sarpogrelate profile

Sarpogrelate is a potent and selective antagonist of the platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor. It was synthesized in the 1980s and has been studied for its potential therapeutic effects in a variety of conditions, including asthma, stroke, sepsis, and cancer. Sarpogrelate has shown promise in preclinical studies for its ability to inhibit platelet aggregation, reduce inflammation, and protect against tissue damage. However, despite its promising preclinical profile, sarpogrelate has not been approved for use in humans. This is likely due to its limited bioavailability and potential for side effects. Ongoing research efforts are focused on developing new PAF receptor antagonists with improved pharmacokinetic properties and safety profiles.'

sarpogrelate: structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	5160
CHEMBL ID	52939
CHEBI ID	135697
SCHEMBL ID	49197
MeSH ID	M0177146

Synonym
AKOS005563803
unii-19p708e787
(- )-2-(dimethylamino)-1-((o-(m-methoxyphenethyl)phenoxy)methyl)ethyl hydrogen succinate.
19p708e787 ,
(+-)-2-(dimethylamino)-1-((o-(m-methoxyphenethyl)phenoxy)methyl)ethyl hydrogen succinate
gtpl210
ls-187,118
4-[1-dimethylamino-3-[2-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]phenoxy]propan-2-yl]oxy-4-oxobutanoic acid
sarpogrelate
CHEBI:135697
succinic acid mono-(2-dimethylamino-1-{2-[2-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-phenoxymethyl}-ethyl) ester; hydrochloride
bdbm50093789
sarpogrelate [inn]
CHEMBL52939
L000858
125926-17-2
sarpogrelate (inn)
D08508
4-[1-(dimethylamino)-3-[2-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]phenoxy]propan-2-yl]oxy-4-oxobutanoic acid
STK631325
4-{[1-(dimethylamino)-3-{2-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]phenoxy}propan-2-yl]oxy}-4-oxobutanoic acid
NCGC00167489-02
135309-80-7
sarpogrelate [who-dd]
butanedioic acid, mono(2-(dimethylamino)-1-((2-(2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)phenoxy)methyl)ethyl) ester
4-(1-(2-(3-methoxyphenethyl)phenoxy)-3-(dimethylamino)propan-2-yloxy)-4-oxobutanoic acid sarpogrelate
SCHEMBL49197
DTXSID7048328
4-((1-(dimethylamino)-3-(2-(3-methoxyphenethyl)phenoxy)propan-2-yl)oxy)-4-oxobutanoic acid
J-513134
sr-01000883998
SR-01000883998-1
HY-10563
DB12163
4-(1-(dimethylamino)-3-(2-(3-methoxyphenethyl)phenoxy)propan-2-yloxy)-4-oxobutanoic acid
butanedioic acid,1-[2-(dimethylamino)-1-[[2-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]phenoxy]methyl]ethyl]ester
BCP08179
FT-0712621
Q44931
CS-0002654

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Sarpogrelate is a selective serotonin 5-HT2A-receptor antagonist used to treat patients with peripheral arterial disease. "	( Glucuronidation of a sarpogrelate active metabolite is mediated by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases 1A4, 1A9, and 2B4. Choi, YJ; Ghim, JL; Jeong, ES; Kim, DH; Kim, HJ; Lee, SJ; Seo, KA; Shin, JG; Shin, KJ; Sohn, DR, 2013)	2.15
"Sarpogrelate is a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subtype 2A antagonist that inhibits platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction. "	( Pharmacokinetics of a new once-daily controlled-release sarpogrelate hydrochloride compared with immediate-release formulation and the effect of food. Choi, YW; Huh, W; Jung, JA; Jung, WT; Kim, JR; Kim, MJ; Kim, SH; Kim, TE; Ko, JW; Lee, HJ; Lee, SY, 2014)	2.09
"Sarpogrelate is a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor subtype 2A antagonist which blocks 5-HT induced platelet aggregation and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. "	( Prospective Randomized Study of Sarpogrelate Versus Clopidogrel-based Dual Antiplatelet Therapies in Patients Undergoing Femoropopliteal Arterial Endovascular Interventions: Preliminary Results. Chen, YX; Gu, YQ; Hu, HJ; Li, XQ; Liu, CW; Song, XJ; Tian, HY; Wang, WD; Zhao, JC, 2015)	2.14
"Sarpogrelate is an antiplatelet agent widely used to treat arterial occlusive diseases. "	( Comprehensive Proteome Profiling of Platelet Identified a Protein Profile Predictive of Responses to An Antiplatelet Agent Sarpogrelate. Bae, J; Chae, S; Go, EB; Hwang, D; Kim, H; Kim, SJ; Lee, H; Lee, SW; Lee, SY; Park, J, 2016)	2.08
"Sarpogrelate hydrochloride is a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subtype 2A (5HT(2A)) antagonist that blocks serotonin-induced platelet aggregation. "	( Comparison of pharmacokinetics between sarpogrelate hydrochloride immediate-release formulation and controlled-release formulation. Huh, W; Jun, H; Jung, JA; Kim, JR; Kim, SR; Kim, TE; Ko, J; Lee, JW; Lee, SY, 2013)	2.1
"Sarpogrelate hydrochloride is an antiplatelet drug, and expected to be useful in the treatment of chronic arterial occlusive diseases."	( Sarpogrelate inhibits the expression of ICAM-1 and monocyte-endothelial adhesion induced by high glucose in human endothelial cells. Dong, X; Li, M; Li, YB; Lin, FZ; Mao, N; Su, Y; Xu, Y, 2013)	2.55
"Sarpogrelate is a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subtype 2A (5-HT2A) antagonist. "	( Sarpogrelate: cardiovascular and renal clinical potential. Doggrell, SA, 2004)	3.21
"Sarpogrelate hydrochloride is an antiplatelet drug, and expected to be useful in the treatment of chronic arterial occlusive diseases. "	( [Pharmacokinetic analysis of antiplatelet effect of sarpogrelate hydrochloride and its application to drug dosage regimen--modeling based on reversible inhibition of 5-HT2 serotonergic receptor in the platelet membrane by sarpogrelate hydrochloride and it Iga, T; Kotaki, H; Sawada, Y; Shimizu, T; Tashita, A; Yamada, Y; Yamamoto, K, 1999)	2
"Sarpogrelate is a useful drug for patients with implanted heart valve prostheses and subsequent high serum lactate dehydrogenase because it works as an antiplatelet drug and reduces mechanical hemolysis."	( Sarpogrelate reduces mechanical hemolysis in patients with heart valve prostheses. Kawaguchi, O; Ohara, Y; Takagi, Y; Ueda, Y; Usui, A; Watanabe, T, 2000)	3.19
"Sarpogrelate HCl is a novel compound which may modulate inflammatory reaction through 5-HT2A receptor antagonist."	( [Involvement of peripheral 5-HT2A receptor activation in inflammatory pain]. Ishikawa, T; Nakanishi, O, 2001)	1.03

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Sarpogrelate has a therapeutic effect on patients with atherosclerotic obliterans."	( Prospective study of sarpogrelate hydrochloride on patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans. Liu, J; Liu, P; Qian, S; Ren, S; Wang, W, 2013)	2.15
"Sarpogrelate hydrochloride has an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation at the intima in the acute stage after injury, suggesting that this drug may be used to prevent early ischaemic complications after surgical or endovascular arterial intervention."	( The 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor antagonist sarpogrelate hydrochloride inhibits acute platelet aggregation in injured endothelium. Houkin, K; Koyanagi, I; Nakayama, N; Nonaka, T, )	1.11
"Sarpogrelate has a persistent insulin-sensitizing effect through adiponectin modification and might be beneficial for anti-atherosclerotic therapy, at least, in non-diabetic and non-medicated diabetic patients with PAD."	( Persistent insulin-sensitizing effects of sarpogrelate hydrochloride, a serotonin 2A receptor antagonist, in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Eguchi, M; Hase, M; Hashimoto, A; Kokubu, N; Miura, T; Nagao, K; Nakata, T; Shimamoto, K; Tsuchihashi, K; Tsuzuki, M; Ura, N; Wakabayashi, C; Wakabayashi, T; Yuda, S, 2006)	2.04
"Sarpogrelate HCl (SGL) has been used clinically as an anti-platelet drug for the prevention of thrombus, proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and platelet aggregation. "	( Sustained-release formulation of sarpogrelate hydrochloride. Kim, HJ; Kim, JS; Lim, EA; Shin, DH, 2015)	2.14
"Sarpogrelate has been reported to increase erythrocyte deformability and suppress shear stress-induced hemolysis."	( Erythrocyte-protective effect of sarpogrelate hydrochloride (Anplag ®), a selective 5-HT2 receptor antagonist: an in vitro study. Kawahito, K; Nakamura, K, 2010)	1.36
"Sarpogrelate has not been investigated regarding the effects, safety and quality of life (QOL) in patient with skin ulcers of collagen disease."	( Effects of sarpogrelate hydrochloride on skin ulcers and quality of life in patients with systemic sclerosis. Furukawa, F; Ikeda, T; Kanazawa, N; Uede, K; Yoshimasu, T, 2012)	1.49
"Sarpogrelate has a therapeutic effect on patients with atherosclerotic obliterans."	( Prospective study of sarpogrelate hydrochloride on patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans. Liu, J; Liu, P; Qian, S; Ren, S; Wang, W, 2013)	2.15
"Sarpogrelate has been found to have beneficial effects in peripheral vascular disease, restenosis after coronary stenting, pulmonary hypertension, acute and chronic myocardial infarction."	( Therapeutic potentials of sarpogrelate in cardiovascular disease. Arneja, AS; Dhalla, NS; Goyal, RK; Kumamoto, H; Saini, HK; Takeda, N, 2004)	1.34
"Sarpogrelate hydrochloride has an inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation at the intima in the acute stage after injury, suggesting that this drug may be used to prevent early ischaemic complications after surgical or endovascular arterial intervention."	( The 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor antagonist sarpogrelate hydrochloride inhibits acute platelet aggregation in injured endothelium. Houkin, K; Koyanagi, I; Nakayama, N; Nonaka, T, )	1.11
"Sarpogrelate has a persistent insulin-sensitizing effect through adiponectin modification and might be beneficial for anti-atherosclerotic therapy, at least, in non-diabetic and non-medicated diabetic patients with PAD."	( Persistent insulin-sensitizing effects of sarpogrelate hydrochloride, a serotonin 2A receptor antagonist, in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Eguchi, M; Hase, M; Hashimoto, A; Kokubu, N; Miura, T; Nagao, K; Nakata, T; Shimamoto, K; Tsuchihashi, K; Tsuzuki, M; Ura, N; Wakabayashi, C; Wakabayashi, T; Yuda, S, 2006)	2.04
"Sarpogrelate has been shown to reduce albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy. "	( Reduced albuminuria with sarpogrelate is accompanied by a decrease in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels in type 2 diabetes. Ishizuka, T; Ito, S; Mori, T; Nako, K; Ogawa, S, 2008)	2.09

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Sarpogrelate treatment repressed the HFD/STZ-induced CD31 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 expressions, indicating the attenuation of glomerular endothelial proliferation."	( Beneficial Effects of Sarpogrelate and Rosuvastatin in High Fat Diet/Streptozotocin-Induced Nephropathy in Mice. Choi, BH; Kim, DH; Ku, SK; Kwak, MK; Oh, E; Park, JH, 2016)	1.47
"Sarpogrelate treatment with mADSCs further upregulated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/STAT3 signal and modulated pro-/anti-inflammatory markers including IL-1β/TNF-α/IFN-γ and IL-6/IL-10, which ultimately facilitated mADSCs' survival and therapeutic benefit in vivo."	( Adipose stromal cell and sarpogrelate orchestrate the recovery of inflammation-induced angiogenesis in aged hindlimb ischemic mice. Bu, Q; Cao, F; Cheng, K; Da, H; Fan, W; Han, Y; Li, C; Li, X; Qin, X; Ren, J; Tong, C; Wang, S; Zhou, R, 2013)	1.41
"Sarpogrelate treatment reduces restenosis after coronary stenting, which suggests that serotonin released from activated platelets may play an important role in stent restenosis."	( Sarpogrelate treatment reduces restenosis after coronary stenting. Fujita, M; Ho, M; Ishii, K; Miki, O; Miwa, K; Miyamoto, A; Mizuno, K; Tsukahara, R, 2003)	3.2
"Sarpogrelate hydrochloride treatment was associated with reduced aggregation of platelets on electron microscopy and lower expression of factor VIII at the injured intima."	( The 5-hydroxytryptamine2A receptor antagonist sarpogrelate hydrochloride inhibits acute platelet aggregation in injured endothelium. Houkin, K; Koyanagi, I; Nakayama, N; Nonaka, T, )	1.11
"Sarpogrelate treatment significantly reduced mechanical allodynia on days 5 and 8 of administration. "	( Sarpogrelate hydrochloride, a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, attenuates neurogenic pain induced by nucleus pulposus in rats. Enyo, Y; Hashizume, H; Inomata, Y; Kawakami, M; Okada, M; Yoshida, M, 2007)	3.23
"Sarpogrelate treatment inhibited platelet aggregation dose-dependently in patients with ischemic stroke, as judged by a new assessment system employing combinations of 5-HT and epinephrine as agonists."	( Effect of sarpogrelate, a 5-HT(2A) antagonist, on platelet aggregation in patients with ischemic stroke: clinical-pharmacological dose-response study. Kondo, K; Nishimaru, K; Ozaki, Y; Satoh, K; Uchiyama, S, 2007)	2.18
"Treatment with sarpogrelate significantly increased the SAS score and prolonged exercise time to the onset of 0.1-mV ST depression. "	( Effectiveness of a novel serotonin blocker, sarpogrelate, for patients with angina pectoris. Fujita, M; Hanada, H; Kinugawa, T; Lee, JD; Miyamoto, S; Nakajima, H, 2002)	0.93
"Treatment with sarpogrelate in addition to aspirin and ticlopidine caused no major adverse cardiovascular events or hemorrhagic adverse effects during the 6-month follow-up period. "	( Sarpogrelate treatment reduces restenosis after coronary stenting. Fujita, M; Ho, M; Ishii, K; Miki, O; Miwa, K; Miyamoto, A; Mizuno, K; Tsukahara, R, 2003)	2.11
"Treatment with sarpogrelate significantly lowered fasting glucose levels with corresponding increase in insulin levels."	( Effect of sarpogrelate on altered STZ-diabetes induced cardiovascular responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine in rats. Bodiwala, DN; Goyal, RK; Umrani, DN, 2003)	1.06
"Treatment with sarpogrelate might be effective in patients with GER by blocking activated serotonin receptor in the gastrointestinal system."	( [Effect of sarpogrelate in enteral feeding of patients with gastroesophageal reflux (GER)]. Abe, S; Kobayashi, S; Murakami, Y; Oguro, H; Satou, Y; Yamaguchi, S, 2006)	1.08
"Treatment with sarpogrelate improved ROS/NO imbalance in glomeruli, suppressed platelet aggregation in glomeruli, reduced platelet-derived microparticles, increased serum adiponectin level and reduced the level of albuminuria, compared with non-treated diabetic rats."	( Blockade of serotonin 2A receptor improves glomerular endothelial function in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy. Arakawa, S; Fujimoto, S; Haruna, Y; Kashihara, N; Kobayashi, S; Komai, N; Namikoshi, T; Sasaki, T; Satoh, M; Tomita, N, 2008)	0.69

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Results after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment were compared with baseline and between treatment groups, and all patients were assessed for adverse events (AEs), clinical laboratory data, and vital signs."	( Efficacy and Safety of DP-R202 in Patients with Chronic Artery Occlusive Disease: Multicenter Randomized Double-blind Active-controlled Parallel Group Phase III Clinical Study. Ahn, YK; Chae, IH; Chang, KY; Cho, BR; Cho, DK; Choi, D; Choi, S; Chun, K; Han, KR; Hong, BK; Jin, HY; Kang, W; Kim, DI; Kim, DW; Kim, SH; Kim, YJ; Lee, HC; Lee, JW; Lee, NH; Lee, S; Lee, SR; Park, CG; Pyun, W; Shin, JH; Yu, CW, 2016)	0.43
" Secondary outcomes include target lesion revascularization, major bleeding, ipsilateral major amputation, all-cause mortality, and all adverse events that take place in those six months."	( SAFE (Sarpogrelate Anplone in Femoro-popliteal artery intervention Efficacy) study: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Ahn, S; Cho, MJ; Cho, S; Ha, J; Kim, SY; Lee, J; Min, SI; Min, SK, 2017)	0.94

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence study enrolling 22 Chinese volunteers administered sarpogrelate tablets."	( Validated LC-MS/MS method for the determination of sarpogrelate in human plasma: application to a pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence study in Chinese volunteers. Gu, J; Li, G; Sun, Y; Wang, L; Yang, Y; Zhang, C; Zhang, J, 2010)	0.82
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental methods."	( Comparison of pharmacokinetics between sarpogrelate hydrochloride immediate-release formulation and controlled-release formulation. Huh, W; Jun, H; Jung, JA; Kim, JR; Kim, SR; Kim, TE; Ko, J; Lee, JW; Lee, SY, 2013)	0.66
"There were no significant differences between two formulations in the pharmacokinetic properties in the time to reach maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) of sarpogrelate and its metabolite."	( Comparison of pharmacokinetics between sarpogrelate hydrochloride immediate-release formulation and controlled-release formulation. Huh, W; Jun, H; Jung, JA; Kim, JR; Kim, SR; Kim, TE; Ko, J; Lee, JW; Lee, SY, 2013)	0.86
" The objectives of this study were to develop a pharmacokinetic model for sarpogrelate and its metabolite M-1 and to identify the effect of food on sarpogrelate and M-1 pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs."	( Effect of food intake on the pharmacokinetics of sarpogrelate and its active metabolite following oral administration to beagle dogs. Baek, IH; Kim, MS; Kwon, KI; Lee, BY, 2013)	0.88
"This study evaluated the effect of food on the pharmacokinetic properties of controlled-release sarpogrelate (sarpogrelate CR) in healthy volunteers."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetic properties of the oral sarpogrelate hydrochloride controlled-release tablet in healthy male Korean subjects. Huh, W; Jun, H; Jung, JA; Kim, JR; Kim, TE; Ko, JW; Lee, JW; Lee, SY, 2013)	0.85
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a noncompartmental analysis."	( Effect of food on the pharmacokinetic properties of the oral sarpogrelate hydrochloride controlled-release tablet in healthy male Korean subjects. Huh, W; Jun, H; Jung, JA; Kim, JR; Kim, TE; Ko, JW; Lee, JW; Lee, SY, 2013)	0.63
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental methods."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new once-daily controlled-release sarpogrelate hydrochloride compared with immediate-release formulation and the effect of food. Choi, YW; Huh, W; Jung, JA; Jung, WT; Kim, JR; Kim, MJ; Kim, SH; Kim, TE; Ko, JW; Lee, HJ; Lee, SY, 2014)	0.65
"After the administration of the IR formulation, the plasma concentration reached a peak at 0·48 h and the drug was eliminated with a half-life (t1/2 ) of 0·7 h."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new once-daily controlled-release sarpogrelate hydrochloride compared with immediate-release formulation and the effect of food. Choi, YW; Huh, W; Jung, JA; Jung, WT; Kim, JR; Kim, MJ; Kim, SH; Kim, TE; Ko, JW; Lee, HJ; Lee, SY, 2014)	0.65
"After the administration of CR and IR formulations of the same daily dose of sarpogrelate hydrochloride, the overall systemic exposure was slightly higher for the CR than for the IR formulation, whereas peak concentration was comparable between the two formulations."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new once-daily controlled-release sarpogrelate hydrochloride compared with immediate-release formulation and the effect of food. Choi, YW; Huh, W; Jung, JA; Jung, WT; Kim, JR; Kim, MJ; Kim, SH; Kim, TE; Ko, JW; Lee, HJ; Lee, SY, 2014)	0.88
" Changes in heart rate and blood pressure were monitored as pharmacodynamic responses to metoprolol."	( Effect of the potent CYP2D6 inhibitor sarpogrelate on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metoprolol in healthy male Korean volunteers. Bae, SH; Bae, SK; Cho, DY; Kim, BT; Kim, YW; Lee, JK; Lee, S; Oh, E; Park, JB, 2015)	0.69
" This method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of a 100 mg sarpogrelate tablet to healthy male Korean volunteers."	( Simultaneous determination of sarpogrelate and its active metabolite in human plasma by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Bae, SH; Bae, SK; Oh, E; Park, JB, 2015)	0.92
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental methods."	( Multiple-Dose Study to Evaluate Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety in Healthy Subjects: A Comparison of Controlled-Release Sarpogrelate and Immediate-Release Sarpogrelate. Huh, W; Jun, H; Jung, JA; Kim, JR; Kim, TE; Ko, JW; Lee, JW; Lee, SY, 2015)	0.62
"CR sarpogrelate showed slightly higher systemic exposure and similar peak concentration compared with IR sarpogrelate."	( Multiple-Dose Study to Evaluate Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety in Healthy Subjects: A Comparison of Controlled-Release Sarpogrelate and Immediate-Release Sarpogrelate. Huh, W; Jun, H; Jung, JA; Kim, JR; Kim, TE; Ko, JW; Lee, JW; Lee, SY, 2015)	1.24
"The PBPK model was developed, incorporating the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of sarpogrelate hydrochloride, and M-1 based on the findings from in vitro and in vivo studies."	( Application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in predicting drug-drug interactions for sarpogrelate hydrochloride in humans. Bae, SH; Bae, SK; Heo, H; Kim, D; Min, JS; Oh, E; Park, JB; Seo, JH, 2016)	0.87

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of clopidogrel combined with aspirin (CA) versus sarpogrelate combined with aspirin (SA) treatment in carotid endarterectomy (CEA) patients."	( Effects of Sarpogrelate Combined with Aspirin in Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy in China: A Single-Center Retrospective Study. Gu, Y; Guo, J; Guo, L; Qi, L; Tong, Z; Wang, Z; Yu, H; Zhang, J, 2016)	1.03
"Evaluating the potential risk of metabolic drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is clinically important."	( Application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling in predicting drug-drug interactions for sarpogrelate hydrochloride in humans. Bae, SH; Bae, SK; Heo, H; Kim, D; Min, JS; Oh, E; Park, JB; Seo, JH, 2016)	0.65

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Food reduced the bioavailability of sarpogrelate CR."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new once-daily controlled-release sarpogrelate hydrochloride compared with immediate-release formulation and the effect of food. Choi, YW; Huh, W; Jung, JA; Jung, WT; Kim, JR; Kim, MJ; Kim, SH; Kim, TE; Ko, JW; Lee, HJ; Lee, SY, 2014)	0.92
" This study was to investigate the bioavailability of sustained-release solid dispersion (SR-SD) formulation of SGL to sustain the drug release for up to 24 h."	( Sustained-release formulation of sarpogrelate hydrochloride. Kim, HJ; Kim, JS; Lim, EA; Shin, DH, 2015)	0.7

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Selective PAF, TXA2 and 5HT antagonists (WEB 2086, sulotroban and MCI-9042) clearly inhibited both the shape change and the aggregation induced by the appropriate agonist; in each case the effect of the antagonist was to move the dose-response curve to the right."	( Studies on the effects of agonists and antagonists on platelet shape change and platelet aggregation in whole blood. Heptinstall, S; Lösche, W; Sanderson, HM; Vickers, J, 1996)	0.29
" 5-Hydroxytryptamine and a small amount of the supernatant shifted the dose-response curves of collagen to the left."	( Role of 5-hydroxytryptamine in platelet thrombus formation and mechanisms of inhibition of thrombus formation by 5-hydroxytryptamine2A antagonists in rabbits. Takano, S, )	0.13
" This method is useful for planning a rational dosage regimen of sarpogrelate hydrochloride and predicting the duration of antiplatelet activity after the discontinuance of the drug."	( [Pharmacokinetic analysis of antiplatelet effect of sarpogrelate hydrochloride and its application to drug dosage regimen--modeling based on reversible inhibition of 5-HT2 serotonergic receptor in the platelet membrane by sarpogrelate hydrochloride and it Iga, T; Kotaki, H; Sawada, Y; Shimizu, T; Tashita, A; Yamada, Y; Yamamoto, K, 1999)	0.79
" The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of sarpogrelate and its metabolite after dosing with a controlledrelease (CR) formulation or an immediaterelease (IR) formulation."	( Comparison of pharmacokinetics between sarpogrelate hydrochloride immediate-release formulation and controlled-release formulation. Huh, W; Jun, H; Jung, JA; Kim, JR; Kim, SR; Kim, TE; Ko, J; Lee, JW; Lee, SY, 2013)	0.9
" After a 7-day washout, the two groups switched their dosing schedule."	( Comparison of pharmacokinetics between sarpogrelate hydrochloride immediate-release formulation and controlled-release formulation. Huh, W; Jun, H; Jung, JA; Kim, JR; Kim, SR; Kim, TE; Ko, J; Lee, JW; Lee, SY, 2013)	0.66
"BALB/c mice were dosed intraperitoneally with 5, 15, 30, 40, or 50 mg/kg sarpogrelate 48, 24, and 0 hours prior to bright light exposure (10,000 lux) as well as 24 and 48 hours after exposure."	( Sarpogrelate, a 5-HT2A Receptor Antagonist, Protects the Retina From Light-Induced Retinopathy. Coyner, AS; Datta, S; Gale, MJ; Ku, C; Nicholson, A; Pennesi, ME; Regis, D; Ryals, RC; Sinha, W; Tullis, BE; Wen, Y; Yang, P, 2015)	2.09
" DP-R202 is a new sarpogrelate hydrochloride product with an improved dosage regimen compared with the agent in current use."	( Efficacy and Safety of DP-R202 in Patients with Chronic Artery Occlusive Disease: Multicenter Randomized Double-blind Active-controlled Parallel Group Phase III Clinical Study. Ahn, YK; Chae, IH; Chang, KY; Cho, BR; Cho, DK; Choi, D; Choi, S; Chun, K; Han, KR; Hong, BK; Jin, HY; Kang, W; Kim, DI; Kim, DW; Kim, SH; Kim, YJ; Lee, HC; Lee, JW; Lee, NH; Lee, S; Lee, SR; Park, CG; Pyun, W; Shin, JH; Yu, CW, 2016)	0.77

Class	Description
stilbenoid	Any olefinic compound characterised by a 1,2-diphenylethylene backbone.
hemisuccinate	A succinate ester in which only one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid has been esterified.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
TDP1 protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	13.5345	0.0008	11.3822	44.6684	AID686978; AID686979
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	19.4971	0.0123	7.9835	43.2770	AID1645841
cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.1950	0.0010	8.3798	61.1304	AID1645840
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	89.1251	0.0501	27.0736	89.1251	AID588590
geminin	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.8554	0.0046	11.3741	33.4983	AID624297
peripheral myelin protein 22	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	6.4241	0.0056	12.3677	36.1254	AID624032
Spike glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus	Potency	39.8107	0.0096	10.5250	35.4813	AID1479145
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
virion membrane	Spike glycoprotein	Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347101	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347105	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347424	RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347099	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425	Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347102	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347104	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347407	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347100	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347103	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154	Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347097	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID504749	qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043	Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID624223	Antagonists at Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 5-HT2A	2003	Life sciences, May-30, Volume: 73, Issue:2	Identification of the binding sites and selectivity of sarpogrelate, a novel 5-HT2 antagonist, to human 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptor subtypes by molecular modeling.
AID1346867	Human 5-HT2B receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)	2003	Life sciences, May-30, Volume: 73, Issue:2	Identification of the binding sites and selectivity of sarpogrelate, a novel 5-HT2 antagonist, to human 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptor subtypes by molecular modeling.
AID624218	Antagonists at Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 5-HT2B	2003	Life sciences, May-30, Volume: 73, Issue:2	Identification of the binding sites and selectivity of sarpogrelate, a novel 5-HT2 antagonist, to human 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptor subtypes by molecular modeling.
AID1346893	Human 5-HT2C receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)	2003	Life sciences, May-30, Volume: 73, Issue:2	Identification of the binding sites and selectivity of sarpogrelate, a novel 5-HT2 antagonist, to human 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptor subtypes by molecular modeling.
AID1259419	Human 5-HT2A receptor (5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors)	2003	Life sciences, May-30, Volume: 73, Issue:2	Identification of the binding sites and selectivity of sarpogrelate, a novel 5-HT2 antagonist, to human 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptor subtypes by molecular modeling.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	29 (13.36)	18.2507
2000's	86 (39.63)	29.6817
2010's	88 (40.55)	24.3611
2020's	14 (6.45)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	45 (19.65%)	5.53%
Reviews	7 (3.06%)	6.00%
Case Studies	6 (2.62%)	4.05%
Observational	3 (1.31%)	0.25%
Other	168 (73.36%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (19)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
A Single-dose, Comparative Bioavailability Study of Two Formulations of Sarpogrelate HCl 300mg Tablets Under Fed Conditions [NCT03947528]	Phase 1	38 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-03-04	Active, not recruiting
A Single-dose, Comparative Bioavailability Study of Two Formulations of Sarpogrelate HCl 300mg Tablets Under Fasting Conditions [NCT03573622]	Phase 1	62 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-31	Completed
A Multicenter Randomized Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of Sarpogrelate on Ischemic Heart Disease After Drug-eluting Stent Implantation in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus or Renal Impairment [NCT02294643]	Phase 3	220 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-04-30	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled, Parallel Group, Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate in Efficacy and Safety of DP-R202 and Anplag Tab in Patients With Artery Occlusive Disease [NCT02393612]	Phase 3	151 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-10-31	Completed
A Randomized, Dose-controlled, Open-label, Parallel, 2-treatment Group, Single Center, Pilot Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Sarpogrelate on Blood Hyperviscosity in the Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease [NCT03509922]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-10-11	Completed
Phase 4 Study of Sarpogrelate That Prevent Contrast-induced Nephropathy [NCT01165567]	Phase 4	212 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-12-31	Active, not recruiting
A Single-dose, Comparative Bioavailability Study of Two Formulations of Sarpogrelate HCl 300mg Tablets Under Fasting Conditions [NCT03947489]	Phase 1	38 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-03-04	Completed
A Single-dose, Comparative Bioavailability Study of Two Formulations of Sarpogrelate HCl 300mg Tablets Under Feeding Conditions [NCT03574285]	Phase 1	48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-31	Completed
A Randomized, Open-label, Three-sequence, Three-period Crossover Study to Investigate The Effect of Anplag on the Disposition of Betaloc in Healthy Male Volunteers [NCT02097511]	Phase 1	9 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-12-31	Completed
A Randomized, Multicenter, Open-label, Parallel, Phase 4 Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Sarpogrelate SR in Patients Having Intermittent Claudication Among Chronic Artery Occlusive Disease [NCT06046196]	Phase 4	148 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-11-18	Completed
Effect of Sarpogrelate, a Serotonin Receptor Antagonist, on Progression of Coronary Artery Disease [NCT02607436]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-07-31	Completed
Effect of Sarpogrelate On the Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes [NCT01869881]	Phase 4	151 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-02-01	Completed
Multicenter, Therapeutic Use Observational Study to Evaluate the Effects of Concurrent Therapy of Sarpogrelate on Symptom Improvement in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease [NCT05083299]		1,884 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-01-28	Completed
Sarpogrelate-Aspirin Comparative Clinical Study for Efficacy and Safety in Secondary Prevention of Cerebral Infarction (S-ACCESS): A Randomized, Double-Blind, Aspirin-Controlled Trial [NCT00129805]	Phase 3	1,510 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2001-01-31	Completed
SAFE (Sarpogrelate Anplone in Femoro-popliteal Artery Intervention Efficacy) Study : a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02959606]	Phase 4	272 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-12-31	Recruiting
Effect of Sarpogrelate on Platelet Aggregation in Patients With Cerebral Infarction: Clinical-pharmacological Dose-response Study. [NCT00147303]	Phase 3	46 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-04-30	Completed
Impact of Sarpogrelate in the Function of Endothelial Progenitor Cells [NCT01548274]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-10-31	Recruiting
A Prospective, Single-center, Randomized Study to Evaluate the Effect of Sarpogrelate, a Selective Serotonin Receptor Antagonist, and High Dose Statin on the Reduction of Coronary Spasm in the Patients With Variant Angina [NCT01674686]	Phase 4	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-08-01	Recruiting
A Study to Compare the Effects of Sarpogrelate Sustained Release /Aspirin Combination Therapy Versus Aspirin on Blood Viscosity in the Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease and Coronary Artery Disease; A Prospective, Randomized, Parallel, Open-Label, [NCT05730621]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-01-11	Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
adenine [no description available]	2.48	2	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2.44	2	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.44	2	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.17	1	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	2.47	2	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	2.1	1	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
5-hydroxydecanoate 5-hydroxydecanoic acid: Potassium Channel Blocker; RN refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid
alpha-methylserotonin alpha-methylserotonin: potent agonist at M & D receptors of serotonin; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.42	2	0	tryptamines	serotonergic agonist
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	2.01	1	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
apraclonidine apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	1.97	1	0	dichlorobenzene; guanidines; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; diagnostic agent; ophthalmology drug
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	10.51	19	9	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
cgp 12177 CGP 12177 : A benzimidazole that is benzimidazol-2-one substituted at position 4 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic antagonist
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.01	1	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
cilostazol [no description available]	6.74	9	2	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	1.97	1	0	clonidine; imidazoline
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	2.03	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	3.41	1	1	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	3.58	2	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester [no description available]	3.5	1	1
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	2.48	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2.01	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	9.02	14	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	1.97	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
mepivacaine Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.	3.38	1	1	piperidinecarboxamide	drug allergen; local anaesthetic
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	8.5	1	1	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	2.31	1	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
nafronyl Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.	2.05	1	0	naphthalenes
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	2.01	1	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	3.81	2	1	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	1.99	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	8.83	2	1	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	2.69	3	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
ritanserin Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.	7.42	2	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine	antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
sb 206553 SB 206553: a high-affinity 5-HT(2C/2B) antagonist; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	pyrroloindole
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	14.02	10	5	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.01	1	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
thymidine [no description available]	2	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	8.79	2	1	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.01	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	2.03	1	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	2.01	1	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.1	1	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
acrylonitrile [no description available]	2.17	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2	1	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	2.5	2	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	2.41	1	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	2.41	2	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
indophenol Indophenol: A deep blue dye (with the formula OC6H4NC6H4OH) used to detect AMMONIA in a common test called the Berthelot's reaction and to detect PARACETAMOL by spectrophotometry.. indophenol : A quinone imine obtained by formal condensation of one of the keto groups of benzoquinone with the amino group of 4-hydroxyaniline.	2.01	1	0	quinone imine	dye
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.07	1	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	2.17	1	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.06	1	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.01	1	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
lisuride Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).	2.48	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic agonist
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	2.31	1	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.01	1	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.08	1	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.01	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	2.01	1	0	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
sulotroban sulotroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist	1.99	1	0
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	7.54	2	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	2.31	1	0	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
quinapril Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	7.01	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	2.02	1	0
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	8.56	7	4	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine: RN given refers to (alpha)-isomer; a serotonin agonist that interferes with Meth A tumor growth in mice by selective vasoconstrictive action	2	1	0
web 2086 WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	1.99	1	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	1.99	1	0	1,2,3-triazole
s20098 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	acetamides
7-ketocholesterol 7-ketocholesterol: inhibits uptake of cholesterol in rabbit aorta. 7-ketocholesterol : A cholestanoid that consists of cholesterol bearing an oxo substituent at position 7.	2.1	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; 7-oxo steroid; cholestanoid	neuroprotective agent
mci 9038 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	peptide
fura-2-am fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2	2.02	1	0
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	1.99	1	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
alpha-hydroxymetoprolol alpha-hydroxymetoprolol: pharmacologically active urinary metoprolol metabolite 5 to 10X less potent than metoprolol; cpd is alpha-hydroxymetoprolol; structure in first source	3.5	1	1	aromatic ether
3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-4-hydroxy-n-(4-(4-pyridinyl)phenyl)benzamide 3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-4-hydroxy-N-(4-(4-pyridinyl)phenyl)benzamide: a 5-HT(1D) receptor antagonist; RN given refers to HCl salt	2.05	1	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.4	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
gr 144053 GR 144053: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	piperazines
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	2.03	1	0	peptide
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	2.45	2	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	2.1	1	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
ergonovine Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.	2	1	0	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	diagnostic agent; fungal metabolite; oxytocic; toxin
dironyl dironyl: pronounced antifertility agent in rats; lactation suppressor in other species; serotonin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.17	1	0	organic molecular entity
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.05	1	0	cyclodextrin
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	9.49	2	2	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	1.98	1	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	2.08	1	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
ha 1100 HA 1100: intracellular calcium antagonist	2.01	1	0
n-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-n'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea N-(1-methyl-5-indolyl)-N'-(3-methyl-5-isothiazolyl)urea: a 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. 1-(1-methylindol-5-yl)-3-(3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl)urea : A member of ther class of ureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens has been replaced by an N-methylindol-5-yl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen has been replaced by a 3-methyl-1,2-thiazol-5-yl group. It is a potent and selective antagonist for the 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B (5-HT2B) receptor.	2.17	1	0	1,2-thiazoles; indoles; ureas	receptor modulator; serotonergic antagonist
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.43	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	2.03	1	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	1.99	1	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
alprostadil [no description available]	3.5	1	1	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	8.56	1	1	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
mdl 100907 Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.	11.13	46	10
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	1.99	1	0
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	2.1	1	0	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
glyceryl behenate 1-behenoylglycerol : A fatty acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at position-1 of glycerol with the carboxy group of docosanoic acid.	2.11	1	0	1-monoglyceride; fatty acid ester	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.02	1	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
limaprost limaprost: RN given refers to (2E,11alpha,13E,15S,17S)-isomer	3.5	1	1	long-chain fatty acid
sb 269970 SB 269970: a 5-HT(7) antagonist; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	sulfonamide
beraprost beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.	4.93	4	2	enyne; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
pd 0325901 mirdametinib: has antineoplastic activity; appears to be a MEK inhibitor. PD 0325901 : A hydroxamic acid ester that is benzhydroxamic acid (N-hydroxybenzamide) in which the hydroxamic acid group has been converted to the corresponding 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester and in which the benzene ring has been substituted at position 2 by a (2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino group and at positions 3 and 4 by fluorines (the R enantiomer).	2.17	1	0	difluorobenzene; hydroxamic acid ester; monofluorobenzenes; organoiodine compound; propane-1,2-diols; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.12.2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitor
terutroban terutroban: a thromboxan receptor antagonist	3.15	1	0
vorapaxar vorapaxar: has antiplatelet activity; structure in first source. vorapaxar : A carbamate ester that is the ethyl ester of [(1R,3aR,4aR,6R,8aR,9S,9aS)-9-{(E)-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)pyridin-2-yl]ethynyl}-1-methyl-3-oxododecahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-6-yl]carbamic acid. A protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist used (as its sulfate salt) for the reduction of thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) or with peripheral arterial disease. It has been shown to reduce the rate of a combined endpoint of cardiovascular death, MI, stroke and urgent coronary revascularisation.	3.15	1	0	carbamate ester; lactone; naphthofuran; organofluorine compound; pyridines	cardiovascular drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	2.1	1	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.03	1	0
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	2	1	0
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine [no description available]	2.06	1	0
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	3.47	1	1
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2.4	2	0
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	2.05	1	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	4.32	4	1
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	2.42	2	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	2.03	1	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	2.04	1	0	guanosines	biomarker
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	2.05	1	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	4.48	22	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	0	2.25	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	3.43	7	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	6.05	10	3
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	0	5.05	9	1
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	0	6.05	10	3
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	0	5.05	9	1
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	0	4.36	4	0
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	0	8.31	7	6
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	1	10.31	7	6
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	5.14	3	1
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	3.2	5	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	8.2	5	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	0	5.14	3	1
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	0	2.31	1	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	0	2.31	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	2.73	3	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	2.81	3	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	5.43	5	3
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	0	7.81	3	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	0	4.57	5	1
Atheroma [description not available]	0	4.42	4	1
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	2.52	2	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	0	4.57	5	1
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	0	2.15	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	4.45	1	1
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	0	4.45	1	1
Bleeding [description not available]	0	6.37	4	2
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	0	4.45	1	1
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	0	6.37	4	2
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	0	2.54	2	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	0	2.54	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	7.08	13	7
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	5.41	7	2
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	0	6.07	6	5
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	0	7.08	13	7
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	0	5.11	5	2
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	0	10.11	5	2
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	0	2.17	1	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	0	3.31	6	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	0	3.31	6	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	0	4.1	3	1
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	0	4.1	3	1
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	0	2.46	2	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	2.21	1	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	0	5.24	4	3
Coronary Artery Vasospasm [description not available]	0	3.84	2	1
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	0	10.24	4	3
Coronary Vasospasm Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.	0	3.84	2	1
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	0	2.1	1	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	0	4.7	6	1
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	0	7.08	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	0	5.84	4	2
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	1	7.84	4	2
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	0	2.08	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	0	5.97	3	1
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	0	4.77	2	1
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	0	4.77	2	1
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	0	2.1	1	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	0	10.97	3	1
Ache [description not available]	0	4.35	4	1
Dermatoses [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Atheroembolism [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	0	4.35	4	1
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	0	2.1	1	0
Embolism, Cholesterol Blocking of a blood vessel by CHOLESTEROL-rich atheromatous deposits, generally occurring in the flow from a large artery to small arterial branches. It is also called arterial-arterial embolization or atheroembolism which may be spontaneous or iatrogenic. Patients with spontaneous atheroembolism often have painful, cyanotic digits of acute onset.	0	2.1	1	0
Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available]	0	4.68	3	2
Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.	0	4.68	3	2
Spinal Stenosis Narrowing of the spinal canal.	0	3.5	1	1
Hepatic Insufficiency Conditions in which the LIVER functions fall below the normal ranges. Severe hepatic insufficiency may cause LIVER FAILURE or DEATH. Treatment may include LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.	0	4.41	1	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	0	9.74	2	1
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	0	5.96	3	3
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	0	2.11	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	0	2.52	2	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	0	4.88	4	2
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	0	6.17	4	3
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	0	4.88	4	2
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	0	6.17	4	3
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	2.47	2	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	2.13	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	5.44	5	1
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	5.44	5	1
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	0	2.13	1	0
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	0	2.13	1	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	0	2.44	2	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	0	7.15	1	0
Blue Toe Syndrome A condition that is caused by recurring atheroembolism in the lower extremities. It is characterized by cyanotic discoloration of the toes, usually the first, fourth, and fifth toes. Discoloration may extend to the lateral aspect of the foot. Despite the gangrene-like appearance, blue toes may respond to conservative therapy without amputation.	0	2.13	1	0
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	0	3.53	1	1
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	0	3.53	1	1
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	0	5.08	5	2
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	0	5.08	5	2
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	0	3.53	1	1
Coronary Occlusion Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	0	2.04	1	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	0	7.44	2	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	0	2.44	2	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	0	7.05	1	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	0	7.05	1	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	0	2.05	1	0
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	0	2.43	2	0
Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.	0	2.05	1	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	0	2.05	1	0
Angiitis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Livedo Reticularis A condition characterized by a reticular or fishnet pattern on the skin of lower extremities and other parts of the body. This red and blue pattern is due to deoxygenated blood in unstable dermal blood vessels. The condition is intensified by cold exposure and relieved by rewarming.	0	2.05	1	0
Mononeuritis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	2.05	1	0
Mononeuropathies Disease or trauma involving a single peripheral nerve in isolation, or out of proportion to evidence of diffuse peripheral nerve dysfunction. Mononeuropathy multiplex refers to a condition characterized by multiple isolated nerve injuries. Mononeuropathies may result from a wide variety of causes, including ISCHEMIA; traumatic injury; compression; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS; and other conditions.	0	2.05	1	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	0	4.18	6	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	0	4.18	6	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	0	7.43	2	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	5.66	2	1
Angina Pectoris, Stable [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Angina, Stable Persistent and reproducible chest discomfort usually precipitated by a physical exertion that dissipates upon cessation of such an activity. The symptoms are manifestations of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA.	0	2.06	1	0
Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Limited Scleroderma [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	0	2.07	1	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	0	7.07	1	0
Scleroderma, Diffuse A rapid onset form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with progressive widespread SKIN thickening over the arms, the legs and the trunk, resulting in stiffness and disability.	0	2.07	1	0
Scleroderma, Limited The least progressive form of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA with skin thickening restricted to the face, neck and areas distal to the elbows and/or knees, sparing the trunk. The CREST SYNDROME is a form of limited scleroderma.	0	2.07	1	0
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	0	2.71	3	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	0	3.47	1	1
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	0	8.47	1	1
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	3.47	1	1
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	3.47	1	1
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	0	9.4	2	2
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	0	3.33	2	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	0	3.62	3	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	0	3.62	3	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	0	2.41	2	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	2.01	1	0
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	0	2.01	1	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	0	2.01	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	0	2.41	2	0
Hypesthesia Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.	0	2.01	1	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	0	4.33	4	1
Low Back Ache [description not available]	0	3.81	2	1
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	0	4.33	4	1
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	0	3.81	2	1
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	0	4.36	2	2
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	0	4.36	2	2
Nerve Root Avulsion [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Radiculopathy Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.	0	2.43	2	0
Allodynia [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	0	2.02	1	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	0	7.03	1	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	0	2.03	1	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	0	2.03	1	0
Cardiac Edema [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Edema, Cardiac Abnormal fluid retention by the body due to impaired cardiac function or heart failure. It is usually characterized by increase in venous and capillary pressure, and swollen legs when standing. It is different from the generalized edema caused by renal dysfunction (NEPHROTIC SYNDROME).	0	2.03	1	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	0	8.41	1	1
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	0	8.41	1	1
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	0	3.42	1	1
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	0	3.42	1	1
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	3.43	1	1
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	0	4.34	1	1
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	0	4.34	1	1
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	2.04	1	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	0	2.04	1	0
Buerger Disease [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	0	1.99	1	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	1.99	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	2.4	2	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Collagen Diseases Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)	0	6.99	1	0
Algodystrophic Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	0	3.38	1	1
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	0	3.38	1	1
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	0	3.38	1	1
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	2.92	4	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	0	2	1	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	0	2	1	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	0	2	1	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	0	2	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	0	2.01	1	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	0	2.01	1	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	0	1.97	1	0
Infarct [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0

sarpogrelate

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (40)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (2)

Protein Targets (7)

Potency Measurements

Ceullar Components (1)

Bioassays (37)

Research

Studies (217)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 39.90

Study Types

Clinical Trials (19)

Trial Overview

sarpogrelate

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (40)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (2)

Protein Targets (7)

Potency Measurements

Ceullar Components (1)

Bioassays (37)

Research

Studies (217)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 39.90

Study Types

Clinical Trials (19)

Trial Overview

Related Drugs (120)

Related Conditions (205)