Page last updated: 2024-10-20

urea and Hepatic Encephalopathy

urea has been researched along with Hepatic Encephalopathy in 89 studies

pseudourea: clinical use; structure
isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.

Hepatic Encephalopathy: A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Lactulose is the most frequently utilized agent in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy because of its efficacy and the fact that it has few serious side effects."8.79Lactulose and combination therapy of hepatic encephalopathy: the role of the intestinal microflora. ( Weber, FL, 1996)
"The aim of this study was to specify the mechanism of hepatic encephalopathy which may occur in some cirrhotics treated by Spironolactone."7.65[Hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotics receiving spironolactone (author's transl)]. ( Imler, M; Schlienger, JL, 1977)
"Lactulose is the most frequently utilized agent in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy because of its efficacy and the fact that it has few serious side effects."4.79Lactulose and combination therapy of hepatic encephalopathy: the role of the intestinal microflora. ( Weber, FL, 1996)
"Lactulose is the most frequently utilized agent in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy because of its efficacy and the fact that it has few serious side effects."4.79Effects of lactulose on nitrogen metabolism. ( Weber, FL, 1997)
"A significantly poorer prognosis was found in association with clinical signs suggestive of liver disease, presence of hepatic encephalopathy, ultrasonographic abnormalities, increased serum globulins, increased total bile acids (TBA), increased alkaline phosphatase (AP), increased gamma-glutamyl transferase (gammaGT), erythrocytosis, leucocytosis, low serum albumin and low serum urea."3.72Retrospective analysis of historical, clinical, ultrasonographic, serum biochemical and haematological data in prognostic evaluation of equine liver disease. ( Durham, AE; Hillyer, LL; Hillyer, MH; Marr, CM; Newton, JR; Smith, KC; Smith, MR, 2003)
"This case presents with an uncommon origin of the hepatic encephalopathy: in the operated colon, bacterial overgrowth (bacteriogenic ureapoiesis) developed, which led to a hyperammonemia."3.71[A rare cause of hepatic coma]. ( Adamek, MU; Brass, H; Karbach, U, 2001)
"The aim of this study was to specify the mechanism of hepatic encephalopathy which may occur in some cirrhotics treated by Spironolactone."3.65[Hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotics receiving spironolactone (author's transl)]. ( Imler, M; Schlienger, JL, 1977)
"Hepatic encephalopathy is a neuropsychological syndrome due to biochemical disturbance of brain function in advanced liver disease patients."2.61Mechanistic insight, diagnosis, and treatment of ammonia-induced hepatic encephalopathy. ( Fiati Kenston, SS; Li, Z; Song, X; Zhao, J, 2019)
" It is, however, obvious that both in rats and mice the severity of symptoms depends not only on dose and dosing schedule of TAA, but also on strain and body weight (age)."1.29Effects of inhibition of ornithine aminotransferase on thioacetamide-induced hepatogenic encephalopathy. ( Grauffel, C; Knödgen, B; Sarhan, S; Seiler, N, 1993)
"In horses with hepatic necrosis, lipidosis, neoplasia and cirrhosis, progression of the disease was studied by serial measurements of total serum bile acid concentrations and of plasma glutamate dehydrogenase (GD) and gamma glutamyl transferase (gamma GT) and by liver biopsy."1.29Clinical and pathological studies in horses with hepatic disease. ( West, HJ, 1996)
"Acute hepatic coma in the pigs was induced by complete devascularization of the liver."1.27Successful treatment of hepatic coma by a new artificial liver device in the pig. ( Höhnke, C; Jung, V; Kachel, F; Lee, KS; Lie, TS, 1985)
"In the group with the mixed form of hepatic coma creatinine clearance was pathological in 3 cases, in 6 cases hyperaldosteronism was diagnosed; necrosis of the tubules could not be found in this group; 4 patients had overt renal failure."1.26[Disorders of kidney function in hepatic coma]. ( Druml, W; Kleinberger, G; Lochs, H, 1982)
"Because hepatic encephalopathy is mainly produced by toxic intestinal protein metabolites no protein should be adminstered at the beginining of the disease."1.26[Therapy of hepatic insufficiency]. ( Müting, D, 1977)

Research

Studies (89)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-199055 (61.80)18.7374
1990's19 (21.35)18.2507
2000's6 (6.74)29.6817
2010's6 (6.74)24.3611
2020's3 (3.37)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Duarte, NT1
Tenório, JR1
Andrade, NS1
Martins, F1
Gallottini, M1
Ortega, KL1
Fürschuß, L1
Rainer, F1
Effenberger, M1
Niederreiter, M1
Portugaller, RH1
Horvath, A1
Fickert, P1
Stadlbauer, V1
Khsiba, A3
Bradai, S3
Mahmoudi, M3
Mohamed, AB3
Medhioub, M3
Hamzaoui, L3
Azouz, MM3
Fiati Kenston, SS1
Song, X1
Li, Z1
Zhao, J1
Rockey, DC2
Vierling, JM1
Mantry, P1
Ghabril, M2
Brown, RS1
Alexeeva, O1
Zupanets, IA1
Grinevich, V1
Baranovsky, A1
Dudar, L1
Fadieienko, G1
Kharchenko, N1
Klaryts'ka, I1
Morozov, V1
Grewal, P1
McCashland, T1
Reddy, KG1
Reddy, KR1
Syplyviy, V1
Bass, NM1
Dickinson, K1
Norris, C1
Coakley, D1
Mokhtarani, M1
Scharschmidt, BF1
Mondal, P1
Trigun, SK1
Rahimi, RS1
Poo, JL1
Cervera, E1
de Hoyos, A1
Gil, S1
Cadena, M1
Uribe, M1
Teufel, U1
Weitz, J1
Flechtenmacher, C1
Prietsch, V1
Schmidt, J1
Hoffmann, GF1
Kölker, S1
Engelmann, G1
Blanco Vela, CI1
Poo Ramírez, JL1
WOLFE, SJ1
FAST, BB1
STORMONT, JM1
DAVIDSON, CS1
UGARTE, G2
PINO, ME2
VALENZUELA, J2
LORCA, F2
NIENHUIS, LI1
MULMED, EI1
KELLEY, JW1
DELPINO, D1
LESTRADET, H1
LEVY, VG1
BERGOZ, R1
PREVOT, M1
LAUGA, J1
CAROLI, J1
LABBY, DH1
HUTCHINSON, JH1
STAHL, J1
BOCKEL, R1
IMLER, M2
Durham, AE1
Newton, JR1
Smith, KC1
Hillyer, MH1
Hillyer, LL1
Smith, MR1
Marr, CM1
DuBois, S1
Eng, S1
Bhattacharya, R1
Rulyak, S1
Hubbard, T1
Putnam, D1
Kearney, DJ1
Stefoni, S1
Colì, L1
Bolondi, L1
Donati, G2
Ruggeri, G1
Feliciangeli, G1
Piscaglia, F1
Silvagni, E1
Sirri, M1
Baraldi, O1
Soverini, ML1
Cianciolo, G1
Boni, P1
Patrono, D1
Ramazzotti, E1
Motta, R1
Roda, A1
Simoni, P1
Magliulo, M1
Borgnino, LC1
Ricci, D1
Mezzopane, D1
Cappuccilli, ML1
Nguyen, J1
Kramer, D1
Genco, T1
Mai, M1
Rosser, BG1
Atiq, M1
Holt, AF1
Safdar, K1
Weber, F1
Ravinuthala, R1
Jonas, ME1
Neff, GW1
Thomson, A1
Holmes, AW1
Streiff, F1
Dureux, B1
Peters, A1
Canton, P1
Genetet, B1
Leimenstoll, G1
Leimenstoll, A1
Moch, KJ1
Kamenich, W1
Matthes, KJ1
Kvamme, E1
Mezey, E2
Gerok, W2
Lochs, H1
Kleinberger, G1
Druml, W1
Plevris, JN1
Morgenstern, R1
Hayes, PC1
Bouchier, IA1
Treem, WR1
Nozaki, H1
Sanjo, K1
Sarhan, S1
Knödgen, B1
Grauffel, C1
Seiler, N1
Marchesini, G1
Fabbri, A1
Bianchi, G1
Brizi, M1
Zoli, M1
Catapano, G1
De Bartolo, L1
Lombardi, CP1
Drioli, E1
West, HJ1
Brusilow, SW1
Maestri, NE1
Cordoba, J1
Blei, AT1
Mujais, S1
Weber, FL2
Peek, SF1
Divers, TJ1
Jackson, CJ1
Noto, H1
Matsushita, M1
Koike, M1
Takahashi, M1
Matsue, H1
Kimura, J1
Todo, S1
Rose, C1
Michalak, A1
Pannunzio, P1
Therrien, G1
Quack, G1
Kircheis, G1
Butterworth, RF1
Stange, J1
Mitzner, SR1
Risler, T1
Erley, CM1
Lauchart, W1
Goehl, H1
Klammt, S1
Peszynski, P1
Freytag, J1
Hickstein, H1
Löhr, M1
Liebe, S1
Schareck, W1
Hopt, UT1
Schmidt, R1
Adamek, MU1
Brass, H1
Karbach, U1
Königshausen, T1
Förster, H1
Trobisch, H1
Borchard, F1
Grabensee, B1
Hausamen, TU1
Mittermayer, Ch1
Böttcher, D1
Manghani, KK1
Lunzer, MR2
Billing, BH1
Sherlock, S3
Glasgow, AM1
Chase, HP1
Ansley, JD1
Isaacs, JW1
Rikkers, LF1
Kutner, MH1
Nordlinger, BM1
Rudman, D2
Pausch, J1
Mel'k, MV1
Schlienger, JL1
Winchester, JF1
Gelfand, MC1
Knepshield, JH1
Schreiner, GE1
Neumayr, A1
Müting, D1
Mahnke, PF1
Keitel, R1
Graf, B1
Schollmeyer, W1
Otto, U1
Galambos, JT1
Warren, WD1
Smith, RB1
Salam, AA1
Hill, MJ1
Drasar, BS1
Granov, AM1
Mikhal'chuk, MA1
Borisov, AE1
Kabakov, AB1
Bruk, AA1
Frohburg, E1
Stölzel, U1
Lenz, K1
Schäfer, JH1
Tung, LC1
Riecken, EO1
Kreis, R1
Farrow, N1
Ross, BD1
Roterdamskaia, OM1
Alimov, MM1
Kasymov, AKh1
Gilbert, GJ1
Lie, TS1
Jung, V1
Kachel, F1
Höhnke, C1
Lee, KS1
Parbhoo, SP2
James, IM2
Ajdukiewicz, A1
Xanalatos, C1
Kennedy, J2
Chalstrey, LJ2
Brock, PJ1
Sayer, P1
Kommerell, B1
Stiehl, A1
Thaler, MM1
Hoogenraad, NJ1
Boswell, M1
Moult, PJ1
Trash, DB1
Losowsky, MS1
Scott, BB1
Zweig, JI1
Lecompte, Y1
Metreau, JM1
Sancho, HS1
Bismuth, H1
Soyer, T1
Lempinen, M1
Walker, JE1
Supanwanid, P1
Eiseman, B1
Nance, FC1
Kaufman, HJ1
Kline, DG1
O'Reilly, S1
Jones, JD1
Burnett, PC1
Willson, RA1
Webster, KH1
Hofmann, AF1
Summerskill, WH3
Gips, CH1
Reitsema, A1
Adjukiewicz, AB1
Hillenbrand, P1
Berl, S1
Wolpert, E1
Fishbein, WN1
Daly, JE1
Thorsell, F1
Feinberg, JH1
Aldrete, JS1
Boeckl, O1
Bircher, J1
Gmünder, U1
Haemmerli, UP1
Müller-Duysing, W1
Bally, G1
Haemmerli, G1
Hoffmann, K1
Dubrisay, J1
Foncin, JF1
Pouillart, P1
Mahoudeau, D1
Rossotto, P1
Motta, G1
Guberti, A1
Azzena, GF1
Tabone, E1

Clinical Trials (5)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Retrospective Analysis of Outcome After Implantation of a Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS)[NCT03459378]158 participants (Actual)Observational2018-03-23Completed
A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Safety and Efficacy of HPN-100 for Maintaining Remission in Subjects With Cirrhosis and Episodic Hepatic Encephalopathy[NCT00999167]Phase 2189 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-12-31Completed
Effect of Polyethylene Glycol Versus Lactulose on Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis; a Randomized Clinical Trial (PEGHE Trial)[NCT04436601]Phase 4102 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-03-09Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Study of Sodium Phenylbutyrate and Low-Dose Arginine Compared to High-Dose Arginine Alone on Liver Function, Ureagenesis and Subsequent Nitric Oxide Production in Patients With Argininosuccinic Aciduria[NCT00345605]Phase 212 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-29Completed
Efficacy of Intravenous 'L-ornithine L-aspartate' in Reversal of Overt Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis: a Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Trial[NCT01722578]Phase 4200 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-12-31Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Part B: Proportion of Subjects Who Exhibit an HE Episode, Defined as Either of the Following During the Treatment Phase: WH ≥2; WH Grade and Asterixis Grade Increase of 1 Each, if Baseline WH = 0

"An HE event was defined as occurrences of either a West Haven (WH) Grade ≥2 or a WH Grade 1 and asterixis grade increase of 1 (if baseline WH = 0).~The WH criteria are widely used for rating the severity of HE and are summarized below:~Grade 1: trivial lack of awareness, euphoria or anxiety, shortened attention span, impaired performance of addition Grade 2: lethargy or apathy, minimal disorientation for time or place, subtle personality change, inappropriate behavior, impaired performance of subtraction Grade 3: somnolence to semi-stupor but responsive to verbal stimuli, confusion, gross disorientation Grade 4: coma (unresponsive to verbal or noxious stimuli)~Asterixis was assessed after arm and forearm extension along with wrist dorsiflexion for 30 seconds and assigned a grade according to the following criteria:~Grade 1: rare flaps Grade 2: occasional irregular flaps Grade 3: frequent flaps Grade 4: continuous flaps" (NCT00999167)
Timeframe: Part B: 112 Days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
HPN-10019
Placebo32

Time to Meeting the Primary Endpoint

Secondary efficacy endpoint. The time to the first HE episode during the treatment period was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Subjects who did not experience an HE episode were censored at the time of their last asterixis assessment. Subjects who had no post-randomization data for the primary endpoint were considered to have an HE episode at Day 1. (NCT00999167)
Timeframe: 112 Days

InterventionDays (Median)
HPN-100NA
PlaceboNA

Total Number of HE Events

Secondary efficacy endpoint. The total number of HE events during the treatment phase for subjects in the placebo and active arms. (NCT00999167)
Timeframe: 112 Days

InterventionHE event (Number)
HPN-10035
Placebo57

Change From Baseline in Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) Score

Changes from Baseline to Day 56 and the Final Visit were compared between treatment groups using an ANCOVA model for the total index RBANS score ). The index score is a sum of the scores for each of the 5 individual domains (immediate memory, visuospatial/constructional, language, attention). The minimum and maximum total index scores are 40 and 160, respectively; a higher score is better. (NCT00999167)
Timeframe: Day 56, Final Visit (D112)

,
Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Change from Baseline to D56 (Total Score)Change from Baseline to Final Visit (Total Score)
HPN-100-0.5-10.7
Placebo3.2-9.7

Part A: The Rate of AEs and Tolerability of HPN-100

Part A: The rate of AEs and tolerability of 6 mL and 9 mL doses of HPN-100 were considered the primary safety endpoints for Part A. Safety assessments included adverse events, laboratory tests (including ammonia, hematology, coagulation, liver function and serum chemistry parameters), vital signs, physical and neurological examinations, and electrocardiograms. (NCT00999167)
Timeframe: Part A: 28 days

InterventionSubjects (Number)
Any AEGastrointestinal disordersMetabolism and nutrition disordersInfection and infestationsNervous system disordersBlood and lymphatic system disordersInjury, poisoning and procedural complicationsMusculoskeletal and connective tissue disordersPsychiatric disordersAny SAEDeath
HPN-100 BID119744222252

Arginine Levels

(NCT00345605)
Timeframe: Measured after each 1-week treatment period

Interventionmicromoles/L (Median)
High-dose Arginine Alone129
Low-dose Arginine Plus Buphenyl53

Argininosuccinic Acid Levels

(NCT00345605)
Timeframe: Measured after each 1-week treatment period

Interventionmicromole/l (Median)
High-dose Arginine Alone69
Low-dose Arginine Plus Buphenyl53

Measures of Liver Function: INR

The result (in seconds) for a prothrombin time performed on a normal individual will vary according to the type of analytical system employed. This is due to the variations between different batches of manufacturer's tissue factor used in the reagent to perform the test. The INR was devised to standardize the results. Each manufacturer assigns an ISI value (International Sensitivity Index) for any tissue factor they manufacture. The ISI value indicates how a particular batch of tissue factor compares to an international reference tissue factor. The ISI is usually between 1.0 and 2.0. The INR is the ratio of a patient's prothrombin time to a normal (control) sample, raised to the power of the ISI value for the analytical system being used. (NCT00345605)
Timeframe: Measured after each 1-week treatment period

Interventionseconds (Mean)
Low-dose Arginine Plus Buphenyl14.2
High Dose Arginine Alone13.8

Urea Production Rate

(NCT00345605)
Timeframe: Measured after each 1-week treatment period

Interventionmicromoles/kg/hr (Mean)
High-dose Arginine Alone215
Low-dose Arginine Plus Buphenyl97

Measures of Liver Function: AST and ALT

Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were measured. (NCT00345605)
Timeframe: Measured after each 1-week treatment period

,
InterventionIU/L (Mean)
Plasma ASTALT
High Dose Arginine Alone5257.86
Low-dose Arginine Plus Buphenyl36.231.7

Measures of Liver Function: Coagulation Factors

Plasma levels of coagulation factors I and IX were used as measures of hepatic synthetic function since the treatment duration was short. (NCT00345605)
Timeframe: Measured after each 1-week treatment period

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
IIX
High Dose Arginine Alone229.7798.36
Low-dose Arginine Plus Buphenyl222.22105.33

Measures of Liver Function: PT and PTT

Prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) were measured PT measures factors I (fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), V, VII, and X, while PTT is a performance indicator of the efficacy of the common coagulation pathways. (NCT00345605)
Timeframe: Measured after each 1-week treatment period

,
Interventionseconds (Mean)
PTPTT
High Dose Arginine Alone13.830.98
Low-dose Arginine Plus Buphenyl14.2530.91

Reviews

14 reviews available for urea and Hepatic Encephalopathy

ArticleYear
Mechanistic insight, diagnosis, and treatment of ammonia-induced hepatic encephalopathy.
    Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 2019, Volume: 34, Issue:1

    Topics: Ammonia; Diet; Glutamine; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Urea

2019
Novel Ammonia-Lowering Agents for Hepatic Encephalopathy.
    Clinics in liver disease, 2015, Volume: 19, Issue:3

    Topics: Ammonia; Carbon; Gastrointestinal Agents; Glycerol; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Ornithine; Oxide

2015
[Rationale for the use of sodium benzoate in clinical hepatology].
    Revista de investigacion clinica; organo del Hospital de Enfermedades de la Nutricion, 1990, Volume: 42 Suppl

    Topics: Acetates; Adult; Animals; Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Glycine; He

1990
HEPATIC COMA; TREATMENT EMPHASIZING MERIT OF PERITONEAL DIALYSIS.
    American journal of surgery, 1963, Volume: 106

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Alkalosis; Ammonium Chloride; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arginine; Chlorothiazi

1963
Liver disease and protein needs.
    Annual review of nutrition, 1982, Volume: 2

    Topics: Amino Acids; Avitaminosis; Dietary Proteins; Digestion; Ethanol; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Int

1982
[Therapy of aminoacid and protein metabolism disturbances in liver disease (author's transl)].
    Leber, Magen, Darm, 1981, Volume: 11, Issue:2

    Topics: Amino Acids; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Energy Intake; Hepatic Encephalo

1981
Inherited and acquired syndromes of hyperammonemia and encephalopathy in children.
    Seminars in liver disease, 1994, Volume: 14, Issue:3

    Topics: Ammonia; Child; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Diseases; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Reye Synd

1994
Urea cycle disorders: diagnosis, pathophysiology, and therapy.
    Advances in pediatrics, 1996, Volume: 43

    Topics: Adolescent; Algorithms; Alkalosis, Respiratory; Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Ammonia; Child

1996
Lactulose and combination therapy of hepatic encephalopathy: the role of the intestinal microflora.
    Digestive diseases (Basel, Switzerland), 1996, Volume: 14 Suppl 1

    Topics: Ammonia; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Cathartics; Dietary Fiber; Drug Synergism; Feces; Gastroin

1996
Effects of lactulose on nitrogen metabolism.
    Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. Supplement, 1997, Volume: 222

    Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colon; Dietary Fiber; Feces; Gastrointestinal Agents; Hepat

1997
[Biochemical and pathophysiological aspects of hyperammonaemia (author's transl)].
    Klinische Wochenschrift, 1977, Feb-01, Volume: 55, Issue:3

    Topics: Ammonia; Brain; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver; Uracil Nucleotides; Urea

1977
Liver disease and nutrition.
    Gastroenterology, 1978, Volume: 74, Issue:4

    Topics: Alcoholism; Amino Acids; Blood Glucose; Celiac Disease; Deficiency Diseases; Hepatic Encephalopathy;

1978
Hepatic encephalopathy.
    British medical journal, 1973, Aug-04, Volume: 3, Issue:5874

    Topics: Acetazolamide; Ammonia; Constipation; Diet Therapy; Electroencephalography; Gastrointestinal Hemorrh

1973
Effects of lysine on ammonia formation, hydrogen ion, and potassium ion balance: a review and an hypothesis.
    Clinical chemistry, 1973, Volume: 19, Issue:9

    Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Adolescent; Adult; Ammonia; Animals; Arginine; Biological Transport; Cystinur

1973

Trials

3 trials available for urea and Hepatic Encephalopathy

ArticleYear
Randomized, double-blind, controlled study of glycerol phenylbutyrate in hepatic encephalopathy.
    Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2014, Volume: 59, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Double-Blind Method; Female; Glutamine; Glycerol; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Huma

2014
Randomized, double-blind, controlled study of glycerol phenylbutyrate in hepatic encephalopathy.
    Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2014, Volume: 59, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Double-Blind Method; Female; Glutamine; Glycerol; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Huma

2014
Randomized, double-blind, controlled study of glycerol phenylbutyrate in hepatic encephalopathy.
    Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2014, Volume: 59, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Double-Blind Method; Female; Glutamine; Glycerol; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Huma

2014
Randomized, double-blind, controlled study of glycerol phenylbutyrate in hepatic encephalopathy.
    Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2014, Volume: 59, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Double-Blind Method; Female; Glutamine; Glycerol; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Huma

2014
Breath ammonia testing for diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy.
    Digestive diseases and sciences, 2005, Volume: 50, Issue:10

    Topics: Ammonia; Breath Tests; Equipment Design; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Male; Middle Aged;

2005
Selective and total shunts in the treatment of bleeding varices. A randomized controlled trial.
    The New England journal of medicine, 1976, Nov-11, Volume: 295, Issue:20

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Blood Vessel Prosthesis; Esophageal and Gastric Varices; F

1976

Other Studies

72 other studies available for urea and Hepatic Encephalopathy

ArticleYear
Nitrogenous compounds in the saliva and blood of cirrhotic patients: a cross-sectional study.
    Clinical oral investigations, 2022, Volume: 26, Issue:6

    Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Nitric Oxide; Nitrogen Com

2022
A novel score predicts mortality after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: MOTS - Modified TIPS Score.
    Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, 2022, Volume: 42, Issue:8

    Topics: Ascites; Bilirubin; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugul

2022
[Predictors of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with severe acute liver injury].
    The Pan African medical journal, 2022, Volume: 42

    Topics: Hepatic Encephalopathy; Hepatitis, Autoimmune; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Urea

2022
[Predictors of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with severe acute liver injury].
    The Pan African medical journal, 2022, Volume: 42

    Topics: Hepatic Encephalopathy; Hepatitis, Autoimmune; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Urea

2022
[Predictors of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with severe acute liver injury].
    The Pan African medical journal, 2022, Volume: 42

    Topics: Hepatic Encephalopathy; Hepatitis, Autoimmune; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Urea

2022
[Predictors of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with severe acute liver injury].
    The Pan African medical journal, 2022, Volume: 42

    Topics: Hepatic Encephalopathy; Hepatitis, Autoimmune; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Urea

2022
Pannexin1 as a novel cerebral target in pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy.
    Metabolic brain disease, 2014, Volume: 29, Issue:4

    Topics: Ammonia; Brain; Connexins; Energy Metabolism; Glutamic Acid; Heart Arrest; Hepatic Encephalopathy; H

2014
High urgency liver transplantation in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency presenting with acute liver failure.
    Pediatric transplantation, 2011, Volume: 15, Issue:6

    Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Child, Preschool; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy;

2011
Efficacy of oral L-ornithine L-aspartate in cirrhotic patients with hyperammonemic hepatic encephalopathy.
    Annals of hepatology, 2011, Volume: 10 Suppl 2

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Ammonia; Dipeptides; Glutamine; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Hyperammonemia

2011
Treatment of hepatic coma: use of certain Krebs' urea cycle intermediates (L-arginine, DL-ornithine).
    The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine, 1958, Volume: 51, Issue:5

    Topics: Amino Acids; Ammonia; Arginine; Citric Acid Cycle; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Ornithine; Urea

1958
UREA CYCLE ENZYMATIC ABNORMALITIES IN PATIENTS IN ENDOGENOUS HEPATIC COMA.
    Gastroenterology, 1963, Volume: 45

    Topics: Arginase; Arginine; Blood; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Hepatitis; Hepatitis A; Humans; Ligases; Liver; L

1963
[HEPATIC COMA].
    Revista medica de Chile, 1963, Volume: 91

    Topics: Ammonia; Arginine; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Blood; Blood Protein Electrophoresis; Clinical Labor

1963
[THE PHYSIOPATHOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF HEPATIC COMA].
    Concours medical, 1964, Mar-07, Volume: 86

    Topics: Alkalosis; Ammonia; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Arginine; Bilirubin; Blood C

1964
[CASE OF PERITONEAL DIALYSIS IN A PATIENT WITH CIRRHOSIS IN COMA WITH INFECTED ASCITES].
    Revue medico-chirurgicale des maladies du foie, 1964, Volume: 39

    Topics: Ammonia; Ascites; Blood Chemical Analysis; Coma; Dialysis; Fluid Therapy; Hematocrit; Hepatic Enceph

1964
MECHANISM OF HEPATIC COMA.
    Biochemical clinics, 1964, Volume: 3

    Topics: Ammonia; Blood; Diagnosis; Glutamine; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Intestine, Small; Intestines;

1964
Retrospective analysis of historical, clinical, ultrasonographic, serum biochemical and haematological data in prognostic evaluation of equine liver disease.
    Equine veterinary journal, 2003, Volume: 35, Issue:6

    Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Bile Acids and Salts; Blood Chemical Analysis; Confidence Intervals;

2003
Molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) application in liver failure: clinical and hemodepurative results in 22 patients.
    The International journal of artificial organs, 2006, Volume: 29, Issue:2

    Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Bilirubin; Blood Pressure; Chenodeoxycholic Acid; Cholic

2006
Presentation of an acquired urea cycle disorder post liver transplantation.
    Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society, 2007, Volume: 13, Issue:12

    Topics: Fatal Outcome; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver

2007
Adult onset urea cycle disorder in a patient with presumed hepatic encephalopathy.
    Journal of clinical gastroenterology, 2008, Volume: 42, Issue:2

    Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Glucocorticoids; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Male; Meta

2008
Immune inhibition of urea breakdown in patients with cirrhosis.
    Gastroenterology, 1967, Volume: 52, Issue:1

    Topics: Ammonia; Dietary Proteins; Hemagglutination Tests; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Immunization; Liv

1967
[A new indication for exchange transfusion: treatment of hepatic coma?].
    Transfusion, 1967, Volume: 10, Issue:1

    Topics: Aspartate Aminotransferases; Bilirubin; Child; Electroencephalography; Exchange Transfusion, Whole B

1967
[Problems of protein supply in patients with liver cirrhosis].
    Die Medizinische Welt, 1982, Sep-03, Volume: 33, Issue:35

    Topics: Ammonia; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Methionine; Neurotransmitter Agents; Paren

1982
Ammonia metabolism in the CNS.
    Progress in neurobiology, 1983, Volume: 20, Issue:1-2

    Topics: Acyltransferases; Amidohydrolases; Ammonia; Animals; Asparaginase; Brain; Cats; Central Nervous Syst

1983
[Disorders of kidney function in hepatic coma].
    Leber, Magen, Darm, 1982, Volume: 12, Issue:5

    Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Creatinine; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Hyperaldosteronism;

1982
Hyperammonaemia in cirrhosis and Helicobacter pylori infection.
    Lancet (London, England), 1995, Oct-21, Volume: 346, Issue:8982

    Topics: Ammonia; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Breath Tests; Female; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori;

1995
[A case of hyperammonemia in chronic renal failure successfully treated with the infusion of NaHCO3].
    Nihon Jinzo Gakkai shi, 1993, Volume: 35, Issue:7

    Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Acidosis; Aged; Ammonia; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Infusions, I

1993
Effects of inhibition of ornithine aminotransferase on thioacetamide-induced hepatogenic encephalopathy.
    Neurochemical research, 1993, Volume: 18, Issue:4

    Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Citrulline; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Hepatic Encephal

1993
Zinc supplementation and amino acid-nitrogen metabolism in patients with advanced cirrhosis.
    Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 1996, Volume: 23, Issue:5

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Alanine; Ammonia; Female; Glucagon; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Human

1996
The effect of oxygen transport resistances on the viability and functions of isolated rat hepatocytes.
    The International journal of artificial organs, 1996, Volume: 19, Issue:1

    Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Artificial Organs; Biological Transport, Active; Cell Separation; Cell Survival; C

1996
Clinical and pathological studies in horses with hepatic disease.
    Equine veterinary journal, 1996, Volume: 28, Issue:2

    Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Bile Acids and Salts; Bilirubin; Biopsy; Blood Glucose; Disease Progression; Femal

1996
Determinants of ammonia clearance by hemodialysis.
    Artificial organs, 1996, Volume: 20, Issue:7

    Topics: Ammonia; Blood Flow Velocity; Brain Edema; Dialysis Solutions; Glutamine; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Hu

1996
Hyperammonaemia associated with encephalopathy and abdominal pain without evidence of liver disease in four mature horses.
    Equine veterinary journal, 1997, Volume: 29, Issue:1

    Topics: Abdominal Pain; Ammonia; Animals; Bicarbonates; Bile Acids and Salts; Bilirubin; Biomarkers; Creatin

1997
Effect of high concentrations of bile acids on cultured hepatocytes.
    Artificial organs, 1998, Volume: 22, Issue:4

    Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Animals; Bile Acids and Salts; Cells, Cultured; Cholagogues and Choleretics; D

1998
L-ornithine-L-aspartate in experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy: therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of action.
    Metabolic brain disease, 1998, Volume: 13, Issue:2

    Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Dipeptides; Glutamic Acid; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Male; Portacaval Shunt, Surgica

1998
Molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS): clinical results of a new membrane-based blood purification system for bioartificial liver support.
    Artificial organs, 1999, Volume: 23, Issue:4

    Topics: Adsorption; Adult; Ammonia; Bilirubin; Cholinesterases; Creatinine; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy;

1999
[A rare cause of hepatic coma].
    Medizinische Klinik (Munich, Germany : 1983), 2001, Apr-15, Volume: 96, Issue:4

    Topics: Aged; Colon; Colon, Sigmoid; Colony Count, Microbial; Cystectomy; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; H

2001
[Toxic liver disintegration coma with consumption coagulopathy following carbromal poisoning].
    Die Medizinische Welt, 1976, Feb-13, Volume: 27, Issue:7

    Topics: Adult; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver; Poison

1976
[Liver coma in bromcarbamide poisoning].
    Die Medizinische Welt, 1977, Nov-18, Volume: 28, Issue:46

    Topics: Adult; Bromisovalum; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver; Male; Poisoning; Suicide; Urea

1977
Urinary and serum octopamine in patients with portal-systemic encephalopathy.
    Lancet (London, England), 1975, Nov-15, Volume: 2, Issue:7942

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Circadian Rhythm; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Diseases; M

1975
Exchange transfusion to remove ammonia.
    American journal of diseases of children (1960), 1975, Volume: 129, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Ammonia; Brain Diseases; Child; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Exchange Transfusio

1975
Quantitative tests of nitrogen metabolism in cirrhosis: relation to other manifestations of liver disease.
    Gastroenterology, 1978, Volume: 75, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Amino Acids; Ammonia; Ammonium Chloride; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Bilirubin; Cholesterol;

1978
[Clinico-diagnostic and prognostic value of various indicators of nitrogen metabolism in hepatic coma].
    Terapevticheskii arkhiv, 1979, Volume: 51, Issue:11

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Female; Glutamine; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Middle Aged; Pr

1979
[Hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotics receiving spironolactone (author's transl)].
    La Nouvelle presse medicale, 1977, Nov-05, Volume: 6, Issue:37

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Liver Cirrhosis; Male; Midd

1977
Present and future uses of hemoperfusion with sorbents.
    Artificial organs, 1978, Volume: 2, Issue:4

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Adsorption; Animals; Blood Cell Count; Blood Platelets; Charcoal; Coma; Creati

1978
[Blood perfusion of the liver under physiological and pathological conditions - mechanisms and clinical importance (author's transl)].
    Leber, Magen, Darm, 1977, Volume: 7, Issue:4

    Topics: Ammonia; Hepatic Artery; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Circulation; Liver Cirrhosis; Microci

1977
[Therapy of hepatic insufficiency].
    Fortschritte der Medizin, 1977, Aug-25, Volume: 95, Issue:32

    Topics: Alcoholism; Ammonia; Dietary Proteins; Exchange Transfusion, Whole Blood; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Hu

1977
[Morphological, clinical and biochemical findings on the swine-liver after heterologous perfusion for treatment of fatal ammonium bichromate poisoning].
    Zeitschrift fur die gesamte innere Medizin und ihre Grenzgebiete, 1976, May-15, Volume: 31, Issue:10

    Topics: Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Copper; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver; Male; Perfusion

1976
The normal colonic bacterial flora.
    Gut, 1975, Volume: 16, Issue:4

    Topics: Ammonia; Bacteria; Bacteroides; Bile Acids and Salts; Carcinogens; Chloramphenicol; Clostridium; Col

1975
[Extracorporeal fixation of liver slices onto the system of "artificial kidney" apparatus].
    Vestnik khirurgii imeni I. I. Grekova, 1976, Volume: 116, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Animals; Bilirubin; Dogs; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Kidneys, Artificial; Liver

1976
Prognostic indicators in fulminant hepatic failure.
    Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie, 1992, Volume: 30, Issue:9

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bilirubin; Creatinine; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Function Tes

1992
Diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
    Lancet (London, England), 1990, Sep-08, Volume: 336, Issue:8715

    Topics: Aged; Female; Glutamine; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Inositol; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy;

1990
[Possibilities of hemosorption using a fibrous sorbent in acute hepatic failure (experimental study)].
    Khirurgiia, 1990, Issue:12

    Topics: Acrylic Resins; Acute Disease; Ammonia; Animals; Bilirubin; Blood Proteins; Disease Models, Animal;

1990
Acute ammonia intoxication 37 years after ureterosigmoidostomy.
    Southern medical journal, 1988, Volume: 81, Issue:11

    Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Ammonia; Colon, Sigmoid; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Im

1988
Abstracts of the 6th International Symposium on Ammonia--Advances in Hepatic Encephalopathy and Urea Cycle Diseases. The Netherlands, 27-29 April, 1987.
    Journal of hepatology, 1987, Volume: 4 Suppl 1

    Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Urea

1987
Successful treatment of hepatic coma by a new artificial liver device in the pig.
    Research in experimental medicine. Zeitschrift fur die gesamte experimentelle Medizin einschliesslich experimenteller Chirurgie, 1985, Volume: 185, Issue:6

    Topics: Adenine Nucleotides; Ammonia; Animals; Artificial Organs; Female; Hemoperfusion; Hepatic Encephalopa

1985
Extracorporeal pig-liver perfusoon in treatment of hepatic coma due to fulminant hepatitis.
    Lancet (London, England), 1971, Apr-03, Volume: 1, Issue:7701

    Topics: Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Bicarbonates; Bilirubin; Blood Gl

1971
[Physiopathological and clinical significance of the most important laboratory findings in hepatitis and cirrhosis].
    Die Medizinische Welt, 1970, Apr-11, Volume: 15

    Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Ammonia; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Bilirubin; Biopsy; Blood Proteins; gamma

1970
Reye's syndrome due to a novel protein-tolerant variant of ornithine-transcarbamylase deficiency.
    Lancet (London, England), 1974, Aug-24, Volume: 2, Issue:7878

    Topics: Ammonia; Brain Diseases; Child; Fatty Liver; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Kinetics; Liver

1974
Use of bumetanide in the treatment of ascites due to liver disease.
    Gut, 1974, Volume: 15, Issue:12

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ascites; Benzoates; Bilirubin; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Butylamines; Chr

1974
Prediction of mortality in cirrhosis of the liver.
    Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics, 1974, Volume: 139, Issue:4

    Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Ascites; Blood Coagulation Tests; Brain Diseases; Death, Sudden; Gastrointestin

1974
Extracorporeal assist of anhepatic animals with liver slice perfusion.
    American journal of surgery, 1973, Volume: 126, Issue:1

    Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Bilirubin; Carotid Arteries; Electroencephalography; Hepatectomy; Hepatic Encephal

1973
Role of urea in the hyperammonemia of germ-free Eck fistula dogs.
    Gastroenterology, 1974, Volume: 66, Issue:1

    Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Digestive System; Dogs; Female; Germ-Free Life; Hepatic Encep

1974
Neurologic disorders and liver disease.
    Postgraduate medicine, 1971, Volume: 50, Issue:3

    Topics: Adipose Tissue; Ammonia; Brain Diseases; Citrulline; Fatty Liver; Galactosemias; Hepatic Encephalopa

1971
Implication of creatinine and gut flora in the uremic syndrome: induction of "creatininase" in colon contents of the rat by dietary creatinine.
    Clinical chemistry, 1972, Volume: 18, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Carbon Isotopes; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Colon; Creatinine; Diet; Guanidines; Hepatic

1972
Toward an artificial liver: in vitro removal of unbound and protein-bound plasma compounds related to hepatic failure.
    Gastroenterology, 1972, Volume: 62, Issue:6

    Topics: Ammonia; Artificial Organs; Bilirubin; Butyrates; Carbon Isotopes; Filtration; Glutamine; Hepatic En

1972
Influence of non-protein nitrogen substances on the indophenol reaction.
    Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry, 1971, Volume: 33, Issue:1

    Topics: Amino Acids; Ammonia; Chemistry, Clinical; Diagnosis, Differential; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans;

1971
Extracorporeal perfusion of pig liver in the treatment of acute liver failure.
    The British journal of surgery, 1971, Volume: 58, Issue:10

    Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Animals; Bilirubin; Brain; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Electroence

1971
Cerebral amino acid metabolism in hepatic coma.
    Experimental biology and medicine, 1971, Volume: 4

    Topics: Amino Acids; Aminobutyrates; Ammonia; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Cerebral Cortex; Electroencephalography;

1971
Ammonia metabolism in the gut.
    The American journal of clinical nutrition, 1970, Volume: 23, Issue:5

    Topics: Ammonia; Digestive System; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Liver Cirrhosis; U

1970
Urease inhibitors for hepatic coma. II. Comparative efficacy of four lower hydroxamate homologs in vitro and in vivo.
    Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.), 1970, Volume: 134, Issue:4

    Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Animals; Carbon Dioxide; Carbon Isotopes; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Hydroxamic

1970
Effects of urease inhibition in hyperammonemia: clinical and experimental studies with acetohydroxamic acid.
    Gastroenterology, 1968, Volume: 54, Issue:1

    Topics: Aged; Ammonia; Animals; Bilirubin; Budd-Chiari Syndrome; Dogs; Fasting; Female; Hepatic Encephalopat

1968
[Heterologous liver perfusion. A possibility of temporary liver substitution].
    Zeitschrift fur die gesamte experimentelle Medizin einschliesslich experimentelle Chirurgie, 1968, Volume: 147, Issue:2

    Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Bile; Bilirubin; Blood; Blood Gas Analysis; Cholestasis; Cholesterol;

1968
[On the action mechanism of lactulose in hepatic coma--clarification of colon urease activity using C-14 urea in rats].
    Strahlentherapie. Sonderbande, 1968, Volume: 67

    Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Carbon Dioxide; Carbon Isotopes; Colon; Disaccharides; Feces; Hepatic Encephalopat

1968
[72 cases of hepatic coma. Trial clinical, biological and anatomical correlation apropos of 105 cases].
    Archives francaises des maladies de l'appareil digestif, 1968, Volume: 57, Issue:11

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Ammonia; Brain; Electroencephalography; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Male; M

1968
[Hepatic depuration with heterologous liver. Physiopathological presuppositions, indications and metabolic and hemodynamic characteristics of the experimental preparation].
    Minerva medica, 1969, Mar-24, Volume: 60, Issue:24

    Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Glucose; Hemodynamics; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Liver; Liver Circulation; Liver Dis

1969