
Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.		2.03102-benzofurans;
organobromine compound;
organosulfonic acid;
phenols		dye
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		210N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		2.0510aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		3.1310monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		2.0410pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		3.12103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		2.730penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		2.7430C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		2.0510bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
uridine
[no description available]		2.4520uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		3.1250monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		2.1310penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.9440beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		2.0210arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		3.12106-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		2.0510organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		5.0133penicillin allergen;
penicillin
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		2.9710trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		3.1210pyrrole;
secondary amine
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		3.1210mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		2.0110peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		2.110isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		2.03101,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
azetidine
[no description available]		2.0510azacycloalkane;
azetidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.1510organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		12.631314cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		3.1350glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
lanthanum
[no description available]		3.1310f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom;
scandium group element atom
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0410delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		2.5220
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		3.1310monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		1.9910acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		3.4111benzenes;
phenyl acetates
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		7.68102penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		2.2110delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.03103-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		3.4111aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		2.0310naphthoic acid
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		2.5120aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		3.1210duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.1310
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		5.4241
simvastatin acid
simvastatin acid: structure given in first source		2.2110carbonyl compound
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		4.3760cephalosporinfungal metabolite
repaglinide
[no description available]		3.8421piperidines
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		4.52801,2,3-triazole
arbekacin
arbekacin: structure given in first source. arbekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B bearing an N-(2S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group on the aminocyclitol ring.		2.1310aminoglycoside;
kanamycins		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.1310acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		2.9710conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		6.83180carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		1.9910hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		11.966813macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.0310beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
florfenicol
florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.		3.1310organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent
valdecoxib
[no description available]		2.110isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celastrol
[no description available]		2.1510monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
metabolite
garenoxacin
garenoxacin: a des-fluoro(6) quinolone with antibacterial activity. garenoxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a cyclopropyl group at position 1, an oxo group at position 4, a (1R)-1-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-5-yl group at position 7, and a difluoromethoxy group at position 8.		2.0610aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
isoindoles;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		4.3860beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		3.961309-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		2.0210azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		3.5520carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
arginine beta-naphthylamide
arginine beta-naphthylamide: RN given refers to (S)-isomer. L-arginine 2-naphthylamide : An L-arginine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-arginine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.		2.0210amino acid amide;
L-arginine derivative;
N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide		chromogenic compound
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		6.26131aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
lanthanum carbonate
lanthanum carbonate: a phosphate binder used for hyperphosphatemia treatment in end-stage renal disease		3.1310
desosamine
desosamine: RN given for (D-xylo)-isomer; structure in first source		2.1110amino sugar
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		2.1110
muraglitazar
muraglitazar: has glucose- and lipid-lowering activities; structure in first source; molecule composed of benzyloxazole-phenoxy-oxybenzylglycine-phenoxyl having structural analogy to PHENOXYBENZAMINE		2.03101,3-oxazoles
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination
Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.		2.4420
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		3.4211cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
linezolid
[no description available]		6.83180acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
phenylalanine arginine beta-naphthylamide
phenylalanine arginine beta-naphthylamide: a drug efflux pump inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0210peptide
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.12103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		2.0210macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		2.0310benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.4720alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		4.73290
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		9.74572macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyfluthrin
cethromycin: a ketolide;. cethromycin : A macrolide antibiotic which displays in vitro activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and is currently under investigation for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have also granted orphan drug designation to cethromycin for the treatment of anthrax prophylaxis, tularemia, and plague (PDB entry: 1NWX).		7.53320
dibekacin
Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.		2.1310kanamycinsantibacterial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
abt 492
WQ 3034: structure in first source		2.0210
flavin-adenine dinucleotide
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)		2.0210flavin adenine dinucleotide;
vitamin B2		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prosthetic group
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		4.131cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.131011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		2.5720carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
telavancin
telavancin: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. telavancin : A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria.		2.0710glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
naphthoquinones
Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.		1.9910
bilirubin
[no description available]		4.3822biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		2.0310
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		2.4320oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		3.4111aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
miocamycin
Miocamycin: A macrolide antibiotic that has a wide antimicrobial spectrum and is particularly effective in respiratory and genital infections.		2.2510
rokitamycin
rokitamycin: structure in first source		2.2510organic molecular entity
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		3.4411organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
sulfur
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.		2.0510chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
streptogramin a
Streptogramin A: A specific streptogramin group A antibiotic produced by Streptomyces graminofaciens and other bacteria.		2.03101,3-oxazoles;
cyclic ketone;
enamide;
lactam;
macrolide antibiotic;
macrolide;
pyrroline;
secondary alcohol;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
tiotropium bromide
Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		4.0420
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		2.41201,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
evernimicin
[no description available]		210
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.58201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.		8.19115
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.5420carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
s-013420
EDP 420: a bicyclolide with anti-infective activity		2.0610
streptogramin b
Streptogramin B: A specific streptogramin group B antibiotic produced by Streptomyces graminofaciens and other bacteria.. pristinamycin IA : A cyclodepsipeptide that is (together with pristinamycin IIA) a component of pristinamycin, an oral streptogramin antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. Pristinamycin exhibits bactericidal activity against Gram positive organisms including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.		3.6790cyclodepsipeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
cefdinir
Cefdinir: A third-generation oral cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used to treat bacterial infections of the respiratory tract and skin.. cefdinir : A cephalosporin compound having 7beta-2-(2-amino-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(Z)-hydroxyimino]-acetylamino- and 3-vinyl side groups.		210
virginiamycin
Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.		4.65270
amlodipine, atorvastatin drug combination
[no description available]		3.1210
rifamycins
[no description available]		4.0420
cladinose
cladinose: structure		2.5220
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		3.4170
quinupristin
quinupristin: component of RP 59500; structure in first source		3.2660cyclodepsipeptide
quinupristin-dalfopristin
quinupristin-dalfopristin: RP 59500 is a combination of RP 57669 & RP 54476, which are water soluble derivatives of pristinamycin IA & pristinamycin IIB, respectively		4.04140organic molecular entity
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		3.1210
cem 101
solithromycin: an antibacterial fluoroketolide; structure in first source		3.250
glycolipids
[no description available]		2.0310
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		3.8421
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.0610
tylosin
[no description available]		2.4220
exenatide
Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.		2.1110
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		2.7530
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		5.4880
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		2.0310C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		2.4220benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
tigecycline
[no description available]		5.2260
cefuroxime axetil
[no description available]		4.3230
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		2.0110
daptomycin
[no description available]		4.5540
insulin glargine
Insulin Glargine: A recombinant LONG ACTING INSULIN and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.		2.0110
dalfopristin
dalfopristin: component of RP-59500; structure in first source. dalfopristin : A macrolide that is pristinamycin IIA in which the double bond between positions 26 and 26a of the pyrroline ring has been reduced and position 26R carries a [2-(diethylamino)ethyl]sulfonyl group. It is a semi-synthetic streptogramin antibiotic and often used as a mixture with quinupristin for the treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.		3.1150
guanine
[no description available]		2.11102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		3.6390cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		2.0210benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		2.6930N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		2.0710citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
ceftobiprole
ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).		2.0310cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles		antimicrobial agent
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.0410
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.1310
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.1310
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		03.1750
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		03.1750
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		03.4220
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.		03.4220
E coli Infections
[description not available]		02.1510
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		02.1510
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		02.4620
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal
A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		08.05143
Community Acquired Infection
[description not available]		012.957813
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		08.81154
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		08.71153
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		011.46319
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		08.81154
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		08.71153
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		02.2110
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		02.2110
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		03.3420
Infection, Postoperative Wound
[description not available]		02.9410
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		03.3420
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		012.96973
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		012.96973
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		010275
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.110
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		010275
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		02.110
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		04.7621
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		03.0310
Bronchiectasis
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.		03.3820
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		03.0310
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		04.7621
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		05.94170
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		02.4820
Milk-Alkali Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1110
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.1110
Hypercalcemia
Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.		02.1110
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		02.1110
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		02.7530
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		05.94170
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		02.4820
Infections, Staphylococcal Skin
[description not available]		02.1310
Staphylococcal Skin Infections
Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		02.1310
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		02.1110
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		02.1110
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		010.81323
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		010.81323
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		04.04140
Paratyphoid Fever
A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.		02.0410
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		02.7230
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		05.2441
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		05.2441
Icterus
[description not available]		02.0510
Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.7330
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		02.0510
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		02.0510
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		02.0510
Liver Failure
Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)		02.7330
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		08.24304
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		08.24304
Chlamydia pneumoniae Infections
[description not available]		05.0231
Diathesis
[description not available]		02.0510
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		02.4720
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.0510
Infections, Pneumococcal
[description not available]		08.23393
Pneumococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		08.23393
Acne
[description not available]		02.4320
Bacterial Skin Diseases
[description not available]		02.4220
Acne Vulgaris
A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.		02.4320
Skin Diseases, Bacterial
Skin diseases caused by bacteria.		02.4220
Day Blindness
[description not available]		02.0510
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		02.0510
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		02.0510
Infections, Legionella pneumophila
[description not available]		03.2760
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		02.0610
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		02.0610
Orientia tsutsugamushi Infection
[description not available]		03.8421
Scrub Typhus
An acute infectious disease caused by ORIENTIA TSUTSUGAMUSHI. It is limited to eastern and southeastern Asia, India, northern Australia, and the adjacent islands. Characteristics include the formation of a primary cutaneous lesion at the site of the bite of an infected mite, fever lasting about two weeks, and a maculopapular rash.		03.8421
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		05.0291
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		05.0291
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		05.9952
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.7230
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.7230
Chronic Bronchitis
[description not available]		07.34111
Bronchitis, Chronic
A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.		07.34111
Haemophilus Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.		03.6290
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		06.58102
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		03.6230
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		04.550
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		04.550
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		03.3911
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		03.3911
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		02.4220
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		03.3420
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		02.9310
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		05.0650
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		02.9310
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		05.0650
Female Genital Diseases
[description not available]		02.4120
Abscess, Abdominal
[description not available]		02.4220
Genital Diseases, Female
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).		02.4120
Abdominal Abscess
An abscess located in the abdominal cavity, i.e., the cavity between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4220
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.		06.7564
Grippe
[description not available]		02.0110
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		02.0110
Sinusitis, Maxillary
[description not available]		07.97115
Maxillary Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in the MAXILLARY SINUS. In many cases, it is caused by an infection of the bacteria HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; or STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.		07.97115
Sore Throat
[description not available]		06.4863
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).		06.4863
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		04.7321
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		04.7321
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis
[description not available]		02.7130
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.		02.7130
Ergot Poisoning
[description not available]		02.0110
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		02.0110
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		02.0110
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.0110
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.0110
B. burgdorferi Infection
[description not available]		02.0210
Lyme Disease
An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut.		02.0210
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		02.7130
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		02.0110
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		02.0110
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		02.0110
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		02.9310
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		02.9310
Infections, Chlamydia
[description not available]		02.730
Chlamydia Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.		02.730
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		02.9310
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.9310
Mycoplasma dispar Infection
[description not available]		05.0231
Bacteroides Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.		02.0210
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		04.0350
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		03.8221
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		03.8221
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.0210
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		02.0210
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		02.0210
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		02.0210
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		02.4220
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		02.4220
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal
[description not available]		02.9410
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.		02.9410
Urethritis
Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.		02.0210
Recrudescence
[description not available]		04.7321
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy
[description not available]		02.4220
Acquired Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
[description not available]		02.0210
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		02.0210
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.0210
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.0210
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune
Acquired hemolytic anemia due to the presence of AUTOANTIBODIES which agglutinate or lyse the patient's own RED BLOOD CELLS.		02.0210
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		02.0210
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		02.0210
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		02.0210
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		03.4111
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		03.4111
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.0210
Glandular Fever
[description not available]		02.0210
Infectious Mononucleosis
A common, acute infection usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN). There is an increase in mononuclear white blood cells and other atypical lymphocytes, generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and occasionally hepatomegaly with hepatitis.		02.0210
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		04.3822
Acute Q Fever
[description not available]		02.0210
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		06.8591
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		06.8591
Torsade de Pointes
[description not available]		02.9410
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection, Disseminated
[description not available]		03.3420
Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
[description not available]		03.3420
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.		03.3420
Cane-Cutter Fever
[description not available]		02.0310
Leptospirosis
Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.		02.0310
Bleeding
[description not available]		02.0310
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		02.0310
Esophagitis
INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.		02.0310
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		02.0310
Esophageal Reflux
[description not available]		02.0310
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.		02.0310
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic
[description not available]		02.0310
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever		02.0310
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.7230
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		02.7230
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		02.0310
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		02.0310
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		02.0310
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		02.0310
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		02.0310
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		02.0310
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		02.0310
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		02.0310
Hereditary Optic Neuroretinopathy
[description not available]		02.0310
Optic Atrophy, Hereditary, Leber
A maternally linked genetic disorder that presents in mid-life as acute or subacute central vision loss leading to central scotoma and blindness. The disease has been associated with missense mutations in the mtDNA, in genes for Complex I, III, and IV polypeptides, that can act autonomously or in association with each other to cause the disease. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/, MIM#535000 (April 17, 2001))		02.0310
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		02.0310
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		02.0310
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.0310
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		02.0310
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		03.4211
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		03.4211
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		02.0410
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		02.0410
Infections, Helicobacter
[description not available]		02.0410
Helicobacter Infections
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.		02.0410
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.0410
Toxoplasmosis, Animal
Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.		02.420
Infections, Soft Tissue
[description not available]		01.9910
Bites, Human
Bites inflicted by humans.		01.9910
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		01.9910
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		01.9910
Soft Tissue Infections
Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)		01.9910
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		0210
Infections, Listeria
[description not available]		0210
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		0210
Infections, Neisseriaceae
[description not available]		0210
Eperythrozoonosis
[description not available]		0210
Hansen Disease
[description not available]		0210
Leprosy
A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.		0210
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		0210
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		0210
Bleb
[description not available]		02.0110