Compounds > 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-1-nitrosourea
Page last updated: 2024-12-06

1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-1-nitrosourea

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-1-nitrosourea is a chemical compound commonly known as **lomustine** (also known by its brand name **CCNU**).

**Lomustine** is an **alkylating agent** that is used as a **chemotherapy drug** for treating various types of cancer.

Here's why it's important for research:

* **Cancer Treatment:** Lomustine is particularly effective against brain tumors (like glioblastoma), lymphomas, and leukemias. It works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells, preventing their growth and replication.
* **Mechanism of Action:** Studying lomustine helps researchers understand the process of DNA alkylation and its role in inhibiting cell division. This knowledge is crucial for developing new cancer treatments with better efficacy and fewer side effects.
* **Drug Delivery and Formulation:** Research on lomustine helps develop new drug delivery systems and formulations to improve its effectiveness and reduce toxicity. For example, nanoparticles are being explored to deliver lomustine directly to tumor cells.
* **Combinational Therapy:** Lomustine is often used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs, radiation therapy, and surgery to achieve optimal treatment outcomes. Research investigates the best combinations and their impact on cancer cell response.
* **Resistance Mechanisms:** Understanding how cancer cells develop resistance to lomustine is critical for overcoming treatment failure. Research explores the underlying mechanisms and develops strategies to overcome resistance.

**Overall, research on lomustine continues to play a vital role in understanding cancer biology, improving cancer treatment strategies, and developing novel therapies for this devastating disease.**

1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-1-nitrosourea: structure [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID26328
CHEMBL ID12200
SCHEMBL ID845062
MeSH IDM0070342

Synonyms (30)

Synonym
NCI60_042124
urea, n-(2-chloroethyl)-n'-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-n-nitroso-
n-(2-chloroethyl)-n'-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-n-nitrosourea
nsc95466
urea, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidyl)-1-nitroso-
13909-02-9
urea, n-(2-chloroethyl)-n'-(2, 6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-n-nitroso-
1-(2-chloroethyl)3-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidyl)-1-nitrosourea
3-(((1-(2-chloroethyl)-2-oxohydrazino)carbonyl)amino)-2,6-piperidinedione
pcnu
1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidyl)-1-nitroso-urea
1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidyl)-1-nitrosourea
urea,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-n-nitroso-
nsc-95,466
urea,6-dioxo-3-piperidyl)-1-nitroso-
nsc-95466
brn 0431046
ai3-52898
nsc 95466
CHEMBL12200
1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1-nitrosourea
unii-azw59v4q3b
1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-1-nitrosourea
azw59v4q3b ,
SCHEMBL845062
3-(([1-(2-chloroethyl)-2-oxohydrazino]carbonyl)amino)-2,6-piperidinedione #
KHWIRCOLWPNBJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Q27274209
n-(2-chloroethyl)-n'-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-n-nitrosourea
DTXSID10864453

Research Excerpts

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"A dose-response relation for the cytotoxic activity of chloroethylnitrosourea cancer chemotherapeutic agents in cell culture has been developed."( Quantitative dose-response relations for the cytotoxic activity of chloroethylnitrosoureas in cell culture.
Deen, DF; Weinkam, RJ, 1982)		0.26
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (25)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1149526Antitumor activity against mouse advanced Lewis lung carcinoma allografted in ip dosed BDF1 mouse assessed as disease cure administered as single dose on day 6 or 7 post-tumor implantation1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 20, Issue:2
Inhibition of solid tumors by nitrosoureas. 1. Lewis lung carcinoma.
AID23481Partition coefficient (logP)1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 26, Issue:11
An analysis of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea activity at the cellular level.
AID1149474Antitumor activity against mouse early Lewis lung carcinoma allografted in BDF1 mouse assessed as increase in host life span at 11 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose on 1 or 2 days post-tumor implantation1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 20, Issue:2
Inhibition of solid tumors by nitrosoureas. 1. Lewis lung carcinoma.
AID25750Pharmacokinetic parameter k2 was determined1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 26, Issue:11
An analysis of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea activity at the cellular level.
AID152566Mean value for the exposure for P388 to the drug for a period of 60 min1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 26, Issue:11
An analysis of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea activity at the cellular level.
AID152565Mean value for the exposure for P388 to the drug for a period of 40 min at pH 7.4 and 37 degree1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 26, Issue:11
An analysis of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea activity at the cellular level.
AID1149386Antitumor activity against mouse advanced Lewis lung carcinoma allografted in BDF1 mouse assessed as increase in host life span at 15 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose on 7th day post-tumor implantation1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 20, Issue:2
Inhibition of solid tumors by nitrosoureas. 1. Lewis lung carcinoma.
AID116430Optimal percentage of increased life span [(100 x MST treated mice / MST control mice) -100] at the optimal dose of 8 mg/kg; d=Not Attained1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 27, Issue:11
Studies on synthesis and anticancer activity of selected N-(2-fluoroethyl)-N-nitrosoureas.
AID15821Alkylating activity was determined1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 26, Issue:11
An analysis of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea activity at the cellular level.
AID1149523Ratio of ED50 for antitumor activity against mouse L1210 cells allografted in ip dosed mouse to LD10 for mouse1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 20, Issue:2
Inhibition of solid tumors by nitrosoureas. 1. Lewis lung carcinoma.
AID1149527Antitumor activity against mouse advanced Lewis lung carcinoma allografted in ip dosed BDF1 mouse assessed as increase in host lifespan administered as single dose on day 6 or 7 post-tumor implantation1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 20, Issue:2
Inhibition of solid tumors by nitrosoureas. 1. Lewis lung carcinoma.
AID26811Partition coefficient (logP)1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 23, Issue:6
Relationship of octanol/water partition coefficient and molecular weight to rat brain capillary permeability.
AID189629The capillary permeability of radioligand was measured in Rat brain1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 23, Issue:6
Relationship of octanol/water partition coefficient and molecular weight to rat brain capillary permeability.
AID1149473Antitumor activity against mouse early Lewis lung carcinoma allografted in BDF1 mouse assessed as increase in host life span at 17 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose on 1 or 2 days post-tumor implantation1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 20, Issue:2
Inhibition of solid tumors by nitrosoureas. 1. Lewis lung carcinoma.
AID120331Number of day-60 survivors at the optimal dose of 8 mg/kg; 8/101984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 27, Issue:11
Studies on synthesis and anticancer activity of selected N-(2-fluoroethyl)-N-nitrosoureas.
AID15912Carbamoylating activity was determined1983Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 26, Issue:11
An analysis of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea activity at the cellular level.
AID134226Toxicity against L-1210 leukemia cells in mice after intraperitoneal administration, activity is expressed as LD101980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 23, Issue:10
Antitumor structure-activity relations. Nitrosoureas vs. L-1210 leukemia.
AID1149521Antitumor activity against mouse early Lewis lung carcinoma allografted in ip dosed BDF1 mouse assessed as disease cure administered as single dose on 1 or 2 days post-tumor implantation measured for 80 days post-drug treatment1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 20, Issue:2
Inhibition of solid tumors by nitrosoureas. 1. Lewis lung carcinoma.
AID1149525Antitumor activity against mouse advanced Lewis lung carcinoma allografted in ip dosed BDF1 mouse assessed as complete regression of established tumor administered as single dose on day 6 or 7 post-tumor implantation1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 20, Issue:2
Inhibition of solid tumors by nitrosoureas. 1. Lewis lung carcinoma.
AID114966median survival time including day-60 survivors (MST), after post implantation at the optimal dose of 8 mg/kg; d=Not Attained1984Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 27, Issue:11
Studies on synthesis and anticancer activity of selected N-(2-fluoroethyl)-N-nitrosoureas.
AID125581Tested for 3 log kill of leukemia cells1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 23, Issue:10
Antitumor structure-activity relations. Nitrosoureas vs. L-1210 leukemia.
AID1149439Antitumor activity against mouse advanced Lewis lung carcinoma allografted in BDF1 mouse assessed as disease cure at 15 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose on 7th day post-tumor implantation measured for 80 days post-drug treatment1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 20, Issue:2
Inhibition of solid tumors by nitrosoureas. 1. Lewis lung carcinoma.
AID1149502Antitumor activity against mouse early Lewis lung carcinoma allografted in BDF1 mouse assessed as time delay in tumor growth at 11 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose on 1 or 2 days post-tumor implantation1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 20, Issue:2
Inhibition of solid tumors by nitrosoureas. 1. Lewis lung carcinoma.
AID23276Partition coefficient (logP)1980Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 23, Issue:10
Antitumor structure-activity relations. Nitrosoureas vs. L-1210 leukemia.
AID1149501Antitumor activity against mouse early Lewis lung carcinoma allografted in BDF1 mouse assessed as time delay in tumor growth at 17 mg/kg, ip administered as single dose on 1 or 2 days post-tumor implantation1977Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 20, Issue:2
Inhibition of solid tumors by nitrosoureas. 1. Lewis lung carcinoma.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (60)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199044 (73.33)18.7374
1990's14 (23.33)18.2507
2000's1 (1.67)29.6817
2010's0 (0.00)24.3611
2020's1 (1.67)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 9.67

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index9.67 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.30 (2.92)
Research Growth Index3.97 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (9.67)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials8 (12.31%)5.53%
Reviews4 (6.15%)6.00%
Case Studies1 (1.54%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other52 (80.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
carbamates
[no description available]		1.9610amino-acid anion
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		3.3511monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		1.9510alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		1.9510isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		9.19164N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		4.8521nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
lomustine
[no description available]		3.5790N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		1.9510C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		2.0210dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		1.9610barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.3720benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		1.9510aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
semustine
Semustine: 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.. semustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.		2.6530N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent
tegafur
[no description available]		1.9510organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
thymidine
[no description available]		1.9610pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		3.3511aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
vincristine
[no description available]		1.9510acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		1.9510glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		1.9910ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		1.9910pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
mannitol
[no description available]		1.9510mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		2.3720beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
isoprene
isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.		2.610alkadiene;
hemiterpene;
volatile organic compound		plant metabolite
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		2.610pyrrole;
secondary amine
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		1.9610N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
ethylnitrosourea
Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.		2.8840N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
genotoxin;
mutagen
mirex
Mirex: An organochlorine insecticide that is carcinogenic.		1.9910chlorocarbon;
organochlorine insecticide		persistent organic pollutant
metoprine
metoprine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist		1.9510
chrysotile
Asbestos, Serpentine: A type of asbestos that occurs in nature as the dihydrate of magnesium silicate. It exists in two forms: antigorite, a plated variety, and chrysotile, a fibrous variety. The latter makes up 95% of all asbestos products. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p.893)		2.0210
misonidazole
Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.		1.9510
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		1.9910acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
etoprine
etoprine: do not confuse with 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine, also called DDEP		1.9510
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		1.9610nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
vidarabine phosphate
Vidarabine Phosphate: An adenosine monophosphate analog in which ribose is replaced by an arabinose moiety. It is the monophosphate ester of VIDARABINE with antiviral and possibly antineoplastic properties.		1.9610
etoposide
[no description available]		3.0610beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
triazinate
triazinate: structure		2.0210
spiromustine
[no description available]		1.9510
diaziquone
diaziquone: RN given refers to parent cpd. diaziquone : A 1,4-benzoquinone that is substituted at positions 2 and 5 have been replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups and at positions 3 and 6 by (ethoxycarbonyl)amino groups.		6.63521,4-benzoquinones;
aziridines;
carbamate ester;
enamine		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
n-(2-chloroethyl)-n-nitrosoacetamide
N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosoacetamide: structure given in first source		1.9610
bisantrene
bisantrene: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonyms CL 216942 & NSC 337766 refers to di-HCl. bisantrene : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of both of the aldehyde groups of anthracene-9,10-dicarbaldehyde with 2-hydrazinyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole.		1.9710anthracenes;
hydrazone;
imidazolidines		antineoplastic agent
elmustine
elmustine: structure		1.9610
1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea
[no description available]		2.8840
1-(2-fluoroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea
1-(2-fluoroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea: fluoro analog		2.3620
4-hydroxylomustine
4-hydroxylomustine: RN given refers to (trans)-isomer		2.6530
nsc 153174
NSC 153174: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer		2.3620
carboplatin
[no description available]		3.0610
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		2.0210coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
teniposide
[no description available]		1.9510aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
valrubicin
[no description available]		1.9610anthracycline;
trifluoroacetamide
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		1.9610L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		1.9710aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		1.97102-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		1.9710antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
mitoguazone
Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.		1.9610guanidines;
hydrazone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
bleomycin
[no description available]		1.9510bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
2-((3-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)glucopyranose
[no description available]		2.8740
dianhydrogalactitol
Dianhydrogalactitol: One of the cytotoxic dihalohexitols that alkylates and cross-links DNA via an epoxide group during all phases of the cell cycle, resulting in a disruption of DNA function and cell cycle arrest. It has antineoplastic activity and also causes bone marrow toxicity.		2.0210
lactoferrin
Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.		1.9810
methylnitronitrosoguanidine
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position		1.9910nitroso compoundalkylating agent
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		01.9510
Leukemia L 1210
[description not available]		02.6530
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		04.7471
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3620
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		01.9510
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		04.7471
Leukemia P388
An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.		01.9610
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		02.6530
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		02.6530
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		02.610
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		02.610
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		02.610
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		02.610
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		03.0850
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		03.0850
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		02.3720
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		03.3570
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		03.3570
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		02.3720
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		01.9510
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		09.56175
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		02.6630
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		08.4594
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		01.9510
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.661
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		09.56175
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		02.6630
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		08.4594
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		01.9510
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		02.3620
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		04.661
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		03.4780
Leukocytopenia
[description not available]		02.6530
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		03.4780
Leukopenia
A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).		02.6530
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		01.9610
Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue
Neoplasms composed of nerve tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves.		01.9610
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		05.3651
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		01.9610
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		01.9610
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		01.9610
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.8840
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		03.0650
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.8840
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		03.0650
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		01.9610
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		01.9610
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		01.9610
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		01.9610
Blood Diseases
[description not available]		01.9610
Hematologic Diseases
Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.		01.9610
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.6530
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.6530
Metastase
[description not available]		05.1841
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		05.1841
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		01.9610
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		01.9610
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		01.9610
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		01.9810
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		01.9810
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		02.3920
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		01.9810
Papilloma, Inverted
A mucosal tumor of the urinary bladder or nasal cavity in which proliferating epithelium is invaginated beneath the surface and is more smoothly rounded than in other papillomas. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9810
Recrudescence
[description not available]		03.3711
Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia
A benign form of endometrial hyperplasia with increased number of cells with atypia. The atypical cells are large and irregular and have an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. The risk of progression to endometrial carcinoma rises with the increasing degree of cell atypia.		01.9810
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		01.9810
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		01.9810
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Benign proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM in the UTERUS. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified by its cytology and glandular tissue. There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant.		01.9810
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		01.9810
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		01.9810
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		04.3422
Benign Supratentorial Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.3711
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		03.3711
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		01.9910
Cocarcinogenesis
The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.		02.3920
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		01.9910
Papilloma, Squamous Cell
[description not available]		01.9910
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		02.6630
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		01.9910
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		02.6630
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		01.9910
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		01.9910
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		01.9710
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		01.9710
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9710
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.		01.9710
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed
[description not available]		04.9631
Medulloblastoma
A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)		04.9631
Chromosomal Translocation
[description not available]		01.9710
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		01.9710
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		01.9710
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9710
Spinal Cord Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.		01.9710
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		01.9710
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		01.9710
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		01.9710
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		01.9710
Anaplastic Ependymoma
[description not available]		01.9610
Ependymoma
Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)		01.9610