Page last updated: 2024-10-06

Amino acid and derivative metabolism

Proteins (245)

ProteinSynonymsTaxonomy
Arginine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmicEC 6.1.1.19; Arginyl-tRNA synthetase; ArgRSHomo sapiens (human)
Hydroxyacid oxidase 1HAOX1; EC 1.1.3.15; Glycolate oxidase; GOXHomo sapiens (human)
Glycoprotein hormones alpha chainAnterior pituitary glycoprotein hormones common subunit alpha; Choriogonadotropin alpha chain; Chorionic gonadotrophin subunit alpha; CG-alpha; Follicle-stimulating hormone alpha chain; FSH-alpha; Follitropin alpha chain; Luteinizing hormone alpha chain; Homo sapiens (human)
[3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase [lipoamide]] kinase, mitochondrialEC 2.7.11.4; Branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase; BCKD-kinase; BCKDHKINHomo sapiens (human)
Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, mitochondrialBCAT(m); EC 2.6.1.42; Placental protein 18; PP18Homo sapiens (human)
Aspartate aminotransferase, mitochondrialmAspAT; EC 2.6.1.1; EC 2.6.1.7; Fatty acid-binding protein; FABP-1; Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 2; Kynurenine aminotransferase 4; Kynurenine aminotransferase IV; Kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase 4; Kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase IV; PlHomo sapiens (human)
Thyroid peroxidaseTPO; EC 1.11.1.8Homo sapiens (human)
Serine--pyruvate aminotransferaseSPT; EC 2.6.1.51; Alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase; AGT; 2.6.1.44Homo sapiens (human)
Cystathionine gamma-lyaseEC 4.4.1.1; Cysteine-protein sulfhydrase; Gamma-cystathionaseHomo sapiens (human)
4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenaseTMABA-DH; TMABALDH; EC 1.2.1.47; Aldehyde dehydrogenase E3 isozyme; Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 9 member A1; 1.2.1.3; Gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; 1.2.1.19; R-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
Iodotyrosine deiodinase 1IYD-1; EC 1.21.1.1; Iodotyrosine dehalogenase 1Homo sapiens (human)
2-amino-3-carboxymuconate-6-semialdehyde decarboxylaseEC 4.1.1.45; Picolinate carboxylaseHomo sapiens (human)
Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrialGCD; EC 1.3.8.6Homo sapiens (human)
3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type-2 EC 1.1.1.35; 17-beta-estradiol 17-dehydrogenase; 1.1.1.62; 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase; MHBD; 3-alpha-(17-beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD(+)); 1.1.1.239; 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase; 1.1.1.178; 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehHomo sapiens (human)
NmrA-like family domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
Hydroxyproline dehydrogenaseHYPDH; EC 1.5.5.3; Kidney and liver proline oxidase 1; HsPOX1; Probable proline dehydrogenase 2; 1.5.5.2; Probable proline oxidase 2Homo sapiens (human)
Glutaminase liver isoform, mitochondrialGLS; EC 3.5.1.2; L-glutaminase; L-glutamine amidohydrolaseHomo sapiens (human)
Sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase, mitochondrialSQOR; EC 1.8.5.8; Sulfide dehydrogenase-like; Sulfide quinone oxidoreductaseHomo sapiens (human)
Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, mitochondrialP5C dehydrogenase; EC 1.2.1.88; Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 4 member A1; L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
D-amino-acid oxidaseDAAO; DAMOX; DAO; EC 1.4.3.3Homo sapiens (human)
Proteasome subunit beta type-9EC 3.4.25.1; Low molecular mass protein 2; Macropain chain 7; Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex chain 7; Proteasome chain 7; Proteasome subunit beta-1i; Really interesting new gene 12 proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Glutamine synthetaseGS; EC 6.3.1.2; Glutamate--ammonia ligase; Palmitoyltransferase GLUL; 2.3.1.225Homo sapiens (human)
Isoleucine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmicEC 6.1.1.5; Isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase; IRS; IleRSHomo sapiens (human)
Methionine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmicEC 6.1.1.10; Methionyl-tRNA synthetase; MetRSHomo sapiens (human)
5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid oxidaseDHICA oxidase; EC 1.14.18.-; Catalase B; Glycoprotein 75; Melanoma antigen gp75; Tyrosinase-related protein 1; TRP; TRP-1; TRP1Homo sapiens (human)
Enoyl-CoA hydratase, mitochondrialEC 4.2.1.17; Enoyl-CoA hydratase 1; Short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase; SCEHHomo sapiens (human)
Maleylacetoacetate isomeraseMAAI; EC 5.2.1.2; GSTZ1-1; Glutathione S-transferase zeta 1; 2.5.1.18Homo sapiens (human)
Alanine aminotransferase 1ALT1; EC 2.6.1.2; Glutamate pyruvate transaminase 1; GPT 1; Glutamic--alanine transaminase 1; Glutamic--pyruvic transaminase 1Homo sapiens (human)
Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, cytosolicSHMT; EC 2.1.2.1; Glycine hydroxymethyltransferase; Serine methylaseHomo sapiens (human)
TyrosinaseEC 1.14.18.1; LB24-AB; Monophenol monooxygenase; SK29-AB; Tumor rejection antigen ABHomo sapiens (human)
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1IDO-1; EC 1.13.11.52; Indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
NADEC 1.6.5.2; Azoreductase; DT-diaphorase; DTD; Menadione reductase; NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1; Phylloquinone reductase; Quinone reductase 1; QR1Homo sapiens (human)
S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase proenzymeAdoMetDC; SAMDC; EC 4.1.1.50Homo sapiens (human)
Proteasome subunit beta type-1Macropain subunit C5; Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex subunit C5; Proteasome component C5; Proteasome gamma chainHomo sapiens (human)
AdenosylhomocysteinaseAdoHcyase; EC 3.3.1.1; S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolaseHomo sapiens (human)
D-aspartate oxidaseDASOX; DDO; EC 1.4.3.1Homo sapiens (human)
Serine racemaseEC 5.1.1.18; D-serine ammonia-lyase; D-serine dehydratase; 4.3.1.18; L-serine ammonia-lyase; L-serine dehydratase; 4.3.1.17Homo sapiens (human)
Aminoacyl tRNA synthase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 2Multisynthase complex auxiliary component p38; Protein JTV-1Homo sapiens (human)
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2IDO-2; EC 1.13.11.-; Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-like protein 1; Indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
Dimethylaniline monooxygenase [N-oxide-forming] 1EC 1.14.13.8; Dimethylaniline oxidase 1; Fetal hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase 1; FMO 1Homo sapiens (human)
Aminoacyl tRNA synthase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 1Multisynthase complex auxiliary component p43Homo sapiens (human)
Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1, mitochondrialP5C reductase 1; P5CR 1; EC 1.5.1.2Homo sapiens (human)
Proteasome activator complex subunit 311S regulator complex subunit gamma; REG-gamma; Activator of multicatalytic protease subunit 3; Ki nuclear autoantigen; Proteasome activator 28 subunit gamma; PA28g; PA28gammaHomo sapiens (human)
Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2P5C reductase 2; P5CR 2; EC 1.5.1.2Homo sapiens (human)
Glyoxylate reductase/hydroxypyruvate reductaseEC 1.1.1.79; EC 1.1.1.81Homo sapiens (human)
Leucine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmicEC 6.1.1.4; Leucyl-tRNA synthetase; LeuRSHomo sapiens (human)
Ornithine aminotransferase, mitochondrialEC 2.6.1.13; Ornithine delta-aminotransferase; Ornithine--oxo-acid aminotransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
Creatine kinase M-typeEC 2.7.3.2; Creatine kinase M chain; Creatine phosphokinase M-type; CPK-M; M-CKHomo sapiens (human)
Tyrosine 3-monooxygenaseEC 1.14.16.2; Tyrosine 3-hydroxylase; THHomo sapiens (human)
Ornithine decarboxylaseODC; EC 4.1.1.17Homo sapiens (human)
Creatine kinase B-typeEC 2.7.3.2; Brain creatine kinase; B-CK; Creatine kinase B chain; Creatine phosphokinase B-type; CPK-BHomo sapiens (human)
Tyrosine aminotransferaseTAT; EC 2.6.1.5; L-tyrosine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
Spermidine synthaseSPDSY; EC 2.5.1.16; Putrescine aminopropyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
Proteasome subunit beta type-3Proteasome chain 13; Proteasome component C10-II; Proteasome theta chainHomo sapiens (human)
Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 14F2 light chain; 4F2 LC; 4F2LC; CD98 light chain; Integral membrane protein E16; E16; L-type amino acid transporter 1; hLAT1; Solute carrier family 7 member 5; y+ system cationic amino acid transporterHomo sapiens (human)
KynureninaseEC 3.7.1.3; L-kynurenine hydrolaseHomo sapiens (human)
4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase, mitochondrialEC 4.1.3.16; Dihydrodipicolinate synthase-like; DHDPS-like protein; Probable 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase; Probable KHG-aldolase; Protein 569272Homo sapiens (human)
D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase3-PGDH; EC 1.1.1.95; 2-oxoglutarate reductase; 1.1.1.399; Malate dehydrogenase; 1.1.1.37Homo sapiens (human)
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1026S proteasome regulatory subunit p28; Gankyrin; p28(GANK)Homo sapiens (human)
Kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase 3EC 2.6.1.7; Cysteine-S-conjugate beta-lyase 2; 4.4.1.13; Kynurenine aminotransferase 3; Kynurenine aminotransferase III; KATIII; Kynurenine--glyoxylate transaminase; 2.6.1.63; Kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase IIIHomo sapiens (human)
S-methylmethionine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase BHMT2SMM-hcy methyltransferase; EC 2.1.1.10; Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)
Formimidoyltransferase-cyclodeaminaseFormiminotransferase-cyclodeaminase; FTCD; LCHC1Homo sapiens (human)
Acyl carrier protein, mitochondrialACP; CI-SDAP; NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 9.6 kDa subunitHomo sapiens (human)
Aspartate aminotransferase, cytoplasmiccAspAT; EC 2.6.1.1; EC 2.6.1.3; Cysteine aminotransferase, cytoplasmic; Cysteine transaminase, cytoplasmic; cCAT; Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 1; Transaminase AHomo sapiens (human)
Diamine acetyltransferase 1EC 2.3.1.57; Polyamine N-acetyltransferase 1; Putrescine acetyltransferase; Spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase 1; SSAT; SSAT-1Homo sapiens (human)
Histamine N-methyltransferaseHMT; EC 2.1.1.8Homo sapiens (human)
Branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase, cytosolicBCAT(c); EC 2.6.1.42; Protein ECA39Homo sapiens (human)
Peroxisomal N(1)-acetyl-spermine/spermidine oxidaseEC 1.5.3.13; Polyamine oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
Histidine decarboxylaseHDC; EC 4.1.1.22Homo sapiens (human)
Carbamoyl-phosphate synthase [ammonia], mitochondrialEC 6.3.4.16; Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I; CPSase IHomo sapiens (human)
3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase, mitochondrialHIBADH; EC 1.1.1.31Homo sapiens (human)
Serine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmicEC 6.1.1.11; Seryl-tRNA synthetase; SerRS; Seryl-tRNA(Ser/Sec) synthetaseHomo sapiens (human)
Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferaseEC 2.1.1.2Homo sapiens (human)
Glycine N-methyltransferaseEC 2.1.1.20Homo sapiens (human)
Serotonin N-acetyltransferaseSerotonin acetylase; EC 2.3.1.87; Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase; AA-NATHomo sapiens (human)
Mitochondrial 2-oxodicarboxylate carrierSolute carrier family 25 member 21Homo sapiens (human)
Glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrialGLS; EC 3.5.1.2; K-glutaminase; L-glutamine amidohydrolaseHomo sapiens (human)
Arginase-1EC 3.5.3.1; Liver-type arginase; Type I arginaseHomo sapiens (human)
Asparagine synthetase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]EC 6.3.5.4; Cell cycle control protein TS11; Glutamine-dependent asparagine synthetaseHomo sapiens (human)
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferasePNMTase; EC 2.1.1.28; Noradrenaline N-methyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
Proteasome subunit beta type-8EC 3.4.25.1; Low molecular mass protein 7; Macropain subunit C13; Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex subunit C13; Proteasome component C13; Proteasome subunit beta-5i; Really interesting new gene 10 proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Proteasome subunit beta type-5EC 3.4.25.1; Macropain epsilon chain; Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex epsilon chain; Proteasome chain 6; Proteasome epsilon chain; Proteasome subunit MB1; Proteasome subunit XHomo sapiens (human)
Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenaseTDO; EC 1.13.11.11; Tryptamin 2,3-dioxygenase; Tryptophan oxygenase; TO; TRPO; Tryptophan pyrrolase; TryptophanaseHomo sapiens (human)
Proteasome subunit beta type-2Macropain subunit C7-I; Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex subunit C7-I; Proteasome component C7-IHomo sapiens (human)
Arginase-2, mitochondrialEC 3.5.3.1; Arginase II; Kidney-type arginase; Non-hepatic arginase; Type II arginaseHomo sapiens (human)
S-methyl-5'-thioadenosine phosphorylaseEC 2.4.2.28; 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase; MTA phosphorylase; MTAP; MTAPaseHomo sapiens (human)
Lysine--tRNA ligaseEC 2.7.7.-; EC 6.1.1.6; Lysyl-tRNA synthetase; LysRSHomo sapiens (human)
Kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase 1EC 2.6.1.7; Cysteine-S-conjugate beta-lyase; 4.4.1.13; Glutamine transaminase K; GTK; Glutamine--phenylpyruvate transaminase; 2.6.1.64; Kynurenine aminotransferase 1; Kynurenine aminotransferase I; KATI; Kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase IHomo sapiens (human)
Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmicTR; EC 1.8.1.9; Gene associated with retinoic and interferon-induced mortality 12 protein; GRIM-12; Gene associated with retinoic and IFN-induced mortality 12 protein; KM-102-derived reductase-like factor; Thioredoxin reductase TR1Homo sapiens (human)
Kynurenine/alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase, mitochondrialKAT/AadAT; 2-aminoadipate aminotransferase; 2-aminoadipate transaminase; 2.6.1.39; Alpha-aminoadipate aminotransferase; AadAT; Kynurenine aminotransferase II; Kynurenine--oxoglutarate aminotransferase II; Kynurenine--oxoglutarate transaminase 2; 2.6.1.7; Homo sapiens (human)
Betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1EC 2.1.1.5Homo sapiens (human)
Thioredoxin, mitochondrialMTRX; Mt-Trx; Thioredoxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
Cystathionine beta-synthaseEC 4.2.1.22; Beta-thionase; Serine sulfhydraseHomo sapiens (human)
Methionine synthaseMS; EC 2.1.1.13; 5-methyltetrahydrofolate--homocysteine methyltransferase; Cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase; Vitamin-B12 dependent methionine synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
Phenylalanine-4-hydroxylasePAH; EC 1.14.16.1; Phe-4-monooxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
Ornithine transcarbamylase, mitochondrialOTCase; EC 2.1.3.3; Ornithine carbamoyltransferase, mitochondrialHomo sapiens (human)
Bifunctional glutamate/proline--tRNA ligaseBifunctional aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase; Cell proliferation-inducing gene 32 protein; Glutamatyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetaseHomo sapiens (human)
Dopamine beta-hydroxylaseEC 1.14.17.1; Dopamine beta-monooxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
Dihydropteridine reductaseEC 1.5.1.34; HDHPR; Quinoid dihydropteridine reductase; Short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 33C member 1Homo sapiens (human)
Histidine ammonia-lyaseHistidase; EC 4.3.1.3Homo sapiens (human)
Glutamine--tRNA ligaseEC 6.1.1.18; Glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase; GlnRSHomo sapiens (human)
Spermine synthaseSPMSY; EC 2.5.1.22; Spermidine aminopropyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
Thyroxine 5-deiodinaseEC 1.21.99.3; 5DIII; DIOIII; Type 3 DI; Type III iodothyronine deiodinaseHomo sapiens (human)
Peroxisomal sarcosine oxidasePSO; EC 1.5.3.1; EC 1.5.3.7; L-pipecolate oxidase; L-pipecolic acid oxidaseHomo sapiens (human)
L-dopachrome tautomeraseDCT; DT; EC 5.3.3.12; L-dopachrome Delta-isomerase; Tyrosinase-related protein 2; TRP-2; TRP2Homo sapiens (human)
Choline dehydrogenase, mitochondrialCDH; CHD; EC 1.1.99.1Homo sapiens (human)
Thiosulfate:glutathione sulfurtransferaseTST; EC 2.8.1.-Homo sapiens (human)
O-phosphoseryl-tRNA(Sec) selenium transferaseEC 2.9.1.2; Liver-pancreas antigen; LP; SLA-p35; SLA/LP autoantigen; Selenocysteine synthase; Sec synthase; Selenocysteinyl-tRNA(Sec) synthase; Sep-tRNA:Sec-tRNA synthase; SepSecS; Soluble liver antigen; SLA; UGA suppressor tRNA-associated protein; tRNA(SHomo sapiens (human)
Phosphoserine phosphatasePSP; PSPase; EC 3.1.3.3; L-3-phosphoserine phosphatase; O-phosphoserine phosphohydrolaseHomo sapiens (human)
Cysteine dioxygenase type 1EC 1.13.11.20; Cysteine dioxygenase type I; CDO; CDO-IHomo sapiens (human)
Kynurenine formamidaseKFA; KFase; EC 3.5.1.9; Arylformamidase; N-formylkynurenine formamidase; FKFHomo sapiens (human)
Cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylaseEC 4.1.1.29; Aspartate 1-decarboxylase; 4.1.1.11; Cysteine-sulfinate decarboxylase; Sulfinoalanine decarboxylaseHomo sapiens (human)
Carnosine synthase 1EC 6.3.2.11; ATP-grasp domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
Proteasome subunit beta type-11EC 3.4.25.1; Proteasome subunit beta-5tHomo sapiens (human)
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1126S proteasome regulatory subunit RPN6; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit S9; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit p44.5Homo sapiens (human)
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1226S proteasome regulatory subunit RPN5; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit p55Homo sapiens (human)
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 14EC 3.4.19.-; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit RPN11; 26S proteasome-associated PAD1 homolog 1Homo sapiens (human)
Proteasome subunit alpha type-7Proteasome subunit RC6-1; Proteasome subunit XAPC7Homo sapiens (human)
Kynurenine 3-monooxygenaseEC 1.14.13.9; Kynurenine 3-hydroxylaseHomo sapiens (human)
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 326S proteasome regulatory subunit RPN3; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit S3; Proteasome subunit p58Homo sapiens (human)
Gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenaseEC 1.14.11.1; Gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase; Gamma-BBH; Gamma-butyrobetaine,2-oxoglutarate dioxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
Indolethylamine N-methyltransferaseIndolamine N-methyltransferase; EC 2.1.1.49; EC 2.1.1.96; Aromatic alkylamine N-methyltransferase; Amine N-methyltransferase; Arylamine N-methyltransferase; Thioether S-methyltransferase; TEMTHomo sapiens (human)
26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6A26S proteasome AAA-ATPase subunit RPT5; Proteasome 26S subunit ATPase 3; Proteasome subunit P50; Tat-binding protein 1; TBP-1Homo sapiens (human)
Aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylaseAADC; EC 4.1.1.28; DOPA decarboxylase; DDCHomo sapiens (human)
Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, mitochondrialEC 2.3.1.9; Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase; T2Homo sapiens (human)
Proteasome subunit alpha type-130 kDa prosomal protein; PROS-30; Macropain subunit C2; Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex subunit C2; Proteasome component C2; Proteasome nu chainHomo sapiens (human)
Proteasome subunit alpha type-2Macropain subunit C3; Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex subunit C3; Proteasome component C3Homo sapiens (human)
Proteasome subunit alpha type-3Macropain subunit C8; Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex subunit C8; Proteasome component C8Homo sapiens (human)
Proteasome subunit alpha type-4Macropain subunit C9; Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex subunit C9; Proteasome component C9; Proteasome subunit LHomo sapiens (human)
Proteasome subunit alpha type-5Macropain zeta chain; Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex zeta chain; Proteasome zeta chainHomo sapiens (human)
Proteasome subunit beta type-426 kDa prosomal protein; HsBPROS26; PROS-26; Macropain beta chain; Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex beta chain; Proteasome beta chain; Proteasome chain 3; HsN3Homo sapiens (human)
Proteasome subunit beta type-6EC 3.4.25.1; Macropain delta chain; Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex delta chain; Proteasome delta chain; Proteasome subunit YHomo sapiens (human)
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenaseEC 1.13.11.27; 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid oxidase; 4HPPD; HPD; HPPDaseHomo sapiens (human)
26S proteasome regulatory subunit 726S proteasome AAA-ATPase subunit RPT1; Proteasome 26S subunit ATPase 2; Protein MSS1Homo sapiens (human)
Proteasome subunit beta type-10EC 3.4.25.1; Low molecular mass protein 10; Macropain subunit MECl-1; Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex subunit MECl-1; Proteasome MECl-1; Proteasome subunit beta-2iHomo sapiens (human)
26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6B26S proteasome AAA-ATPase subunit RPT3; MB67-interacting protein; MIP224; Proteasome 26S subunit ATPase 4; Tat-binding protein 7; TBP-7Homo sapiens (human)
3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenaseEC 1.13.11.6; 3-hydroxyanthranilate oxygenase; 3-HAO; h3HAO; 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid dioxygenase; HADHomo sapiens (human)
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 826S proteasome regulatory subunit RPN12; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit S14; p31Homo sapiens (human)
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 726S proteasome regulatory subunit RPN8; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit S12; Mov34 protein homolog; Proteasome subunit p40Homo sapiens (human)
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 426S proteasome regulatory subunit RPN10; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit S5A; Antisecretory factor 1; AF; ASF; Multiubiquitin chain-binding proteinHomo sapiens (human)
26S proteasome complex subunit SEM126S proteasome complex subunit DSS1; Deleted in split hand/split foot protein 1; Split hand/foot deleted protein 1; Split hand/foot malformation type 1 proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Proteasome subunit alpha type-627 kDa prosomal protein; PROS-27; p27K; Macropain iota chain; Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex iota chain; Proteasome iota chainHomo sapiens (human)
26S proteasome regulatory subunit 4P26s4; 26S proteasome AAA-ATPase subunit RPT2; Proteasome 26S subunit ATPase 1Homo sapiens (human)
26S proteasome regulatory subunit 826S proteasome AAA-ATPase subunit RPT6; Proteasome 26S subunit ATPase 5; Proteasome subunit p45; Thyroid hormone receptor-interacting protein 1; TRIP1; p45/SUGHomo sapiens (human)
26S proteasome regulatory subunit 10B26S proteasome AAA-ATPase subunit RPT4; Proteasome 26S subunit ATPase 6; Proteasome subunit p42Homo sapiens (human)
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 226S proteasome regulatory subunit RPN1; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit S2; 26S proteasome subunit p97; Protein 55.11; Tumor necrosis factor type 1 receptor-associated protein 2Homo sapiens (human)
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 626S proteasome regulatory subunit RPN7; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit S10; Breast cancer-associated protein SGA-113M; Phosphonoformate immuno-associated protein 4; Proteasome regulatory particle subunit p44S10; p42AHomo sapiens (human)
Proteasome subunit alpha-type 8Proteasome alpha 4 subunit; Alpha4s; Proteasome subunit alpha-type 7-likeHomo sapiens (human)
Proteasome subunit beta type-7EC 3.4.25.1; Macropain chain Z; Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex chain Z; Proteasome subunit ZHomo sapiens (human)
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 126S proteasome regulatory subunit RPN2; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit S1; 26S proteasome subunit p112Homo sapiens (human)
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1326S proteasome regulatory subunit RPN9; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit S11; 26S proteasome regulatory subunit p40.5Homo sapiens (human)
Proteasome activator complex subunit 111S regulator complex subunit alpha; REG-alpha; Activator of multicatalytic protease subunit 1; Interferon gamma up-regulated I-5111 protein; IGUP I-5111; Proteasome activator 28 subunit alpha; PA28a; PA28alphaHomo sapiens (human)
Thiosulfate sulfurtransferaseEC 2.8.1.1; RhodaneseHomo sapiens (human)
3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase, mitochondrialEC 3.1.2.4; 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-coenzyme A hydrolase; HIB-CoA hydrolase; HIBYL-CoA-HHomo sapiens (human)
Proteasome activator complex subunit 211S regulator complex subunit beta; REG-beta; Activator of multicatalytic protease subunit 2; Proteasome activator 28 subunit beta; PA28b; PA28betaHomo sapiens (human)
L-amino-acid oxidaseLAAO; LAO; EC 1.4.3.2; EC 1.4.3.25; Interleukin-4-induced protein 1; IL4-induced protein 1; hIL4I1; Protein Fig-1; hFIG1Homo sapiens (human)
Lipoamide acyltransferase component of branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrialEC 2.3.1.168; 52 kDa mitochondrial autoantigen of primary biliary cirrhosis; Branched chain 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase complex component E2; BCOADC-E2; Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex component E2; BCKAD-E2; BCKADE2; Dihydrolipoamide acHomo sapiens (human)
Antizyme inhibitor 1AZI; AZI1; Ornithine decarboxylase antizyme inhibitorHomo sapiens (human)
Persulfide dioxygenase ETHE1, mitochondrialEC 1.13.11.18; Ethylmalonic encephalopathy protein 1; Hepatoma subtracted clone one protein; Sulfur dioxygenase ETHE1Homo sapiens (human)
60 kDa lysophospholipaseLysoLP; EC 3.1.1.5; Lysophospholipase-transacylaseHomo sapiens (human)
1,2-dihydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentene dioxygenaseEC 1.13.11.54; Acireductone dioxygenase (Fe(2+)-requiring); ARD; Fe-ARD; Membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase cytoplasmic tail-binding protein 1; MTCBP-1; Submergence-induced protein-like factor; Sip-LHomo sapiens (human)
Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenaseEC 1.13.11.5; Homogentisate oxygenase; Homogentisic acid oxidase; HomogentisicaseHomo sapiens (human)
L-serine dehydratase/L-threonine deaminaseSDH; EC 4.3.1.17; L-serine deaminase; L-threonine dehydratase; TDH; 4.3.1.19Homo sapiens (human)
Serine dehydratase-likeL-serine deaminase; L-serine dehydratase/L-threonine deaminase; L-threonine dehydratase; TDH; 4.3.1.19; Serine dehydratase 2; SDH 2; 4.3.1.17Homo sapiens (human)
Argininosuccinate synthaseEC 6.3.4.5; Citrulline--aspartate ligaseHomo sapiens (human)
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrialEC 1.8.1.4; Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase; Glycine cleavage system L proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial IVD; EC 1.3.8.4; Butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase; 1.3.8.1Homo sapiens (human)
Sulfite oxidase, mitochondrialEC 1.8.3.1Homo sapiens (human)
Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 3P5C reductase 3; P5CR 3; EC 1.5.1.2; Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase-like proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Sodium/iodide cotransporterNa(+)/I(-) cotransporter; Sodium-iodide symporter; Na(+)/I(-) symporter; Solute carrier family 5 member 5Homo sapiens (human)
Antizyme inhibitor 2AzI2; Arginine decarboxylase; ADC; ARGDC; Ornithine decarboxylase-like protein; ODC-like protein; ornithine decarboxylase paralog; ODC-pHomo sapiens (human)
Phosphoserine aminotransferaseEC 2.6.1.52; Phosphohydroxythreonine aminotransferase; PSATHomo sapiens (human)
Trimethyllysine dioxygenase, mitochondrialEC 1.14.11.8; Epsilon-trimethyllysine 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase; Epsilon-trimethyllysine hydroxylase; TML hydroxylase; TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase; TML dioxygenase; TMLDHomo sapiens (human)
Creatine kinase U-type, mitochondrialEC 2.7.3.2; Acidic-type mitochondrial creatine kinase; Mia-CK; Ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase; U-MtCKHomo sapiens (human)
FumarylacetoacetaseFAA; EC 3.7.1.2; Beta-diketonase; Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolaseHomo sapiens (human)
Creatine kinase S-type, mitochondrialEC 2.7.3.2; Basic-type mitochondrial creatine kinase; Mib-CK; Sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase; S-MtCKHomo sapiens (human)
Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferaseEC 2.1.1.4; Hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase; HIOMTHomo sapiens (human)
Agmatinase, mitochondrialEC 3.5.3.11; Agmatine ureohydrolase; AUHHomo sapiens (human)
Methionine synthase reductase MSR; EC 1.16.1.8; Aquacobalamin reductase; AqCbl reductase; 1.16.1.-Homo sapiens (human)
2-aminoethanethiol dioxygenaseEC 1.13.11.19; Cysteamine dioxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)
AspartoacylaseEC 3.5.1.15; Aminoacylase-2; ACY-2Homo sapiens (human)
Lipoyl synthase, mitochondrialEC 2.8.1.8; Lipoate synthase; LS; Lip-syn; Lipoic acid synthaseHomo sapiens (human)
Sarcosine dehydrogenase, mitochondrialSarDH; EC 1.5.8.3; BPR-2Homo sapiens (human)
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 926S proteasome regulatory subunit p27Homo sapiens (human)
Aspartate--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmicEC 6.1.1.12; Aspartyl-tRNA synthetase; AspRS; Cell proliferation-inducing gene 40 proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Acidic amino acid decarboxylase GADL1Aspartate 1-decarboxylase; ADC; HuADC; 4.1.1.11; Cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase; CSADC; HuCSADC; 4.1.1.29; Glutamate decarboxylase-like protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
N-acetylglutamate synthase, mitochondrialEC 2.3.1.1; Amino-acid acetyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
Type I iodothyronine deiodinaseEC 1.21.99.4; 5DI; DIOI; Type 1 DI; Type-I 5'-deiodinaseHomo sapiens (human)
Type II iodothyronine deiodinaseEC 1.21.99.4; 5DII; DIOII; Type 2 DI; Type-II 5'-deiodinaseHomo sapiens (human)
Methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase subunit alpha, mitochondrialMCCase subunit alpha; EC 6.4.1.4; 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase 1; 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase biotin-containing subunit; 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA:carbon dioxide ligase subunit alphaHomo sapiens (human)
Methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase beta chain, mitochondrialMCCase subunit beta; EC 6.4.1.4; 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase 2; 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase non-biotin-containing subunit; 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA:carbon dioxide ligase subunit betaHomo sapiens (human)
Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase component of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrialEC 2.3.1.61; 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex component E2; OGDC-E2; Dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase component of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex; E2KHomo sapiens (human)
Dimethylglycine dehydrogenase, mitochondrialEC 1.5.8.4; ME2GLYDHHomo sapiens (human)
Selenocysteine lyasehSCL; EC 4.4.1.16Homo sapiens (human)
2-amino-3-ketobutyrate coenzyme A ligase, mitochondrialAKB ligase; EC 2.3.1.29; Aminoacetone synthase; Glycine acetyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
Lipoyltransferase 1, mitochondrialEC 2.3.1.-; Lipoate biosynthesis protein; Lipoate-protein ligase; Lipoyl ligaseHomo sapiens (human)
Isoaspartyl peptidase/L-asparaginaseEC 3.4.19.5; EC 3.5.1.1; Asparaginase-like protein 1; Beta-aspartyl-peptidase; Isoaspartyl dipeptidase; L-asparagine amidohydrolaseHomo sapiens (human)
Urocanate hydrataseUrocanase; EC 4.2.1.49; Imidazolonepropionate hydrolaseHomo sapiens (human)
3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferaseMST; EC 2.8.1.2Homo sapiens (human)
2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase subunit alpha, mitochondrialEC 1.2.4.4; Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase E1 component alpha chain; BCKDE1A; BCKDH E1-alphaHomo sapiens (human)
2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase subunit beta, mitochondrialEC 1.2.4.4; Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase E1 component beta chain; BCKDE1B; BCKDH E1-betaHomo sapiens (human)
Enolase-phosphatase E1EC 3.1.3.77; 2,3-diketo-5-methylthio-1-phosphopentane phosphatase; MASA homologHomo sapiens (human)
Selenide, water dikinase 2EC 2.7.9.3; Selenium donor protein 2; Selenophosphate synthase 2Homo sapiens (human)
Probable imidazolonepropionaseEC 3.5.2.7; Amidohydrolase domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
Methylthioribose-1-phosphate isomeraseM1Pi; MTR-1-P isomerase; EC 5.3.1.23; Mediator of RhoA-dependent invasion; S-methyl-5-thioribose-1-phosphate isomerase; Translation initiation factor eIF-2B subunit alpha/beta/delta-like proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Pterin-4-alpha-carbinolamine dehydratasePHS; EC 4.2.1.96; 4-alpha-hydroxy-tetrahydropterin dehydratase; Dimerization cofactor of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha; DCoH; Dimerization cofactor of HNF1; Phenylalanine hydroxylase-stimulating protein; Pterin carbinolamine dehydratase; PCDHomo sapiens (human)
Putative lipoyltransferase 2, mitochondrialEC 2.3.1.181; Lipoate-protein ligase B; Lipoyl/octanoyl transferase; Octanoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]-protein N-octanoyltransferaseHomo sapiens (human)
Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [acylating], mitochondrialMMSDH; Malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [acylating]; EC 1.2.1.18; EC 1.2.1.27; Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 6 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
Hydroxylysine kinase5-hydroxy-L-lysine kinase; EC 2.7.1.81; Aminoglycoside phosphotransferase domain-containing protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
Proline dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrialEC 1.5.5.2; Proline oxidase; Proline oxidase 2; p53-induced gene 6 proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 epsilon-1Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 3; Elongation factor p18; Multisynthase complex auxiliary component p18Homo sapiens (human)
Thyrotropin subunit betaThyroid-stimulating hormone subunit beta; TSH-B; TSH-beta; Thyrotropin beta chainHomo sapiens (human)
Argininosuccinate lyaseASAL; EC 4.3.2.1; ArginosuccinaseHomo sapiens (human)
4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain4F2hc; 4F2 heavy chain antigen; Lymphocyte activation antigen 4F2 large subunit; Solute carrier family 3 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
Glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), mitochondrialEC 1.4.4.2; Glycine cleavage system P protein; Glycine decarboxylase; Glycine dehydrogenase (aminomethyl-transferring)Homo sapiens (human)
Glycine cleavage system H protein, mitochondrialLipoic acid-containing proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Short/branched chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrialSBCAD; EC 1.3.8.5; 2-methyl branched chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; 2-MEBCAD; 2-methylbutyryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase; 2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
Aminomethyltransferase, mitochondrialEC 2.1.2.10; Glycine cleavage system T protein; GCVTHomo sapiens (human)
Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenaseAlpha-AASA dehydrogenase; EC 1.2.1.31; Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 7 member A1; 1.2.1.3; Antiquitin-1; Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase; 1.2.1.8; Delta1-piperideine-6-carboxylate dehydrogenase; P6c dehydrogenaseHomo sapiens (human)
Glycine amidinotransferase, mitochondrialEC 2.1.4.1; L-arginine:glycine amidinotransferase; TransamidinaseHomo sapiens (human)
2-iminobutanoate/2-iminopropanoate deaminaseEC 3.5.99.10; 14.5 kDa translational inhibitor protein; hp14.5; p14.5; Heat-responsive protein 12; Reactive intermediate imine deaminase A homolog; Translation inhibitor L-PSP ribonuclease; UK114 antigen homologHomo sapiens (human)
Selenocysteine-specific elongation factorElongation factor sec; Eukaryotic elongation factor, selenocysteine-tRNA-specificHomo sapiens (human)
P proteinMelanocyte-specific transporter protein; Pink-eyed dilution protein homologHomo sapiens (human)
Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase, mitochondrialEC 4.2.1.18; AU-specific RNA-binding enoyl-CoA hydratase; AU-binding protein/enoyl-CoA hydratase; Itaconyl-CoA hydratase; 4.2.1.56Homo sapiens (human)
Ketimine reductase mu-crystallinEC 1.5.1.25; NADP-regulated thyroid-hormone-binding proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Proteasome activator complex subunit 4Proteasome activator PA200Homo sapiens (human)
26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 526S protease subunit S5 basic; 26S proteasome subunit S5BHomo sapiens (human)
Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 4Proton/amino acid transporter 4; Solute carrier family 36 member 4Homo sapiens (human)
5-phosphohydroxy-L-lysine phospho-lyaseEC 4.2.3.134; Alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2-like 2Homo sapiens (human)
L-seryl-tRNA(Sec) kinaseEC 2.7.1.164; O-phosphoseryl-tRNA(Sec) kinaseHomo sapiens (human)
Inactive L-threonine 3-dehydrogenase, mitochondrialShort chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 14E member 1 pseudogeneHomo sapiens (human)
Protein phosphatase 1K, mitochondrialEC 3.1.3.16; PP2C domain-containing protein phosphatase 1K; PP2C-like mitochondrial protein; PP2C-type mitochondrial phosphoprotein phosphatase; PTMP; Protein phosphatase 2C isoform kappa; PP2C-kappaHomo sapiens (human)
Carnosine N-methyltransferaseEC 2.1.1.22Homo sapiens (human)
N-acetylaspartate synthetaseNAA synthetase; EC 2.3.1.17; Camello-like protein 3; N-acetyltransferase 8-like proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Choline transporter-like protein 1CDw92; Solute carrier family 44 member 1Homo sapiens (human)
Proteasome inhibitor PI31 subunithPI31Homo sapiens (human)
Methylthioribulose-1-phosphate dehydrataseMTRu-1-P dehydratase; EC 4.2.1.109; APAF1-interacting protein; hAPIPHomo sapiens (human)
Solute carrier family 25 member 44Homo sapiens (human)
Selenocysteine insertion sequence-binding protein 2SECIS-binding protein 2Homo sapiens (human)
Alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, mitochondrialAGT 2; EC 2.6.1.44; (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate--pyruvate transaminase; 2.6.1.40; Beta-ALAAT II; Beta-alanine-pyruvate aminotransferase; D-AIBATHomo sapiens (human)
Peroxisomal membrane protein 222 kDa peroxisomal membrane proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrierSolute carrier family 25 member 10Homo sapiens (human)
Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde synthase, mitochondrialLKR/SDHHomo sapiens (human)
Isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrialIBDH; EC 1.3.8.-; Activator-recruited cofactor 42 kDa component; ARC42; Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family member 8; ACAD-8Homo sapiens (human)
Membrane-associated transporter proteinMelanoma antigen AIM1; Protein AIM-1; Solute carrier family 45 member 2Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (160)

CompoundDescription
hydronium ion
hydrogen sulfite
selenomethionineDiagnostic aid in pancreas function determination.
selenic acidA strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.
ureaA compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids.
GlutathioneA tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.
ArginineAn essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.
Thiamine PyrophosphateThe coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.
Succinate
acetic acidProduct of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed)
adenineA purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.
NADH
ammonium hydroxideThe hydroxy salt of ammonium ion. It is formed when AMMONIA reacts with water molecules in solution.
Ammonium
CopperA heavy metal trace element with the atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63.55.
betaineA naturally occurring compound that has been of interest for its role in osmoregulation. As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1341)
hydroiodic acid
CopperA heavy metal trace element with the atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63.55.
ironA metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.
ManganeseA trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035)
Carbon DioxideA colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.
iodineA nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.
cholineA basic constituent of lecithin that is found in many plants and animal organs. It is important as a precursor of acetylcholine, as a methyl donor in various metabolic processes, and in lipid metabolism.
ZincA metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with ANEMIA, short stature, HYPOGONADISM, impaired WOUND HEALING, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol Zn.
Orthophosphate
Dopamine Hydrochloride
hydrogen sulfideA flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Glutathione DisulfideA GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.
Flavin MononucleotideA coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.
ubiquinol 1
coenzyme q10Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins
Cobalamins
Aspartate
fumaratesCompounds based on fumaric acid.
thyroxineThe major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.
adenosineA nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.
selenocysteineA naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.
adenosine diphosphateAdenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.
formaldehydeA highly reactive aldehyde gas formed by oxidation or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. In solution, it has a wide range of uses: in the manufacture of resins and textiles, as a disinfectant, and as a laboratory fixative or preservative. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is considered a hazardous compound, and its vapor toxic. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p717)
hydrogen carbonate
Hydrogen PeroxideA strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.
iodineA nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.
methanolA colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.
MagnesiumA metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.
melatoninA biogenic amine that is found in animals and plants. In mammals, melatonin is produced by the PINEAL GLAND. Its secretion increases in darkness and decreases during exposure to light. Melatonin is implicated in the regulation of SLEEP, mood, and REPRODUCTION. Melatonin is also an effective antioxidant.
SodiumA member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.
WaterA clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
OxygenAn element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.
Guanosine MonophosphateA guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acidRN given refers to (DL)-isomer
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate
5'-methylthioribose 1-phosphate
1,5-dihydro-FADchromophore component of E coli DNA photolyase
selenodiglutathione
Guanosine DiphosphateA guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.
sapropterinRN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases
4a-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterinstructure given in first source
pqq cofactorA pyrrolo-quinoline having two adjacent keto-groups at the 4 and 5 positions and three acidic carboxyl groups. It is a coenzyme of some DEHYDROGENASES.
2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy)butanoic acid, (DL)-isomer
phosphohydroxypyruvic acid
Pyruvic AcidAn intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
Selenite
sulfitesInorganic salts of sulfurous acid.
dimethylselenideRN given refers to unlabeled cpd
3-hydroxykynurenine, (L)-isomer
dopachromecyclization product of L-DOPA
delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate(L)-isomer is the biologically active form; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure
imidazol-4-one-5-propionic acidstructure
gamma-trimethylaminobutyraldehydeintermediate in biosynthesis of carnitine from lysine; structure in first source
Methylmethionine Sulfonium Chloride
adenosine monophosphateAdenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.
nadA coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
NADPNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
NADPNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
saccharopinelysine precursor in the aminoadipic acid-lysine pathway in yeast; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search LYSINE/analogs & derivatives (75-85); RN given refers to (L)-isomer
kynurenineA metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.
leukodopachromeproposed metabolite in pathway from tyrosine to dopachrome; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source
methylselenic acid
alpha-Ketoglutarate
OxaloacetateAn anionic form of oxaloacetic acid.
N-acetylaspartate
betaine aldehyde
formate
carnitineA constituent of STRIATED MUSCLE and LIVER. It is an amino acid derivative and an essential cofactor for fatty acid metabolism.
isobutyryl-coenzyme a
Carbamyl PhosphateThe monoanhydride of carbamic acid with PHOSPHORIC ACID. It is an important intermediate metabolite and is synthesized enzymatically by CARBAMYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA) and CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (GLUTAMINE-HYDROLYZING).
tele-methylhistaminehistamine methyltransferase antagonist
kynurenic acidA broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.
SerotoninA biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.
5'-methylthioadenosinestructure
5'-deoxyadenosinemain heading DEOXYADENOSINE refers to the 3' cpd
CystathionineSulfur-containing amino acid formed as an intermediate in the conversion of METHIONINE to CYSTEINE.
dopaquinoneproposed metabolite in pathway from tyrosine to dopachrome; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source
monoiodotyrosineA product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.
2-keto-4-thiomethylbutyrate
3-phenylpyruvate
alpha-ketoglutaramatedeaminated metabolite of glutamine in csf of patients with hepatic coma; intermediate in the detoxification of ammonia in brain; structure
n(1)-acetylspermidine
hydrogen selenideRN given refers to parent cpd
2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarateRN given refers to parent cpd
glutamate
glycolate
adenosine triphosphateAn adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.
alpha-ketobutyric acidRN given refers to parent cpd; structure
Creatinine
methaneselenolRN given refers to (75)Se-labeled cpd
CysteineA thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.
tiglyl-coenzyme a
acetoacetate
trimethyllysinestimulates growth of tumor cells; RN given refers to (S)-isomer
polyglutamineRN given for (D)-isomer
SpermidineA polyamine formed from putrescine. It is found in almost all tissues in association with nucleic acids. It is found as a cation at all pH values, and is thought to help stabilize some membranes and nucleic acid structures. It is a precursor of spermine.
alpha-ketoadipic acid
gamma-butyrobetaineRN given refers to hydroxide inner salt
cocobetaineN-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis
urocanic acid4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.
3-aminopropionaldehydestructure given in first source
glyoxylic acidRN given refers to parent cpd
glycocyamineRN given refers to parent cpd; structure
hydrogen cyanideHydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.
indol-3-yl pyruvic acid
3-hydroxyanthranilic acidAn oxidation product of tryptophan metabolism. It may be a free radical scavenger and a carcinogen.
lipoamideRN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation
N'-formylkynureninea photochemical breakdown product of tryptophan in proteins; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation
3-mercaptopyruvic acidRN given refers to parent cpd; structure
5,6-dihydroxyindole
aspartameFlavoring agent sweeter than sugar, metabolized as PHENYLALANINE and ASPARTIC ACID.
selenomethylselenocysteineRN given refers to parent cpd
cysteine sulfinate
hydroxyl radicalThe univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.
methacrylyl-coenzyme A
2-methylacetoacetyl-coenzyme A
2-acetamidoglucalfound in urine of patient with sialuria
adenosine 3'-phosphate-5'-phosphate
1-phospho-5-s-methylthioribulose
s-adenosylmethioninePhysiologic methyl radical donor involved in enzymatic transmethylation reactions and present in all living organisms. It possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been used in treatment of chronic liver disease. (From Merck, 11th ed)
2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-dithiane-2,5-dicarboxylic acidprodrug of 3-mercaptopyruvate; antidote to cyanide poisoning; structure in first source
Coenzyme A
Peremin
acetylgalactosamineThe N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.
Dehydroascorbic AcidThe reversibly oxidized form of ascorbic acid. It is the lactone of 2,3-DIKETOGULONIC ACID and has antiscorbutic activity in man on oral ingestion.
selenocystathioninestructure in first source
SpermineA biogenic polyamine formed from spermidine. It is found in a wide variety of organisms and tissues and is an essential growth factor in some bacteria. It is found as a polycation at all pH values. Spermine is associated with nucleic acids, particularly in viruses, and is thought to stabilize the helical structure.
Acetyl Coenzyme AAcetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.
isovaleryl-coenzyme A
glutaryl-coenzyme A
Flavin-Adenine DinucleotideA condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)
hemeThe color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.
creolinfrom refined coal tar oils
n-acetylaspartic acid
plasmenylserineRN given refers to (L)-isomer
n-acetylglutamic acidRN given refers to (L)-isomer
d-aspartic acidThe D-isomer of ASPARTIC ACID.
n-acetylserotonin
trimethylselenoniumproduct of selenite metabolism in rats; RN given refers to parent cpd
propionyl-coenzyme aRN given refers to parent cpd
thiocyanateRN given refers to parent cpd
oxalic acidA strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acidRN given refers to parent cpd
lanthioninea thioether analogue of cystine; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer; structure; a component of lantibiotics (BACTERIOCINS)