Page last updated: 2024-10-15

viscotoxin

Description

viscotoxin: 5 kDa, 46 aa peptide from VISCUM related to other thionins; do not confuse with other proteins from VISCUM [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Flora	Rank	Flora Definition	Family	Family Definition
Viscum	genus	A plant genus in the family VISCACEAE, order Santalales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. Species of this genus contain cytotoxic LECTINS. The common name of MISTLETOE is used for many species of this and the LORANTHACEAE families.[MeSH]	Santalaceae	A plant family of the order Santalales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are parasites that form connections (haustoria) to their hosts to obtain water and nutrients. The one-seeded fruit may be surrounded by a brightly colored nut-like structure.[MeSH]

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	16132340
MeSH ID	M0430450

Synonyms (5)

Synonym
viscotoxin
unii-9m140c3r39
76822-96-3
9m140c3r39 ,
DTXSID10227640

Research Excerpts

Overview

Viscotoxins are a group of toxic thionins found in several mistletoe species.

Excerpt	Reference
"Viscotoxins are a group of toxic thionins found in several mistletoe species. "	( High-level expression of a viscotoxin in Arabidopsis thaliana gives enhanced resistance against Plasmodiophora brassicae. Apel, K; Bohlmann, H; Holtorf, S; Ludwig-Müller, J, 1998)

Effects

Excerpt	Reference
"The viscotoxin A1 crystal has a higher solvent content than the viscotoxin B2 crystal (49% as opposed to 28%) with solvent channels along the crystallographic 4(3) axes."	( Structures of viscotoxins A1 and B2 from European mistletoe solved using native data alone. Debreczeni, JE; Gruene, T; Kahle, B; Pal, A; Sevvana, M; Sheldrick, GM; Zeeck, A, 2008)
"Viscotoxins have been isolated from leaf homogenates of European mistletoe (Viscum album L.) and purified to apparent homogeneity. "	( Isolation and characterization of cDNAs encoding viscotoxins of mistletoe (Viscum album). Apel, K; Schrader, G, 1991)

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference
" Drug-related adverse effects were flulike symptoms, gingivitis, fever, local erythema, and eosinophilia."	( Toxicity of a standardized mistletoe extract in immunocompromised and healthy individuals. Gorter, RW; Stoss, M; van Wely, M, 1999)

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (68)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	28 (41.18)	18.7374
1990's	18 (26.47)	18.2507
2000's	16 (23.53)	29.6817
2010's	4 (5.88)	24.3611
2020's	2 (2.94)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	5 (6.85%)	5.53%
Reviews	2 (2.74%)	6.00%
Case Studies	2 (2.74%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	64 (87.67%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	3.38	1	1	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.01	1	0
thymidine [no description available]	2.89	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	1.94	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	2.03	1	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.15	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2	1	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.1	1	0	titanium group element atom
zircon zircon: RN given refers to Zr(+4)[1:1] salt; structure	2.1	1	0
betulinic acid [no description available]	2.15	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
4-carboxyfluorescein [no description available]	2.01	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	fluorochrome
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	1.96	1	0
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	2	1	0	actinomycin	mutagen
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2.03	1	0
cystine [no description available]	2.37	2	0
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	2.86	4	0
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2	1	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	1.95	1	0	alkali metal atom
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	2.01	1	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	2.01	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
phoratoxin protein, phoradendron tomentosum phoratoxin protein, Phoradendron tomentosum: small basic protein (46 amino acids) from mistletoe Phoradendron tomentosum subsp. macrophyllum (Loranthaceae); has toxic properties; RN given refers to the reduced form	2.37	2	0
alpha1-purothionin protein, wheat purothionin: polypeptide of relatively low MW; toxic to vertebrates and some bacteria & yeasts; purothionin A-I is believed to be identical to beta-purothionin; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	3.09	5	0
crambin protein, crambe abyssinica crambin protein, Crambe abyssinica: 44 amino acid, molecular weight 5000, water-insoluble protein found in the seed of the plant Crambe abyssinica	2.89	4	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	2.15	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	2.17	1	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	2.17	1	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	2.08	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	5.78	4	2
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.01	1	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	2.01	1	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.01	1	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	2.01	1	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	5.78	4	2
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.01	1	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	3.39	1	1
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	7.02	1	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	1.94	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	2.35	2	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	1.96	1	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	5.26	2	2
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	2	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	2	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	2.01	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Leukemia, T-Cell A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.	2.89	1	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	1.96	1	0

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