Compounds > imidocarb dipropionate

Page last updated: 2024-11-12

imidocarb dipropionate

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	9983292
CHEMBL ID	1362780
SCHEMBL ID	2885201
MeSH ID	M0099455

Synonyms (51)

Synonym
55750-06-6
AC-20135
imidocarb dipropionate
n,n'-bis(3-(4,5-dihydro-1h-imidazol-2-yl)phenyl)urea dipropionate
NCGC00166399-01
einecs 259-791-8
1,3-bis[3-(4,5-dihydro-1h-imidazol-2-yl)phenyl]urea; propanoic acid
cas-55750-06-6
tox21_112415
dtxsid4046604 ,
dtxcid2026604
A830788
zsm1m03shc ,
unii-zsm1m03shc
FT-0630686
AKOS015888295
S5214
SCHEMBL2885201
NCGC00174046-02
tox21_112415_1
3,3'-di-2-imidazolin-2-ylcarbanilide dipropionate
imidocarb dipropionate [mart.]
imidocarb dipropionate [green book]
CHEMBL1362780
Q-201233
imidocarb dipropionate, antibiotic for culture media use only
n,n'-bis(3-(4,5-dihydro-1h-imidazol-2-yl)-phenyl)
I0957
EX-A981
imidocarb dipropionate, vetranal(tm), analytical standard
F17388
1,3-bis(3-(4,5-dihydro-1h-imidazol-2-yl)phenyl)urea dipropionate
2-yl)phenyl)urea dipropionate
1,3-bis(3-(4,5-dihydro-1h-imidazol-
mfcd00013161
imidocarb (dipropionate)
HY-107496
AS-17387
BCP12142
n,n'-bis[3-(4,5-dihydro-1h-imidazol-2-yl)phenyl]urea, dipropanoate
imidocarb propionate
CCG-269667
CS-0028632
Q27295871
imidocarb 100 microg/ml in methanol
EN300-19626019
1,3-bis[3-(4,5-dihydro-1h-imidazol-2-yl)phenyl]urea; bis(propanoic acid)
imidocarb dipropionate 1000 microg/ml in acetonitrile
SY066666
imidocarb dipropionate (mart.)
imizol equine injection

Research Excerpts

Overview

Imidocarb dipropionate (IMD) is an immunomodulator agent commonly used for treatment of anaplasmosis in cattle.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Imidocarb dipropionate (IMD) is an immunomodulator agent commonly used for treatment of anaplasmosis in cattle."	( Validated Stability Indicating Chromatographic Methods for Quantification of Imidocarb Dipropionate; Application for the Determination of Its Residues in Bovine Meat and Milk Samples. Morsy, F; Naguib, DM; Sedik, GA; Zaazaa, HE, 2020)	2.23

Toxicity

Imidocarb dipropionate use in the control group was associated with serious adverse effects including signs of abdominal pain (4/7 horses) and diarrhea (2/7). A combination of butylscopolammonium bromide and metamizole sodium may be useful to ameliorate the adverse effects.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Studies on the toxicology, residues and metabolism of IMDP showed this to be a safe dosage regimen."	( Efficacy, toxicity and metabolism of imidocarb dipropionate in the treatment of Babesia ovis infection in sheep. Clampitt, RB; Crawley, RJ; James, JA; McHardy, N; Woollon, RM, 1986)	0.54
" The adverse effects of imidocarb may be due to excessive acetylcholine action."	( Adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate (Imizol) in a dog. Abdullah, AS; Baggot, JD; Sheikh-Omar, AR; Zamri, M, 1984)	0.6
" Atropine and glycopyrrolate are anticholinergics that could reduce the adverse effects of imidocarb."	( Comparison of glycopyrrolate and atropine in ameliorating the adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses. Donnellan, CM; Guthrie, AJ; Nurton, JP; Page, PC; van den Berg, JS, 2013)	0.62
"To compare glycopyrrolate and atropine in ameliorating the adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses and to determine the effect of combinations of these drugs on the gastrointestinal tract."	( Comparison of glycopyrrolate and atropine in ameliorating the adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses. Donnellan, CM; Guthrie, AJ; Nurton, JP; Page, PC; van den Berg, JS, 2013)	0.84
"Results of this study suggest that glycopyrrolate is superior to atropine in ameliorating the adverse effects of imidocarb."	( Comparison of glycopyrrolate and atropine in ameliorating the adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses. Donnellan, CM; Guthrie, AJ; Nurton, JP; Page, PC; van den Berg, JS, 2013)	0.62
"Glycopyrrolate could be administered with imidocarb in horses with piroplasmosis to reduce the adverse effects of imidocarb."	( Comparison of glycopyrrolate and atropine in ameliorating the adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses. Donnellan, CM; Guthrie, AJ; Nurton, JP; Page, PC; van den Berg, JS, 2013)	0.62
"To evaluate the ability of atropine sulfate, butylscopolammonium bromide combined with metamizole sodium, and flunixin meglumine to ameliorate the clinical adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses."	( Evaluation of the use of atropine sulfate, a combination of butylscopolammonium bromide and metamizole sodium, and flunixin meglumine to ameliorate clinical adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses. Abutarbush, SM; Al-Majali, AM; Alfaqeeh, SM; Mustafa, G; Qura'n, L, 2013)	0.78
"Imidocarb dipropionate use in the control group was associated with serious adverse effects including signs of abdominal pain (4/7 horses) and diarrhea (2/7)."	( Evaluation of the use of atropine sulfate, a combination of butylscopolammonium bromide and metamizole sodium, and flunixin meglumine to ameliorate clinical adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses. Abutarbush, SM; Al-Majali, AM; Alfaqeeh, SM; Mustafa, G; Qura'n, L, 2013)	2.03
"A combination of butylscopolammonium bromide and metamizole sodium may be useful to ameliorate the adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses, although group size was small and significant differences from the control group were not found."	( Evaluation of the use of atropine sulfate, a combination of butylscopolammonium bromide and metamizole sodium, and flunixin meglumine to ameliorate clinical adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses. Abutarbush, SM; Al-Majali, AM; Alfaqeeh, SM; Mustafa, G; Qura'n, L, 2013)	0.79
" All three treatments showed good tolerance and safety with scarce adverse events observed."	( Efficacy, safety and tolerance of imidocarb dipropionate versus atovaquone or buparvaquone plus azithromycin used to treat sick dogs naturally infected with the Babesia microti-like piroplasm. Bartolomé, A; Checa, R; Gálvez, R; González-Fraga, JL; Marino, V; Miró, G; Montoya, A; Ortega, N, 2017)	0.73

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The elimination rate constant and, in turn, the half-life were not altered by the endotoxin-induced fever in either species."	( Influence of Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced fever on pharmacokinetics of imidocarb in dogs and goats. Abdullah, AS; Baggot, JD, 1984)	0.27
"The pharmacokinetic behaviour of gentamicin sulphate (3."	( Effect of sodium methyl arsinate and imidocarb dipropionate antiprotozoal drugs on the pharmacokinetic of gentamicin in equines. Soliman, GA, 1998)	0.57
" Despite the differences in pharmacokinetic behavior, and considering the sensitivity of pathogens to imidocarb, the same dosage regimen can be used for clinical efficacy against Babesia spp."	( Pharmacokinetics and mammary elimination of imidocarb in sheep and goats. Belloli, C; Crescenzo, G; Lai, OR; Ormas, P; Sasso, G; Zizzadoro, C, 2006)	0.33
"h and a mean half-life of 13."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of imidocarb dipropionate in swine. Li, XB; Su, D; Wang, L; Wang, ZJ; Wu, WX; Xu, JQ, 2007)	0.61

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51

Dosage Studied

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Studies on the toxicology, residues and metabolism of IMDP showed this to be a safe dosage regimen."	( Efficacy, toxicity and metabolism of imidocarb dipropionate in the treatment of Babesia ovis infection in sheep. Clampitt, RB; Crawley, RJ; James, JA; McHardy, N; Woollon, RM, 1986)	0.54
" Despite the differences in pharmacokinetic behavior, and considering the sensitivity of pathogens to imidocarb, the same dosage regimen can be used for clinical efficacy against Babesia spp."	( Pharmacokinetics and mammary elimination of imidocarb in sheep and goats. Belloli, C; Crescenzo, G; Lai, OR; Ormas, P; Sasso, G; Zizzadoro, C, 2006)	0.33

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (7)

Potency Measurements

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	5.5355	0.0025	41.7960	15,848.9004	AID1347395; AID1347397; AID1347398
TDP1 protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	11.2393	0.0008	11.3822	44.6684	AID686978; AID686979
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.5035	0.0010	22.6508	76.6163	AID1224838; AID1224893
farnesoid X nuclear receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	10.3196	0.3758	27.4851	61.6524	AID743217
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	26.6032	0.0003	23.4451	159.6830	AID743065
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	7.5193	0.0316	22.3146	100.0000	AID588579
lamin isoform A-delta10	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0018	0.8913	12.0676	28.1838	AID1487
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (34)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID504749	qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043	Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347103	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347096	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154	Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347098	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347106	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347105	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347102	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425	Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347089	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347424	RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347090	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (97)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	15 (15.46)	18.7374
1990's	11 (11.34)	18.2507
2000's	26 (26.80)	29.6817
2010's	33 (34.02)	24.3611
2020's	12 (12.37)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 55.62

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

Metric	This Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index	55.62 (24.57)
Research Supply Index	4.72 (2.92)
Research Growth Index	4.77 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index	90.03 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index	2.02 (0.95)

This Compound (55.62)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	11 (11.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	2 (2.00%)	6.00%
Case Studies	19 (19.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	68 (68.00%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.65	3	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	2.1	1	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	8.51	8	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	2.41	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
diazinon Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	1.99	1	0	organic thiophosphate; pyrimidines	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; nematicide; xenobiotic
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	6.99	1	0
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	1.96	1	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	2.1	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.1	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
cytarabine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
quinuronium sulfate quinuronium sulfate: structure	2.37	2	0
monomethylarsonic acid monomethylarsonic acid: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	arsonic acids; one-carbon compound; organoarsonic acid
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.07	1	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
glycopyrrolate Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.	8.47	1	1	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt
imidocarb Imidocarb: One of ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS used especially against BABESIA in livestock. Toxicity has been reported.	10.75	87	9	ureas	antiprotozoal drug
clonixin Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.	3.47	1	1	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
flunixin meglumine flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	8.47	1	1	organoammonium salt	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
toltrazuril toltrazuril: structure in first source	3.87	2	1	aromatic ether
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	8.4	1	1	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	3.56	2	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
buparvaquone buparvaquone: used in therapy of theileriasis; structure given in first source	3.85	2	1
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	8.02	4	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.07	1	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
methotrexate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	4.43	2	2
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	7.74	3	0
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	2.15	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	3.47	1	1	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	3.4	1	1
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	9.31	4	1
diminazene aceturate diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.	3.26	6	0	N-acetylglycinate salt	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.99	1	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
butylscopolammonium bromide Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.	8.47	1	1
bay 44-4400 Bay 44-4400: a semisynthetic derivative of anthelminitic cyclodepsipeptide; PF1022A. emodepside : A cyclooctadepsipeptide consisting of D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, D-lactoyl, N-methyl-L-leucyl, 3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-D-lactoyl, and N-methyl-L-leucyl residues joined in sequence to give a 24-membered macrocycle. An anthelmintic, it is used with praziquantel for the treatment and control of hookworm, roundworm and tapeworm infections in cats.	2.1	1	0	cyclooctadepsipeptide; semisynthetic derivative	antinematodal drug
amicarbalide diisethionate amicarbalide diisethionate: structure	2.65	3	0
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	2.38	2	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	2.47	2	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	2.41	2	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.25	1	0
Babesia Infection [description not available]	8.72	49	4
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	2.76	2	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	2.76	2	0
Anaplasma Infection [description not available]	4.7	6	1
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	6.31	14	1
Protozoan Infections, Animal Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.	4.36	4	1
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	5.98	9	1
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	4.34	4	1
Equine Diseases [description not available]	7.23	13	3
Corridor Disease [description not available]	4.95	8	1
Adipocere [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	8.16	32	2
Infections, Tick-Borne [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	4.69	6	1
Travel Sickness [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Tick Infestations Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.	2.69	3	0
Abdominal Cramps [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	4.73	3	2
Parasitic Diseases, Animal Animal diseases caused by PARASITES.	2.44	2	0
Co-infection [description not available]	2.49	2	0
E chaffeensis Infection [description not available]	4.19	6	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	3.47	1	1
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	3.47	1	1
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	2.05	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Anaplasmataceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ANAPLASMATACEAE.	3.39	1	1
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	3.79	2	1
Eperythrozoonosis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	2.48	2	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	4.3	4	1
Diathesis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	2.7	3	0
Bartonella bacilliformis Infection [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	2.03	1	0
Pancytopenia Deficiency of all three cell elements of the blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.	2.04	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	1.96	1	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	1.96	1	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	1.96	1	0
Infections, Rickettsiaceae [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	2	1	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	2	1	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	2	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	2	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	2	1	0
Abortion, Veterinary Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.	2	1	0
Complications, Parasitic Pregnancy [description not available]	2	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	2	1	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	2	1	0
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	3.36	1	1
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	1.97	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	1.97	1	0

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