bilobalide profile

Bilobalide is a terpene lactone found in the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree. It has been the subject of extensive research for its potential therapeutic effects. Its synthesis involves several steps, including the isolation of ginkgolic acid from the tree's leaves and subsequent chemical modifications. Studies have shown that bilobalide exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. It is believed to protect against neuronal damage caused by oxidative stress and may have potential benefits for conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and stroke. However, clinical research on bilobalide's effectiveness is still ongoing, and its safety and efficacy in humans need further investigation.'

Related Flora

Flora	Rank	Flora Definition	Family	Family Definition
Ginkgo	genus	[no description available]	Ginkgoaceae	[no description available]
Ginkgo biloba	species	The only specie of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It is the source of extracts of medicinal interest, especially Egb 761. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species.[MeSH]	Ginkgoaceae	[no description available]
Ginkgo	genus	[no description available]	Ginkgoaceae	[no description available]
Ginkgo biloba	species	The only specie of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It is the source of extracts of medicinal interest, especially Egb 761. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species.[MeSH]	Ginkgoaceae	[no description available]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	73581
CHEMBL ID	1318117
CHEBI ID	3103
SCHEMBL ID	285824
MeSH ID	M0199201
PubMed CID	12308750
CHEMBL ID	3348958
SCHEMBL ID	16452769
MeSH ID	M0199201

Synonym
4h,5ah,9h-furo(2,3-b)furo(3',2':2,3)cyclopenta(1,2-c)furan-2,4,7(3h,8h)-trione, 9-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-10,10a-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-, (3as,5ar,8r,8as,9r,10as)-
(1s,4r,7r,8s,9r,11s)-9-tert-butyl-7,9-dihydroxy-3,5,12-trioxatetracyclo[6.6.0.0^{1,11}.0^{4,8}]tetradecane-2,6,13-trione
gtpl2366
MLS000563448
smr000232342
bilobalide ,
tert-butyl(dihydroxy)[?]trione
4h,5ah,9h-furo[2,3-b]furo[3',2':2,3]cyclopenta[1,2-c]furan-2,4,7(3h,8h)-trione, 9-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-10,10a-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-,(3as,5ar,8r,8as,9r,10as)-
(-)-bilobalide from ginkgo biloba leaves, >=93% (hplc)
NCGC00142501-01
NCGC00142501-02
4h,5ah,9h-furo(2,3-b)furo(3',2':2,3)cyclopenta(1,2-c)furan-2,4,7(3h,8h)-trione, 9-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-10,10a-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-, (5ar-(3as,5aalpha,8beta,8as,9alpha,10aalpha))-
CHEBI:3103 ,
(3as,8r,8as,9r,10as)-9-tert-butyl-8,9-dihydroxydihydro-9h-furo[2,3-b]furo[3',2':2,3]cyclopenta[1,2-c]furan-2,4,7(3h,8h)-trione
HMS2205O12
bilobalid
m81d2o8h7u ,
unii-m81d2o8h7u
bilobalide [mi]
bilobalide [who-dd]
bilobalide (constituent of ginkgo) [dsc]
CCG-208160
HY-N0076
CS-1517
SCHEMBL285824
AKOS024282583
Q-100409
CHEMBL1318117
mfcd00238547
sr-01000712074
SR-01000712074-4
4h,5ah,9h-furo[2,3-b]furo[3',2':2,3]cyclopenta[1,2-c]furan-2,4,7(3h,8h)-trione, 9-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-10,10a-dihydro-8,9-dihydroxy-, (3as,5ar,8r,8as,9r,10as)-
bilobalide a
DTXSID10873207 ,
Q418459
AS-17551
BCP28255
(1s,4r,7r,8s,9r,11s)-9-tert-butyl-7,9-dihydroxy-3,5,12-trioxatetracyclo[6.6.0.01,11.04,8]tetradecane-2,6,13-trione
EX-A6793
dtxcid00820705
bilobalide (constituent of ginkgo)
(3as,8r,8as,9r,10as)-9-tert-butyl-8,9-dihydroxydihydro-9h-furo(2,3-b)furo(3',2':2,3)cyclopenta(1,2-c)furan-2,4,7(3h,8h)-trione
AC-19600
33570-04-6
NCGC00346588-01
AKOS015894975
S2276
smr004702910
MLS006011132
AC-33997
B4388
(-)-bilobalide from ginkgo leaves
SCHEMBL16452769
CHEMBL3348958
BRD-A41714661-001-02-0
HMS3884J11
CCG-267762

Research Excerpts

Overview

Bilobalide is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene trilactone with therapeutic potential in the management of ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Bilobalide (BB) is a monomer extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaves.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Bilobalide is a naturally occurring sesquiterpene trilactone with therapeutic potential in the management of ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. "	( Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor. Baucom, CC; Chang, TK; Lau, AJ; Rajaraman, G; Yang, G, 2012)	2.07
"Bilobalide (BB) is a monomer extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaves."	( Protective effect of bilobalide on learning and memory impairment in rats with vascular dementia. Huang, H; Li, WZ; Wu, WY; Wu, YY; Yin, YY, 2013)	1.43
"Bilobalide is an active constituent of Ginkgo biloba and has shown neuroprotective effects in mice with cerebral ischemia."	( Brain permeability of bilobalide as probed by microdialysis before and after middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Klein, J; Lang, D; Schubert-Zsilavecz, M; Ude, C; Wurglics, M, 2010)	1.4
"Bilobalide (BB) is a sesquiterpenoid extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaves. "	( Bilobalide regulates soluble amyloid precursor protein release via phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase-dependent pathway. Shi, C; Wu, F; Xu, J; Zou, J, 2011)	3.25
"Bilobalide was found to be a moderately potent antagonist with a weak use-dependent effect at recombinant human rho(1) GABA(C) receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes using two-electrode voltage clamp methodology. "	( Mixed antagonistic effects of bilobalide at rho1 GABAC receptor. Chebib, M; Duke, RK; Huang, SH; Johnston, GA; Sasaki, K; Wada, K, 2006)	2.07

Effects

Bilobalide (BI) is a unique constituent extracted from Ginkgo biloba. Bilobalide has prominent neuroprotective properties in mice of all ages.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Bilobalide has prominent neuroprotective properties in mice of all ages."	( Neurodegeneration after transient brain ischemia in aged mice: beneficial effects of bilobalide. Klein, J; Koch, KA; Schwarzkopf, TM, 2013)	1.34
"Bilobalide (BI) has been widely known as a unique constituent extracted from Ginkgo biloba. "	( Protective effects of bilobalide against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in vivo/vitro. Fangyu, W; Hui, S, 2017)	2.21

Actions

Bilobalide was found to increase glucose transport under normoxic but not hypoxic conditions. Bilobalide-induced increase in SOD and CAT activities may serve as one of the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of bilobalide.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Bilobalide was found to increase glucose transport under normoxic but not hypoxic conditions."	( Protection of hypoxia-induced ATP decrease in endothelial cells by ginkgo biloba extract and bilobalide. Delaive, E; Drieu, K; Eliaers, F; Janssens, D; Michiels, C; Remacle, J, 1995)	1.23
"The bilobalide-induced increase in SOD and CAT activities may serve as one of the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of bilobalide."	( Protective effect of bilobalide against nitric oxide-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Chen, ZL; Cheng, XF; Guan, HJ; Song, W; Yin, ML; Zhu, XZ, 2000)	1.11

Treatment

Bilobalide treatment resulted in a significant increase in the levels of glutamate, aspartate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glycine in the hippocampus of mice compared with the control. Treatment with bilobalide (10 mg/kg) before tMCAO improved respiratory capacity of complex I significantly when measured ex vivo.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Bilobalide pretreatment increased the level of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)1 mRNA in melanocytes."	( Bilobalide protection of normal human melanocytes from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage via promotion of antioxidase expression and inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Fu, L; Liu, D; Lu, L; Wang, S; Xu, A; Zhu, Y, 2016)	2.6
"Bilobalide treatment resulted in a significant increase in the levels of glutamate, aspartate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glycine in the hippocampus of mice compared with the control."	( Effects of chronic administration of bilobalide on amino acid levels in mouse brain. Haga, M; Hatta, S; Itoh, M; Sasaki, K; Wada, K; Yoshimura, T, 2002)	1.31
"Treatment with bilobalide (10 mg/kg) before tMCAO improved respiratory capacity of complex I significantly when measured ex vivo."	( Neuroprotection by bilobalide in ischemia: improvement of mitochondrial function. Eckert, GP; Hagl, S; Klein, J; Schwarzkopf, TM, 2013)	1.06
"Pretreatment with bilobalide (5, 10 mg/kg) significantly decreased neurological deficit scores, infarct volume, infarct weight, brain edema, and concentrations of MDA, nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-1β, and increased SOD activity. "	( Neuroprotective effects of bilobalide on cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury are associated with inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediator production and down-regulation of JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK activation. Jiang, M; Li, J; Liu, W; Liu, Y; Luo, C; Mo, Z; Peng, J; Peng, Q; Yung, KK, 2014)	1.03
"Treatment with bilobalide also shortened the time taken to find the platform in a Morris water-maze test."	( Effects of bilobalide on anxiety, spatial learning, memory and levels of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors in male Kunming mice. Liu, X; Ma, L; Tai, F; Wang, S; Wei, B; Wu, R; Yang, X; Yuan, G, 2012)	1.11
"Pretreatment with bilobalide effectively suppressed the MPN-induced reduction in GABA levels and GAD activity in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex."	( Bilobalide prevents reduction of gamma-aminobutyric acid levels and glutamic acid decarboxylase activity induced by 4-O-methylpyridoxine in mouse hippocampus. Haga, M; Hatta, S; Ohshika, H; Sasaki, K; Wada, K, 2000)	2.07
"Treatment with bilobalide induced CYPs markedly and in a dose-dependent manner, and the level of induction was quite similar between bilobalide (42 mg kg(-1)) and GBE."	( Bilobalide in Ginkgo biloba extract is a major substance inducing hepatic CYPs. Endoh, K; Shinozuka, K; Sugiyama, T; Taki, Y; Taku, K; Tanabe, H; Umegaki, K, 2007)	2.12

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The method has been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of Ginkgo biloba extract in rats after intravenous administration."	( Simultaneous determination of ginkgolides A, B, C and bilobalide in plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application to the pharmacokinetic study of Ginkgo biloba extract in rats. Ding, C; Ge, Q; Xie, J; Zhi, X; Zhou, Z, 2008)	0.59
"To estabish ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of quercetin(QCT), isorhamnetin(ISR), kaempferol(KMF), ginkgolide A(GA), ginkgolide B(GB), ginkgolide C(GC) and bilobalide(BB) in rat plasma and investigate the pharmacokinetic process of seven compounds after oral administration of Yindan Xinnaotong Ruanjiaonang, The results indicated that all calibrations curves showed good linearity (r≥0."	( [Simultaneous determination of seven bioactive compounds and pharmacokinetics in rat plasma after oral administration of Yindan Xinnaotong Ruanjiaonang by UPLC-MS/MS]. Gong, LL; Liang, RX; Wang, L; Xu, HY; Yang, HJ; Yin, XJ; Yuan, HJ, 2017)	0.64

Bioavailability

The bioavailability of ginkgolides A, B and bilobalide was studied in rats after single oral administration of 30, 55 and 100 mg/kg Ginkgo extract EGb 761. The results of the present study clearly confirm the improvement of oral bio availability of bilobalIDE administered as phospholipidic complex.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The bioavailability of ginkgolides A, B and bilobalide was studied in rats after single oral administration of 30, 55 and 100 mg/kg Ginkgo extract EGb 761."	( Bioavailability of ginkgolides and bilobalide from extracts of ginkgo biloba using GC/MS. Biber, A; Koch, E, 1999)	0.84
" With respect to the relevance of biopharmaceutical quality of herbal medicinal products, two different Ginkgo biloba brands (test product: Ginkgo biloba capsules; reference product: Ginkgold) were analysed for dissolution rates and bioavailability of the most relevant active ingredients."	( Influence of pharmaceutical quality on the bioavailability of active components from Ginkgo biloba preparations. Biber, A; Blume, HH; Kressmann, S; Müller, WE; Schug, B; Wonnemann, M, 2002)	0.31
" The results of the present study clearly confirm the improvement of oral bioavailability of bilobalide administered as phospholipidic complex and, for the first time, demonstrate the detection of significative amounts of bilobalide in brain."	( Liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion trap mass spectrometry of bilobalide in plasma and brain of rats after oral administration of its phospholipidic complex. Basilico, F; Mauri, PL; Morazzoni, P; Riva, A; Rossi, R; Rossoni, G, 2009)	0.79
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics and absolute bioavailability of ginkgolide A (GA), ginkgolide B (GB) and bilobalide (BB) in rats."	( [Absolute bioavailability of ginkgolide compounds in rats]. Geng, T; Si, HH; Sun, XP; Xue, J; Zhao, J, 2015)	0.62
" Terpene lactones are orally bioavailable and predominantly eliminated via the renal pathway."	( Influence of organic anion transporter 1/3 on the pharmacokinetics and renal excretion of ginkgolides and bilobalide. He, H; Nie, J; Wang, R; Xu, M; Yao, J; Yaro, P; Zeng, K; Zeng, S, 2019)	0.73
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51

Dosage Studied

Bilobalide (3 microM) caused a parallel right shift and surmountable GABA maximal response of the GABA dose-response curve characteristic of a competitive antagonist. Whether a proper dosage of bilobalide is used or not plays a critical factor in deciding if it can sustain nerve regeneration over long gaps.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Corresponding dose-response relationships are close to single-site binding isotherms."	( Structure-activity studies with Ginkgo biloba extract constituents as receptor-gated chloride channel blockers and modulators. Chatterjee, SS; Kondratskaya, EL; Krishtal, OA, 2003)	0.32
" Therefore, whether a proper dosage of bilobalide is used or not plays a critical factor in deciding if it can sustain nerve regeneration over long gaps."	( Effect of bilobalide on peripheral nerve regeneration. Chen, YS; Cheng, CY; Liu, CJ; Yao, CH, 2004)	1
" They also received the experimental diets containing EGb (50 or 500 ppm) and bilobalide (15 or 150 ppm) for 4 weeks, starting 1 week before the first dosing of AOM."	( Preventive effects of extract of leaves of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) and its component bilobalide on azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci in rats. Kohno, H; Sasaki, K; Sugie, S; Suzuki, R; Tanaka, T; Wada, K; Yoshimura, T, 2004)	0.78
" At low concentration, bilobalide (3 microM) caused a parallel right shift and surmountable GABA maximal response of the GABA dose-response curve characteristic of a competitive antagonist."	( Mixed antagonistic effects of bilobalide at rho1 GABAC receptor. Chebib, M; Duke, RK; Huang, SH; Johnston, GA; Sasaki, K; Wada, K, 2006)	0.93
"A reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method with evaporative light scattering detection (RP-HPLC-ELSD) was developed for the quantitative determination of the terpene trilactones, ginkgolide A, B, C and J and the sesquiterpene, bilobalide in Ginkgo biloba solid oral dosage forms."	( Determination of terpene trilactones in Ginkgo biloba solid oral dosage forms using HPLC with evaporative light scattering detection. Dubber, MJ; Kanfer, I, 2006)	0.51

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Class	Description
sesquiterpene lactone	Any member of a diverse class of complex, multicyclic phytochemicals showing a variety of skeleton arrangements and bioactivities, and having in common a sesquiterpenoid structure including a lactone ring.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
15-lipoxygenase, partial	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	5.0119	0.0126	10.6917	88.5700	AID887
chromobox protein homolog 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	2.8184	0.0060	26.1688	89.1251	AID540317
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	2.5119	0.0100	39.5371	1,122.0200	AID1479
geminin	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.1636	0.0046	11.3741	33.4983	AID624296
survival motor neuron protein isoform d	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	2.2387	0.1259	12.2344	35.4813	AID1458
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	28.1838	1.9953	25.5327	50.1187	AID624288
EWS/FLI fusion protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	20.9310	0.0013	10.1577	42.8575	AID1259253
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
renal water homeostasis	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of insulin secretion	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucagon stimulus	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
G protein activity	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase activator activity	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (92)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504812	Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID504810	Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1209512	Activation of CAR in rat hepatocytes assessed as upregulation of CYP2B1 mRNA expression at 3 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to phenobarbital	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209508	Activation of human CAR expressed in human HepG2 cells coexpressing CYP2B6 at 0.1 to 100 uM after 24 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209495	Effect on PXR mRNA expression in rat hepatocytes at 1 uM by RT-PCR analysis relative to control	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1650588	Induction of cell proliferation in rat PC12 cells assessed as increase in cell viability at 0.26 ug/ml after 24 hrs in presence of 10 ng/ml NGF by WST-8 assay	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2	Bilobalide and PC12 cells: A structure activity relationship study.
AID1209478	Activation of PXR in human Hu1108 hepatocytes assessed as effect on CYP3A4 mRNA expression at 10 to 50 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209538	Activation of PXR in rat hepatocytes assessed as effect on CYP3A-mediated testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation at 1 to 30 uM after 24 hrs by HPLC analysis	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209499	Effect on CAR mRNA expression in human hepatocytes at 10 uM by RT-PCR analysis relative to control	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1650589	Neuroprotective activity against amyloid beta (1 to 40 residues)-induced toxicity in rat PC12 cells at 20 uM pretreated for 24 hrs followed by H2O2 challenge and measured after 24 hrs by WST-8 assay	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2	Bilobalide and PC12 cells: A structure activity relationship study.
AID1209485	Antagonist activity at human CAR expressed in human HepG2 cells coexpressing CYP2B6 assessed as inhibition of CITCO-induced receptor activation up to 100 uM after 24 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209517	Activation of CAR in rat hepatocytes assessed as increase in CYP2B-mediated benzyloxyresorufin O-dealkylation at 3 uM after 24 hrs by spectrofluorometric analysis relative to phenobarbital	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209501	Effect on CAR mRNA expression in human hepatocytes at 50 uM by RT-PCR analysis relative to control	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209514	Activation of CAR in rat hepatocytes assessed as upregulation of CYP2B1 mRNA expression at 30 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to phenobarbital	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209511	Activation of CAR in rat hepatocytes assessed as effect on CYP2B1 mRNA expression at 1 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209486	Antagonist activity at rat PXR expressed in human HepG2 cells coexpressing CYP3A4 assessed as inhibition of PCN-induced receptor activation up to 100 uM after 24 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209518	Activation of CAR in rat hepatocytes assessed as increase in CYP2B-mediated benzyloxyresorufin O-dealkylation at 10 uM after 24 hrs by spectrofluorometric analysis relative to phenobarbital	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209532	Activation of human PXR expressed in rat hepatocytes coexpressing CYP3A4 at 100 uM after 24 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1650590	Induction of neurite outgrowth in rat PC12 cells at 0.26 ug/ml incubated for 24 hrs by microscopic analysis	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-15, Volume: 28, Issue:2	Bilobalide and PC12 cells: A structure activity relationship study.
AID1209479	Activation of PXR in human Hu1043 hepatocytes assessed as effect on CYP3A-mediated testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation at 10 to 60 uM after 24 hrs by HPLC analysis	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209491	Effect on CAR mRNA expression in rat hepatocytes at 1 uM by RT-PCR analysis relative to control	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209539	Cytotoxicity against rat hepatocytes at 1 to 100 uM after 24 hrs by lactate dehydrogenase assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209516	Activation of CAR in rat hepatocytes assessed as increase in CYP2B-mediated benzyloxyresorufin O-dealkylation at 1 uM after 24 hrs by spectrofluorometric analysis relative to phenobarbital	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209498	Effect on PXR mRNA expression in rat hepatocytes at 30 uM by RT-PCR analysis relative to control	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209533	Activation of human PXR expressed in human HepG2 cells coexpressing CYP3A4 at 0.1 to 100 uM after 24 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209487	Antagonist activity at human PXR expressed in human HepG2 cells coexpressing CYP3A4 assessed as inhibition of rifampicin-induced receptor activation up to 100 uM after 24 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209496	Effect on PXR mRNA expression in rat hepatocytes at 3 uM by RT-PCR analysis relative to control	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209503	Effect on PXR mRNA expression in human hepatocytes at 25 uM by RT-PCR analysis relative to control	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209480	Activation of PXR in human Hu1108 hepatocytes assessed as effect on CYP3A-mediated testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation at 10 to 50 uM after 24 hrs by HPLC analysis	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209504	Effect on PXR mRNA expression in human hepatocytes at 50 uM by RT-PCR analysis relative to control	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209543	Activation of rat CAR expressed in rat hepatocytes coexpressing CYP2B1 at 0.1 to 10 uM after 24 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209536	Activation of PXR in rat hepatocytes assessed as upregulation of CYP3A23 mRNA expression at 1 to 30 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209530	Activation of rat PXR expressed in human HepG2 cells coexpressing CYP3A4 at 0.1 to 100 uM after 24 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209513	Activation of CAR in rat hepatocytes assessed as upregulation of CYP2B1 mRNA expression at 10 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis relative to phenobarbital	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209492	Effect on CAR mRNA expression in rat hepatocytes at 3 uM by RT-PCR analysis relative to control	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209525	Activation of CAR in human Hu1108 hepatocytes assessed as increase in CYP2B6-mediated bupropion hydroxylation at 10 to 50 uM after 24 hrs by LC-MS analysis	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209500	Effect on CAR mRNA expression in human hepatocytes at 25 uM by RT-PCR analysis relative to control	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209528	Activation of rat PXR expressed in rat hepatocytes coexpressing CYP3A4 at 100 uM after 24 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209545	Activation of rat CAR expressed in rat hepatocytes coexpressing CYP2B1 at 60 uM after 24 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay relative to phenobarbital	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209541	Activation of rat CAR expressed in rat hepatocytes coexpressing CYP2B1 at 100 uM after 24 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209521	Activation of CAR in human Hu1043 hepatocytes assessed as effect on CYP2B6 mRNA expression at 10 to 60 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209540	Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells at 1 to 100 uM after 24 hrs by lactate dehydrogenase assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209519	Activation of CAR in rat hepatocytes assessed as increase in CYP2B-mediated benzyloxyresorufin O-dealkylation at 30 uM after 24 hrs by spectrofluorometric analysis relative to phenobarbital	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209494	Effect on CAR mRNA expression in rat hepatocytes at 30 uM by RT-PCR analysis relative to control	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209493	Effect on CAR mRNA expression in rat hepatocytes at 10 uM by RT-PCR analysis relative to control	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209544	Activation of rat CAR expressed in rat hepatocytes coexpressing CYP2B1 at 30 uM after 24 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay relative to phenobarbital	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209497	Effect on PXR mRNA expression in rat hepatocytes at 10 uM by RT-PCR analysis relative to control	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209505	Activation of human CAR expressed in rat hepatocytes coexpressing CYP2B1 at 100 uM after 24 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209502	Effect on PXR mRNA expression in human hepatocytes at 10 uM by RT-PCR analysis relative to control	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209524	Activation of CAR in human Hu1043 hepatocytes assessed as increase in CYP2B6-mediated bupropion hydroxylation at 10 to 60 uM after 24 hrs by LC-MS analysis	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209546	Activation of rat CAR expressed in rat hepatocytes coexpressing CYP2B1 at 100 uM after 24 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay relative to phenobarbital	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1209477	Activation of PXR in human Hu1043 hepatocytes assessed as effect on CYP3A4 mRNA expression at 10 to 60 uM after 24 hrs by RT-PCR analysis	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	Species-dependent and receptor-selective action of bilobalide on the function of constitutive androstane receptor and pregnane X receptor.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347102	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347096	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347098	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347099	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154	Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347092	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347101	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347093	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	19 (11.52)	18.2507
2000's	72 (43.64)	29.6817
2010's	57 (34.55)	24.3611
2020's	17 (10.30)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	5 (3.03%)	5.53%
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	6 (3.64%)	6.00%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	154 (93.33%)	84.16%
Other	7 (100.00%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	3.26	6	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	1.98	1	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
choline [no description available]	8.11	5	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2.43	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.1	1	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.15	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2.05	1	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	1.99	1	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
glycine [no description available]	8.27	6	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.44	2	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	2.4	2	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
taurine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.15	1	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone 1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone: a CNS depressant; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	2.07	1	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	2.05	1	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
berberine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
caffeine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	2.01	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.01	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	1.98	1	0	barbiturates
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	2.07	1	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2	1	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	2.6	1	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	2.04	1	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.04	1	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.01	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene 1,4-bis(2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy))benzene: potent phenobarbital-like inducer of microsomal monooxygenase activity; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	2.01	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
urethane [no description available]	1.98	1	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
corticosterone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	2.03	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	2.01	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	2.02	1	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.05	1	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
acetol hydroxyacetone : A propanone that is acetone in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	1.98	1	0	methyl ketone; primary alcohol; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; propanones	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	2.25	1	0	indazole
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	11.11	149	4	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
cuprizone [no description available]	7.21	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	2.43	2	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
flavone flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.	3.11	1	0	flavones	metabolite; nematicide
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	3.18	5	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
glycerylphosphorylcholine Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)	2	1	0	glycerophosphocholine
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	2.96	4	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
pregnenolone carbonitrile Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.	2.07	1	0	aliphatic nitrile
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	3.11	5	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	3.7	1	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	4.99	12	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	7.02	1	0
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	7.06	1	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
coptisine coptisine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0	alkaloid	metabolite
4-methoxymethylpyridoxine 4-methoxymethylpyridoxine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0	pyridines
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	7.01	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate: binds to GABA & ion recognition sites; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	organic thiophosphate
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	7.05	1	0	proanthocyanidin
(2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate (2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl)methanethiosulfonate: RN given for bromide; used in dopamine analysis	2.02	1	0
schizandrin b schizandrin B: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent with anti-inflammatory activity; isolated from Schisandra plant	2.1	1	0
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	3.79	3	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
ginkgolide a [no description available]	5.57	16	1	diterpene lactone
nnc 711 NNC 711: structure in first source	2.42	2	0
dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate dimethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate: stable deriv of nifedipine; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	phenylpyridine
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	2.01	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
schizandrin a schizandrin A: the major lignan, 2-9%, of Schisandra plant; has hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and antineoplastic activities	2.1	1	0
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	1.98	1	0
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.1	1	0
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	2.06	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
glycosides [no description available]	7.25	1	0
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	2.42	2	0
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	3.47	1	1	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy 2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxy: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	2.6	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
quercetin [no description available]	8.66	9	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
luteolin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.73	3	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	3.55	8	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.	3.16	5	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anticoagulant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite
ginkgolic acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0	hydroxybenzoic acid
astragalin kaempferol-3-O-glucoside: isolated from the pit of Mahkota dewa; structure in first source. kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside in which a glucosyl residue is attached at position 3 of kaempferol via a beta-glycosidic linkage.	2.02	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; kaempferol O-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite; trypanocidal drug
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	7.25	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	2	1	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
kaempferol-3-o-rutinoside kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside: isolated from the methanolic extract of the whole plants of Diodia teres through repeated silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography; structure in first source. kaempferol-3-rutinoside : A kaempferol O-glucoside that is kaempferol attached to a rutinosyl [6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucosyl] residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the leaves of Solanum campaniforme.	2.02	1	0	disaccharide derivative; kaempferol O-glucoside; rutinoside; trihydroxyflavone	metabolite; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
puerarin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.02	1	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	2.01	1	0
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	2.49	2	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	2	1	0	ammonium ion derivative
chloralose Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.	1.98	1	0
aldicarb Aldicarb: Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.. aldicarb : The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.	2.05	1	0
6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-b)(1,3)thiazole-5-carbaldehyde o-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime 6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-b)(1,3)thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime: a constitutive androstane receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.21	1	0
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	2.42	2	0
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	1.98	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
phenobarbital sodium [no description available]	2.07	1	0	barbiturates; organic sodium salt
picrotoxinin picrotoxinin: toxic component of PICROTOXIN; structure; noncompetitive antagonist of ionotropic GABA-A receptors. picrotoxinin : A picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid that is 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene-3,7-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3a, 6, and 7a by methyl, isopropenyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively; in which the double bond at position 2-3 has been epoxidised; and in which the carboxy groups at positions 3 and 7 have undergone gamma-lactone formation by O-alkylation to positions 4 and 5, respectively. A component of picrotoxin.	2.75	3	0
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	3.43	7	0
sch772984 [no description available]	2.25	1	0	biaryl; indazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-alkylpyrrolidine; N-arylpiperazine; pyridines; pyrimidines; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	3.82	2	1
isoquercitrin [no description available]	2.45	2	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	2.06	1	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	7.49	2	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
ginkgolide b [no description available]	8.96	40	3
ginkgolide c ginkgolide C: ginkolide; inactive to PAF receptor; structure given in first source	4.1	15	0
ginkgolide j ginkgolide J: a naturally occurring ginkgolide from GINKGO	2.72	3	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.25	1	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	2.07	1	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	4.91	7	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	4.91	7	1
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	2.41	1	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	3.33	1	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	3.33	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	4.14	3	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	4.14	3	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	5.74	18	1
Absence Seizure Disorder [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	7.72	3	0
Epilepsy, Absence A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)	2.6	1	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	7.72	3	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	3.52	1	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	3.52	1	0
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	2.21	1	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	2.31	1	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	2.31	1	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	3.33	6	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	3.3	6	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	8.3	6	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	3.33	6	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	2.17	1	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	2.21	1	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	2.21	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	2.21	1	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	2.08	1	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	2.47	2	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	2.08	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Allodynia [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Ache [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	3.47	1	1
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	8.47	1	1
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	2.08	1	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	2.08	1	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	2.08	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	4.74	11	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	4.74	11	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	2.52	2	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	2.13	1	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	2.13	1	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	7.13	1	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	7.15	1	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	2.15	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	3.86	4	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	3.86	4	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	7.15	1	0
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	2.04	1	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	2.42	2	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	2.06	1	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	2.06	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	2.07	1	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	7.07	1	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	7.07	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	2.92	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.43	2	0
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	2.42	2	0
Audiogenic Epilepsy [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	2.01	1	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	7.42	2	0
Epilepsy, Reflex A subtype of epilepsy characterized by seizures that are consistently provoked by a certain specific stimulus. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli as well as the acts of writing, reading, eating, and decision making are examples of events or activities that may induce seizure activity in affected individuals. (From Neurol Clin 1994 Feb;12(1):57-8)	2.01	1	0
Axonotmesis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Trauma, Nervous System Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.	2.01	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.02	1	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	2.02	1	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	2.02	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Water Intoxication A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.	2.03	1	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2.73	3	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	2.03	1	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	2.03	1	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	2.04	1	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	2.69	3	0
P carinii Infection [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Pneumocystis Infections Infections with species in the genus PNEUMOCYSTIS, a fungus causing interstitial plasma cell pneumonia (PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCYSTIS) and other infections in humans and other MAMMALS. Immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS, are particularly susceptible to these infections. Extrapulmonary sites are rare but seen occasionally.	1.98	1	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Complex IV Deficiency [description not available]	2	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	2	1	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	2.01	1	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.25	1	0

bilobalide

Cross-References

Synonyms (57)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (7)

Potency Measurements

Biological Processes (5)

Molecular Functions (2)

Ceullar Components (1)

Bioassays (92)

Research

Studies (165)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 36.37

Study Types

bilobalide

Related Flora

Cross-References

Synonyms (57)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (7)

Potency Measurements

Biological Processes (5)

Molecular Functions (2)

Ceullar Components (1)

Bioassays (92)

Research

Studies (165)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 36.37

Study Types

Related Drugs (109)

Related Conditions (107)