alamandine profile

alamandine: heptapeptide generated by catalytic action of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 angiotensin A or directly from angiotensin-(1-7) [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	44192273
CHEBI ID	190281
MeSH ID	M0585675

Synonym
(2s)-1-[(2s)-2-[[(2s,3s)-2-[[(2s)-2-[[(2s)-2-[[(2s)-2-[[(2s)-2-aminopropanoyl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-(1h-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]pyrrolidine
alamandine
CHEBI:190281
gtpl6065
C20971
1176306-10-7
MS-31578
l-alanyl-l-arginyl-l-valyl-l-tyrosyl-l-isoleucyl-l-histidyl-l-proline
HY-P3108
CS-0145495
AKOS040755865

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Alamandine is a novel component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) as well as an important biologically active peptide. "	( Alamandine, a new member of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), attenuates collagen-induced arthritis in mice via inhibiting cytokine secretion in synovial fibroblasts. Ding, W; Feng, X; Li, P; Luo, A; Miao, Z; Tan, W; Wang, F, 2022)	3.61
"Alamandine is a heptapeptide from the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with similar structure/function to angiotensin-(1-7) [ang-(1-7)], but they act via different receptors. "	( Phosphoproteomic studies of alamandine signaling in CHO-MrgD and human pancreatic carcinoma cells: An antiproliferative effect is unveiled. da Silva, FA; Gorshkov, V; Kjeldsen, F; Melo-Braga, MN; Passos-Silva, DG; Rodrigues-Ribeiro, L; Sampaio, WO; Santos, RAS; Verano-Braga, T, 2022)	2.46
"Alamandine is a recently described heptapeptide component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and its effects are mediated by the receptor Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor D (MrgD) RAS represents an important link between obesity and its consequences by directly modulating the thermogenesis and brown adipose tissue (BAT) function. "	( Brown adipose tissue transcriptome unveils an important role of the Beta-alanine/alamandine receptor, MrgD, in metabolism. Bader, M; Cerri, GC; Santos, RAS; Santos, SHS, 2023)	2.58
"Alamandine (ALA) is a novel endogenous peptide of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system."	( Alamandine treatment prevents LPS-induced acute renal and systemic dysfunction with multi-organ injury in rats via inhibiting iNOS expression. Abanoz, R; Altınışık, YC; Kaya, SA; Kösemehmetoğlu, K; Özçelebi, E; Özmen, F; Songür, HS; Soydan, G, 2023)	3.07
"Alamandine is a peptide newly identified as a protective component of the RAS; however, the mechanisms involved in its beneficial effects remain elusive."	( Alamandine enhances cardiomyocyte contractility in hypertensive rats through a nitric oxide-dependent activation of CaMKII. Campagnole-Santos, MJ; Coelho, ELX; Guatimosim, S; Jesus, ICG; Mesquita, TRR; Monteiro, ALL; Parreira, AB; Santos, AK; Santos, RS; Silva, MM; Souza, LAC, 2020)	2.72
"Alamandine (ALA) is a recently described protective peptide of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with essential tasks in several conditions."	( Assessment of Alamandine in Pulmonary Fibrosis and Respiratory Mechanics in Rodents. Becker, T; de Souza Jaques, WA; Dias, HB; Fernandes, RS; Rigatto, K, 2021)	1.7
"Alamandine is a newly discovered new component of the renin-angiotensin (Ang) system (RAS) that has been shown to exert vasoactive effects in some areas of the nervous system. "	( Alamandine injected into the paraventricular nucleus increases blood pressure and sympathetic activation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Chen, XR; Li, P; Liu, BX; Shen, YH; Yang, CX, 2018)	3.37
"Alamandine is an important biologically active peptide."	( Alamandine attenuates sepsis-associated cardiac dysfunction via inhibiting MAPKs signaling pathways. Chen, XR; Kong, XQ; Li, C; Li, P; Liu, C; Liu, H; Sheng, YH; Sun, W; Wang, H; Xu, F, 2018)	2.64
"Alamandine is a new member of the angiotensin family. "	( Effect of Prolonged Infusion of Alamandine on Cardiovascular Parameters and Cardiac ACE2 Expression in a Rat Model of Renovascular Hypertension. Hekmat, AS; Javanmardi, K; Meshkibaf, MH; Moravej, A; Zare, N, 2019)	2.24
"Alamandine is a vasoactive peptide with similar protective actions as Ang-(1-7) that acts through the MrgD and may represent another important counter-regulatory mechanism within the RAS."	( Alamandine: a new member of the angiotensin family. Passos-Silva, DG; Santos, RA; Villela, DC, 2014)	3.29
"Alamandine is a newly discovered component of the renin-angiotensin system, which regulates blood pressure. "	( Differences in Cardiovascular Responses to Alamandine in Two-Kidney, One Clip Hypertensive and Normotensive Rats. Baharamali, E; Farjam, M; Javanmardi, K; Kouhpayeh, A; Soltani Hekmat, A, 2017)	2.16

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Alamandine has shown similar vascular effects to Ang-(1-7), namely, endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation mediated by nitric oxide and hypotensive effects in experimental hypertension."	( Angiotensin-(1-7) and Alamandine on Experimental Models of Hypertension and Atherosclerosis. Campagnole-Santos, MJ; Carvalho Santuchi, M; da Silva, RF; de Morais E Silva, M; de Souza-Neto, FP, 2018)	1.52

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Alamandine treatment prevents myocyte hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis induced by TAC."	( Alamandine improves cardiac remodeling induced by transverse aortic constriction in mice. da Silva, RF; de Alcântara-Leonídio, TC; de Souza-Neto, FP; Gonçalves, GK; Guatimosim, S; Jesus, ICG; Melo, MB; Sanches, BL; Santos, RAS; Santuchi, MC; Silva, MM; Vieira, MAR, 2021)	2.79
"Alamandine pre-treatment prevented LPS-induced myocardial inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy."	( Alamandine attenuates sepsis-associated cardiac dysfunction via inhibiting MAPKs signaling pathways. Chen, XR; Kong, XQ; Li, C; Li, P; Liu, C; Liu, H; Sheng, YH; Sun, W; Wang, H; Xu, F, 2018)	2.64

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" In abdominal aorta, alamandine (1 μM) was added 30 min before a dose-response curve to angiotensin II or AngA (1 nM-1 μM), and immunohistochemistry was used to identify MrgD receptors and eNOS."	( Reduction of angiotensin A and alamandine vasoactivity in the rabbit model of atherogenesis: differential effects of alamandine and Ang(1-7). Alsaadon, H; Habiyakare, B; Hayes, A; Mathai, ML; Zulli, A, 2014)	1.01

Class	Description
peptide	Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Renin-angiotensin pathway (COVID-19 Disease Map)	1	16

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	0 (0.00)	29.6817
2010's	26 (50.98)	24.3611
2020's	25 (49.02)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	12 (23.53%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	39 (76.47%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
beta-alanine [no description available]	7.6	1	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.31	1	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	2.17	1	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	2.25	1	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.1	1	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2.15	1	pyrrole; secondary amine
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.31	1	dialdehyde	biomarker
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	2.17	1	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
angiotensin ii, sar(1)-ile(5)- angiotensin II, Sar(1)-Ile(5)-: RN given refers to (5-L-Ile)-isomer	2.08	1
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)- Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.	7.29	17	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin	vasodilator agent
angiotensin ii, des-asp(1)-des-arg(2)-ile(5)- angiotensin II, des-Asp(1)-des-Arg(2)-Ile(5)-: 3-8 hexapeptide fragment of angiotensin II; smallest potent angiotensin II antagonist	3.27	1	organic molecular entity
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	11.53	13	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
kt 5720 KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.15	1	carboxylic ester; gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
pd 123319 PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively	2.58	2	imidazopyridine	angiotensin receptor antagonist; endothelin receptor antagonist; vasoconstrictor agent
ave 0991 AVE 0991: structure in first source	2.6	1
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	2.17	1	polypeptide
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	8.73	2
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	3.76	2
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2.31	1
angiotensin i angiotensin (1-9) : A nine amino acid peptide which is formed when angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) hydrolyzes the carboxy terminal leucine from angiotensin I. It is a anti-cardiac hypertrophy agent.	4.77	3	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	antihypertensive agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; rat metabolite
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	7.34	18	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
angiotensin a angiotensin A: is a human strong vasoconstrictive angiotensin-derived peptide, most likely generated by enzymatic transformation through mononuclear leukocyte-derived aspartate decarboxylase	4.98	4
angiotensin iii Angiotensin III: A heptapeptide formed from ANGIOTENSIN II after the removal of an amino acid at the N-terminal by AMINOPEPTIDASE A. Angiotensin III has the same efficacy as ANGIOTENSIN II in promoting ALDOSTERONE secretion and modifying renal blood flow, but less vasopressor activity (about 40%).	3.27	1
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	7.15	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	4.07	2
Apoplexy [description not available]	2.41	1
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	2.41	1
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	7.9	2
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	3.72	8
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	2.76	2
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	7.41	1
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	2.9	2
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	7.76	2
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	7.41	1
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	2.41	1
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	2.41	1
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	2.41	1
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	3.33	4
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	3.33	4
Cirrhosis [description not available]	4.13	4
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	4.13	4
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	5.99	12
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	5.99	12
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	2.41	1
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	2.41	1
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	7.41	1
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	7.41	1
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	2.6	1
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	2.6	1
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	2.6	1
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	2.6	1
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	2.6	1
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	2.6	1
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	7.6	1
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	2.6	1
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	2.98	3
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.82	2
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	2.98	3
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	2.82	2
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	2.25	1
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	3.11	4
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	3.11	4
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.25	1
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	2.25	1
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	2.25	1
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	2.25	1
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	2.31	1
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	2.31	1
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	2.31	1
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	3.79	3
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	3.01	3
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	3.79	3
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	8.01	3
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	4.24	3
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	2.31	1
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	2.31	1
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	7.31	1
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	7.15	1
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	2.15	1
Atherogenesis [description not available]	9.21	3
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	9.21	3
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	2.59	2
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	4.99	4
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	2.21	1
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	2.21	1
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	2.21	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	3.01	1

alamandine

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Synonyms (11)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Pathways (1)

Research

Studies (51)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 33.15

Study Types