urea and Kidney Failure, Chronic studies

pseudourea: clinical use; structure
isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.

Kidney Failure, Chronic: The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"In this pilot trial topical application of 10% Urea ISDIN ® plus dexpanthenol lotion has shown to improve skin dryness and pruritus in haemodialysis patients."	9.15	Efficacy of topical hydrating and emollient lotion containing 10% urea ISDIN® plus dexpanthenol (Ureadin Rx 10) in the treatment of skin xerosis and pruritus in hemodialyzed patients: an open prospective pilot trial. ( Castello, M; Milani, M, 2011)
"Prazosin (Minipress; Pfizer), a new antihypertensive agent, was investigated in 24 outpatients with uncontrolled hypertension."	9.04	Prazosin in the therapy of uncontrolled hypertension. ( Lubbe, WF, 1977)
"While body weight was decreased, kidney weight increased in DEP+adenine versus saline+adenine or DEP."	7.83	Prolonged Pulmonary Exposure to Diesel Exhaust Particles Exacerbates Renal Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and DNA Damage in Mice with Adenine-Induced Chronic Renal Failure. ( Ali, BH; Beegam, S; Hamadi, NK; Karaca, T; Nemmar, A; Yasin, J; Yuvaraju, P, 2016)
" In the present study, blood triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) breakdown pathway was evaluated in relation to uric acid concentration and xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase (XDH/XO) in patients with essential hypertension, patients with chronic renal diseases on dialysis, and control individuals."	7.80	Circulating purine compounds, uric acid, and xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase relationship in essential hypertension and end stage renal disease. ( Boban, M; Bobana, MD; Cvetkovic, T; Deljanin-Ilic, M; Djindjic, B; Ilic, S; Jevtovic-Stoimenov, T; Kocic, G; Pavlovic, R; Radenkovic, S; Sokolovic, D; Stojanovic, D, 2014)
" We investigated the association between total protein intake, estimated from 24-h urinary urea excretion, and incident hypertension in Dutch men and women."	7.79	Twenty-four hour urinary urea excretion and 9-year risk of hypertension: the PREVEND study. ( Bakker, SJ; Brink, EJ; de Jong, PE; Engberink, MF; Gansevoort, RT; Geleijnse, JM; Tielemans, SM; van Baak, MA, 2013)
" Blood pressure, heart rate, concentrations of aldosterone, urea, creatinine, electrolytes, and protein, index of hypertrophy of visceral organs, and 24-h diuresis were evaluated."	7.74	Effect of spironolactone on hypertrophy of left ventricular myocardium in wistar rats with experimental uremia. ( Beresneva, ON; Esaian, AM; Karabayeva, AZh; Kayukov, IG; Kotenko, LV; Parastaeva, MM; Sevastyanova, IE, 2008)
" The study goal is to determine whether hemodialysis access in pediatric patients influences urea clearance (Kt/V and urea reduction rate [URR]), anemia management (hemoglobin [Hgb] concentration and recombinant human erythropoietin [rHuEPO] use), and serum albumin levels."	7.73	Comparison of vascular access type in pediatric hemodialysis patients with respect to urea clearance, anemia management, and serum albumin concentration. ( Brier, M; Chand, DH; Strife, CF, 2005)
"In hepatocytes isolated from uremic and control rats, we investigated: (1) the influence of uremia on gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis during incubations with alanine; (2) the kinetics of alanine plasma-membrane transport; (3) the relationships between intracellular alanine concentrations and its metabolism."	7.72	Effect of chronic renal failure with metabolic acidosis on alanine metabolism in isolated liver cells. ( Cano, N; El-Mir, MY; Leverve, XM; Meijer, AJ; Novaretti, R; Reynier, JP; Sturm, JM, 2004)
"The purpose of this study was to evaluate inadequate hemodialysis risk in patients with body weights in the upper quartile of a sample distribution using the urea reduction ratio (URR)."	7.70	An analysis of body weight and hemodialysis adequacy based on the urea reduction ratio. ( Culp, KR; Flanigan, M; Hayajneh, Y, 1999)
"In the present study, serum total (TC), free (FC), and acyl (AC) carnitine levels were investigated in 20 healthy controls (13 males and 7 females) and 27 patients (10 males and 17 females) with chronic pyelonephritis (CPN) undergoing regular chronic hemodialysis (CHD)."	7.69	Effect of chronic renal hemodialysis on serum total, free and acyl carnitine concentrations in adult chronic pyelonephritis patients. ( Alhomida, AS, 1997)
" In a subset of 33 hemodialysis patients studied midweek, it was noted that increasing age is associated with a lower serum creatinine concentration, lower interdialytic weight gain, and a lower urea generation rate."	7.68	Hemodialysis and the elderly patient: potential advantages as to quality of life, urea generation, serum creatinine, and less interdialytic weight gain. ( Antignani, A; Avram, MM; Avram, MR; Burrell, D; Pena, C, 1990)
"Treatment with intravenous and oral diazoxide was given to a group of 39 patients suffering from severe drug-resistant hypertension associated with renal impairment."	7.65	Use of diazoxide in hypertension with renal failure. ( Pohl, JE; Thurston, H, 1971)
"Uremic pruritus is one of the most prevalent and bothersome dermatologic symptoms in patients with end-stage renal disease."	6.66	Gabapentin for uremic pruritus: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. ( Castillo, RL; Dofitas, BL; Eusebio-Alpapara, KMV, 2020)
"Patients with male gender, greater BMI, higher SBP, DM, peritonitis, proteinuria, and elevated serum phosphorus might have a higher risk of RKF decline and loss."	5.41	Influencing factors for residual kidney function in incident peritoneal dialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Cui, W; Lei, H; Li, L; Lin, H; Wu, S; Yang, W; Yin, A; Zhou, D, 2023)
"This model of chronic renal failure has several characteristics in common with chronic renal failure in humans."	5.27	Lithium-induced uremia in rats - a new model of chronic renal failure. ( Christensen, S; Ottosen, PD, 1983)
"In this pilot trial topical application of 10% Urea ISDIN ® plus dexpanthenol lotion has shown to improve skin dryness and pruritus in haemodialysis patients."	5.15	Efficacy of topical hydrating and emollient lotion containing 10% urea ISDIN® plus dexpanthenol (Ureadin Rx 10) in the treatment of skin xerosis and pruritus in hemodialyzed patients: an open prospective pilot trial. ( Castello, M; Milani, M, 2011)
"Fenofibrate is a potent hypolipemic agent, widely used in patients with mild to severe renal failure in whom hyperlipoproteinemia is frequent."	5.09	[Fenofibrate increases blood creatinine, but does not change the glomerular filtration rate in patients with mild renal insufficiency]. ( Achard, JM; el Esper, N; Fournier, A; Hottelart, C; Pruna, A, 1999)
"Prazosin (Minipress; Pfizer), a new antihypertensive agent, was investigated in 24 outpatients with uncontrolled hypertension."	5.04	Prazosin in the therapy of uncontrolled hypertension. ( Lubbe, WF, 1977)
" We propose the following practical considerations to preserve RKF, especially in newly transitioned (incident) hemodialysis patients: (1) periodic monitoring of RKF in hemodialysis patients through urine volume and including residual urea clearance with dialysis adequacy and outcome markers such as anemia, fluid gains, minerals and electrolytes, nutritional, status and quality of life; (2) avoidance of nephrotoxic agents such as radiocontrast dye, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and aminoglycosides; (3) more rigorous hypertension control and minimizing intradialytic hypotensive episodes; (4) individualizing the initial dialysis prescription with consideration of an incremental/infrequent approach to hemodialysis initiation (e."	4.93	Preservation of residual kidney function in hemodialysis patients: reviving an old concept. ( Fishbane, S; Kalantar-Zadeh, K; Mathew, AT; Obi, Y, 2016)
" Although most dietary attempts to treat chronic renal failure (CRF) and to decrease uremia recommend a protein restriction, another dietetic approach, based on dietary fibers (DF), can lead to the same urea-lowering effect by increasing urea-nitrogen (N) excretion in stool with a concomitant decrease of the total N quantity excreted in urine."	4.82	[Role of dietary fibers in the nutritional management of chronic renal failure]. ( Alphonse, JC; Deteix, R; Younes, H, 2004)
" Direct removal of nitrogen-containing compounds by an external gut fistula, gastric, ileal, or colonic gavage (dialysis) or induced diarrhea extract water and urea but only minimal amounts of larger molecules such as creatinine."	4.79	Bowel as a kidney substitute in renal failure. ( Friedman, EA, 1996)
" Here we investigate the hypothesis that increased concentrations of urea associated with CRF increase ROS production directly in EPCs, causing abnormalities associated with coronary artery disease risk."	3.85	Urea-induced ROS accelerate senescence in endothelial progenitor cells. ( Brownlee, M; Capozzi, V; Colia, AL; D'Apolito, M; Falcone, MP; Giardino, I; Lasalvia, M; Maffione, AB; Pettoello-Mantovani, M, 2017)
"While body weight was decreased, kidney weight increased in DEP+adenine versus saline+adenine or DEP."	3.83	Prolonged Pulmonary Exposure to Diesel Exhaust Particles Exacerbates Renal Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and DNA Damage in Mice with Adenine-Induced Chronic Renal Failure. ( Ali, BH; Beegam, S; Hamadi, NK; Karaca, T; Nemmar, A; Yasin, J; Yuvaraju, P, 2016)
"In rats of group 1, serum levels of creatinine and urea and microalbuminuria were increased, while reduced creatinine clearance (p<0."	3.83	Characterization of an experimental model of progressive renal disease in rats. ( Baracho, NC; Kangussu, LM; Pereira, RM; Prestes, TR; Rocha, NP; Silva, AC; Silveira, KD, 2016)
" In the present study, blood triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) breakdown pathway was evaluated in relation to uric acid concentration and xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase (XDH/XO) in patients with essential hypertension, patients with chronic renal diseases on dialysis, and control individuals."	3.80	Circulating purine compounds, uric acid, and xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase relationship in essential hypertension and end stage renal disease. ( Boban, M; Bobana, MD; Cvetkovic, T; Deljanin-Ilic, M; Djindjic, B; Ilic, S; Jevtovic-Stoimenov, T; Kocic, G; Pavlovic, R; Radenkovic, S; Sokolovic, D; Stojanovic, D, 2014)
" We investigated the association between total protein intake, estimated from 24-h urinary urea excretion, and incident hypertension in Dutch men and women."	3.79	Twenty-four hour urinary urea excretion and 9-year risk of hypertension: the PREVEND study. ( Bakker, SJ; Brink, EJ; de Jong, PE; Engberink, MF; Gansevoort, RT; Geleijnse, JM; Tielemans, SM; van Baak, MA, 2013)
" In this study, we sought to research the relationship between the insulin resistance, which is one of the risk factors for CVD, and the inflammation markers, especially C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, uric acid, and homocysteine levels in our patients who were recently diagnosed with ESRD and started hemodialysis."	3.76	Relationship between insulin resistance and inflamation markers in hemodialysis patients. ( Binici, DN; Borazan, A, 2010)
" Indices of urea reduction ratio (URR), anemia, hyperphosphatemia, and predialysis BP (BP) control in a subgroup of all patients on LOH for at least 1 yr since 2004 were compared with age, sex, and diabetes-matched controls undergoing conventional duration HD."	3.75	Ten years experience of in-center thrice weekly long overnight hemodialysis. ( Geddes, CC; Jardine, AG; Latta, C; Narasinghan, E; Oluwaseun, O; Padmanabhan, N; Powell, JR; Tortolano, J; Woo, YM, 2009)
" Blood pressure, heart rate, concentrations of aldosterone, urea, creatinine, electrolytes, and protein, index of hypertrophy of visceral organs, and 24-h diuresis were evaluated."	3.74	Effect of spironolactone on hypertrophy of left ventricular myocardium in wistar rats with experimental uremia. ( Beresneva, ON; Esaian, AM; Karabayeva, AZh; Kayukov, IG; Kotenko, LV; Parastaeva, MM; Sevastyanova, IE, 2008)
" The study goal is to determine whether hemodialysis access in pediatric patients influences urea clearance (Kt/V and urea reduction rate [URR]), anemia management (hemoglobin [Hgb] concentration and recombinant human erythropoietin [rHuEPO] use), and serum albumin levels."	3.73	Comparison of vascular access type in pediatric hemodialysis patients with respect to urea clearance, anemia management, and serum albumin concentration. ( Brier, M; Chand, DH; Strife, CF, 2005)
" Urea and ammonia were measured in gastric juice, and the severity of gastritis was evaluated according to Sydney criteria."	3.73	Gastric juice ammonia and urea concentrations and their relation to gastric mucosa injury in patients maintained on chronic hemodialysis. ( Blusiewicz, K; Rydzewska, G; Rydzewski, A, 2005)
"This is the first report of BF-HD increasing tolerability, reducing interdialytic fluid gains and enhancing urea clearance in non-hypotension prone chronic HD patients."	3.72	Biofeedback controlled hemodialysis (BF-HD) reduces symptoms and increases both hemodynamic tolerability and dialysis adequacy in non-hypotension prone stable patients. ( Fluck, RJ; Lambie, SH; McIntyre, CW, 2003)
"In hepatocytes isolated from uremic and control rats, we investigated: (1) the influence of uremia on gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis during incubations with alanine; (2) the kinetics of alanine plasma-membrane transport; (3) the relationships between intracellular alanine concentrations and its metabolism."	3.72	Effect of chronic renal failure with metabolic acidosis on alanine metabolism in isolated liver cells. ( Cano, N; El-Mir, MY; Leverve, XM; Meijer, AJ; Novaretti, R; Reynier, JP; Sturm, JM, 2004)
" Echocardiography (ECHO), body mass index (BMI), serum creatinine, urea, total protein, albumin, hemoglobin, hematocrit, electrolytes and parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were evaluated in all patients at the next hours after HD session."	3.71	[Left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with chronic renal failure treated by hemodialysis]. ( Czekalski, S; Lehmann, P; Wanic-Kossowska, M, 2002)
" To test the hypothesis that uremia is a state of intracellular L-arginine deficiency, uremic plasma was obtained from dialysis patients, and its effect was tested on arginine transport in cultured vascular endothelial cells."	3.71	Uremic levels of urea inhibit L-arginine transport in cultured endothelial cells. ( Baylis, C; Mahaney, J; Wagner, L; Xiao, S, 2001)
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic uremia induced by 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6NX) on changes in protein and branched-chain amino acid (BCAA; valine, leucine and isoleucine) metabolism."	3.71	Leucine and protein metabolism in rats with chronic renal insufficiency. ( Holecek, M; Sprongl, L; Tichý, M; Tilser, I, 2001)
"The purpose of this study was to evaluate inadequate hemodialysis risk in patients with body weights in the upper quartile of a sample distribution using the urea reduction ratio (URR)."	3.70	An analysis of body weight and hemodialysis adequacy based on the urea reduction ratio. ( Culp, KR; Flanigan, M; Hayajneh, Y, 1999)
"To calculate the relationships of weekly KT/V urea to standard body weight with different exchange volumes (2, 2."	3.69	Weight limitations for weekly urea clearances using various exchange volumes in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. ( Jensen, RA; Khanna, R; Nolph, KD; Twardowski, ZJ, 1994)
"We explored the role of angiotensin II and vasopressin in the maintenance of blood pressure during the nephrotic syndrome of adriamycin-induced nephropathy in rats."	3.69	Pressor mechanisms in adriamycin-induced nephropathy with hypertension in rats. ( Ferrari-Spadotto, A; Franco, R; Gavras, H; Gavras, I; Georgette, J; Gut, A, 1994)
"In 49 patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, we assessed the relative influences of adequacy of dialysis (assessed by kinetic transfer/volume urea) and psychological symptoms (depression and anxiety) upon the patients' evaluation of their overall quality of life (QoL)."	3.69	Quality of life in peritoneal dialysis patients. ( Baltimore, D; Finkelstein, FO; Finkelstein, SH; Juergensen, P; Kliger, AS; Steele, TE, 1996)
"Correction of acidosis in CAPD decreases protein degradation and synthesis but has no effect on leucine oxidation."	3.69	Correction of acidosis in CAPD decreases whole body protein degradation. ( Channon, SM; Downie, S; Gilmour, E; Goodship, TH; Graham, KA; Passlick-Deetjen, J; Reaich, D, 1996)
" We analysed their urea and creatinine clearances (Cur, Ccr), serum urea (SU), urinary urea and creatinine (Ur, Ucr), serum albumin (SA), urinary protein (Upr), body weight (BW), and steroid dose."	3.69	Protein malnutrition and decreased protein turnover in chronic renal allograft failure. ( Baltzan, MA; Baltzan, RB; Shoker, AS, 1997)
"In the present study, serum total (TC), free (FC), and acyl (AC) carnitine levels were investigated in 20 healthy controls (13 males and 7 females) and 27 patients (10 males and 17 females) with chronic pyelonephritis (CPN) undergoing regular chronic hemodialysis (CHD)."	3.69	Effect of chronic renal hemodialysis on serum total, free and acyl carnitine concentrations in adult chronic pyelonephritis patients. ( Alhomida, AS, 1997)
"To evaluate the effects of metabolic acidosis on serum albumin and other nutritional parameters in long-term continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients, we undertook a retrospective study involving 106 CAPD patients who had monthly biochemical measurements and urea kinetic studies every 6 months for more than 2 years."	3.69	Impact of metabolic acidosis on serum albumin and other nutritional parameters in long-term CAPD patients. ( Choi, KH; Han, DS; Kang, SW; Kim, BS; Lee, HY; Lee, IH; Lee, SW, 1997)
" The effect of the correction of chronic metabolic acidosis in chronic renal failure patients treated with HD was determined from the kinetics of infused L-[1-(13)C]leucine."	3.69	Correction of acidosis in hemodialysis decreases whole-body protein degradation. ( Channon, SM; Downie, S; Goodship, TH; Graham, KA; Reaich, D, 1997)
"The concentrations of urea, creatinine, and uric acid were measured in edema fluid and plasma during hemodialysis and 18 h after hemodialysis."	3.68	Evaluation of hemodialysis efficiency by an edema fluid model. ( Fujita, Y; Izumi, M; Kajimoto, Y; Nakahama, H; Ochi, S; Shirai, D; Tanaka, Y; Wada, A; Yano, F, 1992)
" In a subset of 33 hemodialysis patients studied midweek, it was noted that increasing age is associated with a lower serum creatinine concentration, lower interdialytic weight gain, and a lower urea generation rate."	3.68	Hemodialysis and the elderly patient: potential advantages as to quality of life, urea generation, serum creatinine, and less interdialytic weight gain. ( Antignani, A; Avram, MM; Avram, MR; Burrell, D; Pena, C, 1990)
" In uremia, CarHb is produced by nonenzymatic post-translational modification of the terminal amino group of hemoglobin monomers by isocyanic acid, derived from the spontaneous dissociation of urea."	3.68	Determination of carbamylated hemoglobin by high-performance liquid chromatography. ( Barron, JL; Bending, MR; Carr, EC; Kwan, JT, 1990)
"Treatment of renal anemia with recombinant human erythropoietin in chronic hemodialysis patients has been reported to lead to increased appetite, and in several studies, to an increase in predialysis serum urea, potassium and creatinine values."	3.68	Effect of erythropoietin therapy on diet and dialysis clearances in hemodialysis patients. ( Atkins, K; Kaupke, CJ; Sampson, JR; Vaziri, ND, 1990)
" Moreover, urinary excretion of water, electrolytes, creatinine and urea nitrogen were estimated in order to check the pharmacodynamic effect of the drug."	3.67	Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of furosemide in patients with impaired renal function. ( Keil, E; Sperschneider, H; Stein, G; Traeger, A, 1984)
" The nutritional status was also well protected by the dietary therapy: increase of body weight, normal values of total serum protein, and low-constant values of urea appearance."	3.67	Protection of renal function and of nutritional status in uremic rats by means of a low-protein, low-phosphorus supplemented diet. ( Barsotti, G; Ciardella, F; Cupisti, A; Dani, L; Giovannetti, S; Lupetti, S; Moriconi, L, 1988)
" Urea nitrogen appearance (U) calculated as the sum of urinary urea nitrogen plus the variation in the body urea pool (using changes in serum urea nitrogen and either the 14C urea space or 60% body weight) was correlated with nitrogen intake (r = 0."	3.67	A method for estimating nitrogen intake of patients with chronic renal failure. ( Maroni, BJ; Mitch, WE; Steinman, TI, 1985)
" After six months of dietary treatment the results showed in group B in contrast to group A an improvement of nutritional status (body weight increased, urea decreased, and BCAA normalized)."	3.67	The influence of two different essential amino acid/keto analogue preparations on the clinical status of patients with chronic renal failure. ( Meisinger, E; Strauch, M, 1985)
"Non-oliguric renal failure developed in six elderly women who had been prescribed 1--2 g of mefenamic acid daily for 2--6 weeks for the relief of musculoskeletal pain."	3.66	Mefenamic acid nephropathy. ( Dlugolecka, M; Ford, MJ; Prescott, LF; Robertson, CE; Van Someren, V, 1980)
"Patients with chronic renal failure and on chronic intermittent hemodialysis have several metabolic risks such as retention of urea and other products of nitrogen metabolism, catabolism, acidosis, edema, dehydration, hyper- and hypotension, hyperkalemia, renal osteopathy, and renal anemia."	3.65	[Dangers of a wrong diet in patients with renal insufficiency in the predialytic state or during chronic hemodialysis]. ( Hecking, E; Mader, HJ; Zobel, R, 1977)
"A study was carried out, of the changes of renal functional value and of urinary electrolytes excretion after rapid intravenous injection of acebutolol in twelve subjects with various glomerular filtration."	3.65	[Changes in renal function in the hours following an intravenous injection of acebutolol]. ( Pellet, M; Pozet, N; Traeger, J; Zech, P, 1975)
"Treatment with intravenous and oral diazoxide was given to a group of 39 patients suffering from severe drug-resistant hypertension associated with renal impairment."	3.65	Use of diazoxide in hypertension with renal failure. ( Pohl, JE; Thurston, H, 1971)
"We recruited 10 patients with ESRD (age: 65 ± 16 y, BMI: 24."	3.30	Intradialytic Protein Ingestion and Exercise do Not Compromise Uremic Toxin Removal Throughout Hemodialysis. ( Hendriks, FK; Kooman, JP; Kuijpers, JHW; Meex, SJR; Senden, JMG; van der Sande, FM; van Kranenburg, JMX; van Loon, LJC, 2023)
" Three serious adverse events were reported, and none of them were considered device related."	3.01	Safety of a Novel Dialyzer Containing a Fluorinated Polyurethane Surface-Modifying Macromolecule in Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease. ( Aslam, S; Ho, CH; Kossmann, RJ; Meyer, JM; Mullon, C; Steer, D; Thakuria, M; Weber, LA; Zeitone, AA, 2021)
"The control of hyperphosphatemia is an unmet need in dialysis care."	2.77	Phosphate mass removal during hemodialysis: a comparison between eKT/V-matched conventional and extended dialysis. ( Dorigo, DM; Ruzany, F; Sampaio, MS; Suassuna, JH, 2012)
"Thirty-eight incident ESRD patients underwent overnight polysomnography (PSG) during NPD and CAPD."	2.74	Improvement in sleep apnea during nocturnal peritoneal dialysis is associated with reduced airway congestion and better uremic clearance. ( Ip, MS; Khong, PL; Lai, AS; Lai, KN; Lam, B; Pang, CB; Tang, SC; Tso, WK, 2009)
"Urea clearance was computed by percentage of reduction in urea, kinetic modeling (single-pool Kt/V [spKt/V]), Daugirdas rate equation (equilibrated Kt/V [eKt/V]), and Gotch standardized Kt/V (stdKt/V)."	2.71	Adequacy of quotidian hemodialysis. ( Blake, PG; Depner, TA; Heidenheim, AP; Lindsay, RM; Suri, R, 2003)
"Thirty female and 33 male patients with chronic renal failure on regular dialysis for at least 6 months in the HD unit of the Internal Medicine Department from 1996 to 2000 participated in the study."	2.71	Haemodialysis-related headache. ( Ertan, S; Göksan, B; Karaali-Savrun, F; Savrun, M, 2004)
"In a prospective cross-over study in 10 ESRD patients, this technique was compared to on-line post-dilution HDF with a conventional synthetic high-flux dialyzer, operated at its technical limit, concerning small and middle molecular solute removal."	2.71	Clinical cross-over comparison of mid-dilution hemodiafiltration using a novel dialyzer concept and post-dilution hemodiafiltration. ( Canaud, B; Chalabi, L; Collins, G; Falkenhain, S; Krieter, DH; Lemke, HD, 2005)
" Intraperitoneal dialysate volume and fluid absorption rate were assessed using radiolabeled human serum albumin (RISA)."	2.71	Fluid and solute transport in CAPD patients before and after permanent loss of ultrafiltration capacity. ( Debowska, M; Heimbürger, O; Lindholm, B; Sobiecka, D; Waniewski, J; Weryński, A, 2005)
"Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are functionally limited as a consequence of their physical, emotional, and social problems."	2.70	Nutrition and hydration status improve with exercise training using stationary cycling during hemodialysis (HD) in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). ( Bednarek-Skublewska, A; Ksiazek, A; Załuska, A; Załuska, WT, 2002)
"Melatonin concentration was measured by enzyme immunoassay."	2.70	Circadian serum melatonin profiles in patients suffering from chronic renal failure. ( Chrzanowski, W; Karasek, M; Swietoslawski, J; Szuflet, A; Zylinska, K, 2002)
" We hypothesized that using a population pharmacodynamic model to determine individual heparin doses would improve dialyzer reuse rates."	2.69	Improved dialyzer reuse after use of a population pharmacodynamic model to determine heparin doses. ( Brier, ME; Ouseph, R; Ward, RA, 2000)
"Urea Kt/V was 1."	2.69	Impact of biofeedback-induced cardiovascular stability on hemodialysis tolerance and efficiency. ( Brendolan, A; La Greca, G; Milan, M; Rodeghiero, MP; Ronco, C; Zanella, M, 2000)
"The nutritional treatment of chronic renal failure with a low-protein low-phosphorus diet (conventional low-protein diet, CLPD) is effective in reducing uremic intoxication, slowing the progression of renal failure and preventing secondary hyperparathyroidism."	2.68	A low-nitrogen low-phosphorus Vegan diet for patients with chronic renal failure. ( Barsotti, G; Cupisti, A; Dani, L; Giovannetti, S; Meola, M; Morelli, E, 1996)
"Urea rebound was documented in all patients."	2.68	Hemodialysis urea rebound and membrane biocompatibility: accuracy of Kt/V estimations. ( Chahin, J; del Castillo, N; Fernández, JL; Gallego, E; García, J; García-Nieto, V; Macía, ML; Méndez, ML; Mora-Fernández, C; Navarro, JF, 1997)
"Incidences of arrhythmia, muscular cramps and headache were significantly less frequent during HF."	2.68	On-line predilution hemofiltration versus ultrapure high-flux hemodialysis: a multicenter prospective study in 23 patients. Sardinian Collaborative Study Group of On-Line Hemofiltration. ( Altieri, P; Asproni, E; Bolasco, F; Bolasco, PG; Bostrom, M; Cabiddu, GF; Cadinu, F; Casu, D; Cossu, M; Ferrara, R; Ganadu, M; Passaghe, M; Pinna, M; Sorba, GB, 1997)
"Twelve patients with severe chronic renal failure (average initial GFR, 13 mL/min) were monitored for 4 to 23 months while receiving an essential amino acid supplement and were then switched to a ketoacid supplement for 6 to 40 months, while continuously receiving a very low-protein (0."	2.67	Progression of chronic renal failure on substituting a ketoacid supplement for an amino acid supplement. ( Hill, S; Walser, M; Ward, L, 1992)
"Uremic pruritus is one of the most prevalent and bothersome dermatologic symptoms in patients with end-stage renal disease."	2.66	Gabapentin for uremic pruritus: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. ( Castillo, RL; Dofitas, BL; Eusebio-Alpapara, KMV, 2020)
"CLurea by CAPD was 6."	2.65	Effect of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis on aztreonam pharmacokinetics. ( Bolton, ND; Bolton, WK; Gerig, JS; Scheld, WM; Swabb, EA, 1984)
"Bumetanide is a new diuretic, which acts in the ascending limb of Henle's loop."	2.64	[Bumetanide, a new diuretic active during chronic renal failure (author's transl)]. ( Beroniade, V; Coy, JL; Delavelle, F; Fries, D, 1976)
"In patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) (CCr less than 20 ml/min), we have previously demonstrated greater rates of Na excretion (ex) when Na intake was nearly all NaHCO3 as compared to NaCl (both 200 mEq Na daily)."	2.64	NaHCO3 and NaCl tolerance in chronic renal failure II. ( Husted, FC; Nolph, KD, 1977)
" Furosemide in high dosage in over-hydrated patients is an effective diuretic even in advanced renal failure."	2.64	[Investigations into urea elimination in patients with advanced chronic renal failure during forced diuresis]. ( Kluthe, R; Quirin, H; Schaeffer, G, 1976)
"Urea removal has become a key measure of the intensity of dialysis treatment for kidney failure."	2.55	The Use of a Multidimensional Measure of Dialysis Adequacy-Moving beyond Small Solute Kinetics. ( Bargman, JM; Browne, T; Chan, CT; Charytan, DM; Dember, LM; Flythe, JE; Hickson, LJ; Hung, AM; Jadoul, M; Lee, TC; Meyer, KB; Moradi, H; Perl, J; Shafi, T; Teitelbaum, I; Wong, LP, 2017)
"We propose an adaptation of a maintenance dialysis parameter (standard Kt/V) as a benchmark to supplement effluent-based dosing of CRRT."	2.55	Quantification and Dosing of Renal Replacement Therapy in Acute Kidney Injury: A Reappraisal. ( Clark, WR; Leblanc, M; Ricci, Z; Ronco, C, 2017)
"Patients with chronic kidney failure treated by hemodialysis, hemodiafiltration, hemofiltration, or biofiltration."	2.50	Convective versus diffusive dialysis therapies for chronic kidney failure: an updated systematic review of randomized controlled trials. ( Covic, A; Craig, JC; Nistor, I; Palmer, SC; Saglimbene, V; Strippoli, GF; Vecchio, M, 2014)
"Hyperphosphatemia is highly prevalent in hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular mortality."	2.46	Phosphate elimination in modalities of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. ( Kuhlmann, MK, 2010)
"The uremic pruritus is a very painful symptom suffered by chronic haemodialysis patients and is observed in 22 to 74% of the subjects."	2.45	[Pruritus and dryness of the skin in chronic kidney insufficiency and dialysis patients - a review]. ( Durrant-Finn, U; Mügge, C; Nenoff, P; Osten, B, 2009)
" Toxic action of several molecules described below is still not proved; however there are some ongoing studies aimed to find pathophysiological links between old and new described uremic toxins."	2.43	[Clinical and metabolic consequences of uremic toxicity]. ( Rutkowski, P, 2006)
"Reviewing urography in chronic renal failure, questions of patient preparation, the choice of a contrast medium and its dose, radiological technique, complications, and limitations and contraindications of the examination are discussed."	2.35	[Urography in the diagnosis of chronic renal insufficiency. I. Urographic study]. ( Dalla Palma, L, 1976)
"Our results suggested that ESRD patients exhibited extensive impaired cortical structural connectivity, which was related to the severity of WMHs."	1.72	Fiber connectivity density mapping in end-stage renal disease patients: a preliminary study. ( Bai, P; Fu, A; Fu, S; Gu, G; Jiang, X; Ma, C; Qin, S; Ren, Y; Wang, C; Zhou, T, 2022)
"Hyperkalemia is associated with kidney function decline in patients with non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease, but this relationship is unclear for residual kidney function (RKF) among hemodialysis (HD) patients."	1.72	Association of serum potassium with decline in residual kidney function in incident hemodialysis patients. ( Arif, Y; Edward, A; Hanna, RM; Hsiung, JT; Kalantar-Zadeh, K; Kovesdy, CP; Lau, WL; Lee, Y; Obi, Y; Streja, E; Wenziger, C, 2022)
"Background Arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) are the gold standard for vascular access in those requiring hemodialysis but may put an extra hemodynamic stress on the cardiovascular system."	1.72	Arteriovenous Fistulae in Chronic Kidney Disease and the Heart: Physiological, Histological, and Transcriptomic Characterization of a Novel Rat Model. ( Cloet, N; Gillijns, H; Gsell, W; Himmelreich, U; Jacquemyn, X; Janssens, S; Lox, M; Luttun, A; McCutcheon, K; Noé, D; Oosterlinck, W; Van den Eynde, J, 2022)
"Carnitine plays a pivotal role in energy synthesis through β-oxidation in mitochondria."	1.62	Kinetics of Serum Carnitine Fractions in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Not on Dialysis. ( Fukami, K; Ito, S; Kaida, Y; Kinoshita, Y; Kodama, G; Nakayama, Y; Tashiro, K; Yano, J; Yokota, Y, 2021)
" SAstdKt/V is a better parameter in defining hemodialysis dosing which can be calculated by an available online tool."	1.56	The association of standard Kt/V and surface area-normalized standard Kt/V with clinical outcomes in hemodialysis patients. ( Chan, L; Chaudhary, K; Chauhan, K; Coca, SG; El Shamy, O; Nadkarni, GN; Pattharanitima, P; Sharma, S; Uribarri, J, 2020)
"End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients usually suffer from a high prevalence of central nervous system abnormalities, including cognitive impairment and emotional disorders, which severely influence their quality of life."	1.51	Altered functional connectivity density in the brains of hemodialysis end-stage renal disease patients: An in vivo resting-state functional MRI study. ( Gao, X; Shi, Y; Tong, C; Zhang, M, 2019)
" During the study, type and number of adverse events (AEs), and device malfunctions were recorded."	1.51	Clinical evaluation of performance, biocompatibility, and safety of vitamin E-bonded polysulfone membrane hemodialyzer compared to non-vitamin E-bonded hemodialyzer. ( Aritomi, M; Farah, M; Jung, B; Kiaii, M; Nagase, M, 2019)
"Dizziness is one of the most common hemodialysis-associated symptoms, and has been thought to be caused by cerebral edema or intravascular hypovolemia."	1.51	Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome revisited: Feeling "Disequilibrated" due to inner ear dyshomeostasis? ( Kim, CH; Park, JH; Shin, JE, 2019)
"Limited systematic data are available on prescription and dosing of haemodialysis (HD) in children and adolescents compared with adults."	1.48	Age- and weight-based differences in haemodialysis prescription and delivery in children, adolescents and young adults. ( Gotta, V; Marsenic, O; Pfister, M, 2018)
"Mean urea rebound was 24."	1.46	Update on Postdialysis Rebound by a New Technology in Hemodialysis. ( Carrera, CB; De Juan, ET; Díaz, PO; Maicas, PR; Marín, DH; Maset, RG; Najera, JEF; Salvador, ISR; Testal, AG, 2017)
"Methods The clinical data of ESRD patient whose primary diagnosis was PKD in Peking Union Medical College Hospital were retrospectively collected from January 1993 to December 2015."	1.46	Effectiveness of Peritoneal Dialysis in Treating Adult End Stage Renal Disease Patients with Polycystic Kidney Disease. ( Chen, LM; Li, XM; Li, Y; Liu, BY; Ma, Y; Wang, HY; Xia, JH; Yang, W; Zhou, ZJ, 2017)
"Pathogenesis of adenine-induced chronic renal failure may involve inflammatory, immunological and/or oxidant mechanisms."	1.42	High-mobility group box-1 protein in adenine-induced chronic renal failure and the influence of gum arabic thereon. ( Al Shukaili, A; Al Za'abi, M; Ali, BH; Nemmar, A, 2015)
"Headache is among most frequently encountered neurological symptom during hemodialysis (HD), but still under investigated in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients."	1.42	Dialysis headache in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. ( Andric, B; Maric, I; Milic, M; Milinkovic, M; Nikic, P; Stojimirovic, B; Trbojevic-Stankovic, J; Zidverc-Trajkovic, J, 2015)
"Preexisting left ventricular hypertrophy resolved and albumin levels improved with NHD."	1.42	Is peritoneal dialysis still an equal option? Results of the Berlin pediatric nocturnal dialysis program. ( Hilliger, T; Müller, D; Querfeld, U; Stiny, C; Thumfart, J; Wagner, S, 2015)
"ESRD was declared in 48."	1.42	Predictors and Outcomes of Post-Hospitalization Dialysis Dependent Acute Kidney Injury. ( Abdel-Rahman, EM; Balogun, RA; Brooks, CH; Gautam, SC; Ma, JZ; Xin, W, 2015)
"Thus TMAO levels in ESRD average about 40 fold those in NLS while BUN is 3 fold NLS."	1.42	Mechanism of Prominent Trimethylamine Oxide (TMAO) Accumulation in Hemodialysis Patients. ( DeOreo, P; Dobre, MA; Hai, X; Hostetter, TH; Landeras, V; Meyer, TW, 2015)
"In a dialysis center in Shanghai, 168 ESRD patients were screened and finally 85 patients were identified for this main cohort study."	1.40	Association of initial twice-weekly hemodialysis treatment with preservation of residual kidney function in ESRD patients. ( Chen, J; Hao, C; Kalantar-Zadeh, K; Li, H; Wang, M; Yu, P; Yuan, L; Zhang, M, 2014)
" Secondary analyses found a dose-response between prescribed session length and survival."	1.39	Shorter length dialysis sessions are associated with increased mortality, independent of body weight. ( Brunelli, SM; Curhan, GC; Flythe, JE, 2013)
"Nine lucid, very old > 80 years, ESRD patients who had refused to start dialysis were prescribed a treatment based on a combination of a very low protein diet and oral activated charcoal (30 gram/day)."	1.36	Combination of oral activated charcoal plus low protein diet as a new alternative for handling in the old end-stage renal disease patients. ( Algranati, L; Martinez, B; Michelangelo, H; Musso, CG; Parot, M; Quevedo, M; Reynaldi, J; Vidal, F; Waisman, G, 2010)
"BACKGROUND AND OBSERVATIONS: The current denominator for dosing dialysis is the urea distribution volume (V)."	1.36	Dose of dialysis based on body surface area is markedly less in younger children than in older adolescents. ( Becker-Cohen, R; Daugirdas, JT; Hanna, MG; Langman, CB, 2010)
"The major causes of ESRD included diabetes mellitus and hypertension seen in 37 (74%) and 10 patients (20%), respectively."	1.36	Beta-2 microglobulin levels in hemodialysis patients. ( Anees, M; Bilal, M; Ibrahim, M; Mumtaz, A, 2010)
"Hyperphosphatemia is an independent risk factor for mortality in ESRD, but factors regulating phosphate clearance on peritoneal dialysis (PD) are incompletely understood."	1.35	Peritoneal phosphate clearance is influenced by peritoneal dialysis modality, independent of peritoneal transport characteristics. ( Badve, SV; Burns, KD; Knoll, GA; McCormick, BB; Zimmerman, DL, 2008)
" With increasing frequency, stdKt/V as the dosing target results in shorter treatment times and higher concentrations than EKR."	1.35	Effect of treatment frequency on haemodialysis dose: comparison of EKR and stdKt/V. ( Vartia, A, 2009)
"Urea was not a predictor of mortality in the whole cohort, but low-urea (binary) and high-urea (binary) were independent predictors of mortality in the corresponding models using standard or extended Cox regression."	1.35	Relation between serum urea and mortality of hemodialysis patients. ( Djukanovic, Lj; Jovanovic, D; Simic-Ogrizovic, S; Stanojevic, M; Stosovic, M, 2009)
"Hypoalbuminemia was associated with poor URR (P < 0."	1.35	Biochemical nutritional parameters and their impact on hemodialysis efficiency. ( Abbas, HN; Ahamd, A; Maria, Q; Murtaza, G; Rabbani, MA; Safdar, N, 2009)
"Overweight was not associated with demographic- or modality-related factors, nor with fast transport or markers of systemic inflammation."	1.35	Overweight rather than malnutrition is widely prevalent in peritoneal dialysis patients. ( Bernardo, AP; Cabrita, A; Carvalho, MJ; Fonseca, I; Rodrigues, A, 2009)
"Overall, QOL is good in patients with ESRD."	1.35	Quality of life in end stage renal disease: a multicentre comparative study. ( Barton, EN; Gayle, F; Gilbert, DT; Manzanares, J; Soyibo, AK, 2009)
"The prevalence of sleep disorders was 89%."	1.35	High prevalence of sleep disorders at the time of CKD diagnosis. ( Bartiromo, M; Cesare, CM; Cirillo, M; De Santo, RM, 2008)
"Acute and chronic kidney failure lead to catabolism with loss of lean body mass."	1.34	Opposite effects on regulation of urea synthesis by early and late uraemia in rats. ( Grøfte, T; Grønbaek, H; Nielsen, SS; Tygstrup, N; Vilstrup, H, 2007)
"A total of 474 subjects (71 chronic renal failure [CRF], 73 hemodialysis [HD], 25 Tx, and 305 controls) from Baqyiatallah Hospital, Tehran, Iran were recruited between April 2002 and March 2004 for evaluation of dyspepsia, excluding those receiving any HP-eradication therapy."	1.34	Gastro-duodenal lesions and Helicobacter pylori infection in uremic patients and renal transplant recipients. ( Ahmadzad-Asl, M; Amini, M; Davoudi, F; Einollahi, B; Khedmat, H; Lessan-Pezeshki, M; Naseri, MH; Pourfarziani, V, 2007)
"Proteinuria is the most important correlate of hypertension in CKD."	1.34	Relationship between circadian blood pressure variation and circadian protein excretion in CKD. ( Agarwal, R, 2007)
"Patients with chronic renal failure maintained on intermittent hemodialysis have frequent infections and a suboptimal response to vaccinations."	1.34	Uremia impairs monocyte and monocyte-derived dendritic cell function in hemodialysis patients. ( Coates, PT; Kireta, S; Leedham, E; Lim, WH; Russ, GR, 2007)
"Patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) often have dyspeptic symptoms and may develop peptic disease or digestive disorders leading to severe gastrointestinal complications."	1.33	Gastroduodenal lesions and Helicobacter pylori infection in dyspeptic patients with and without chronic renal failure. ( Autiero, G; Budillon, G; Cianciaruso, B; Cuomo, R; Del Pezzo, M; Fiorillo, M; Lambiase, A; Nardone, G; Rocco, A; Sarnelli, G, 2005)
"Hemodialysis patients (n = 34) with ESRD were enrolled in a prospective manner."	1.33	Changes in B-type natriuretic peptide levels in hemodialysis and the effect of depressed left ventricular function. ( Awad, A; Boulware, M; McCullough, PA; Merhi, W; Mourad, I; Safley, DM; Sandberg, KR; Sullivan, RA, 2005)
"Sleep disorders are very frequent in hemodialyzed patients, but the relationship between these disorders and water withdrawal, urea removal and comorbidities has not been sufficiently clarified."	1.33	Sleep disorders in hemodialyzed patients--the role of comorbidities. ( De Santo, RM; Di Iorio, BR; Lucidi, F; Violani, C, 2005)
"Urea removal (UR) was measured once a week by a two-pool calculation, estimating an eKt/V."	1.33	Assessment of hemodialysis adequacy by ionic dialysance: comparison to standard method of urea removal. ( Devcić, B; Grzetić, M; Maleta, I; Mavrić, Z; Racki, S; Vujicić, B; Zaputović, L, 2005)
"Triiodothyronine level after treatment correlated negatively with baseline urea level."	1.33	Influence of low protein diet on nonthyroidal illness syndrome in chronic renal failure. ( Kozlowska, L; Rosolowska-Huszcz, D; Rydzewski, A, 2005)
"VUrea (26,2 L) was statistically different from theVDIe (30,6 L, p < 0."	1.33	[Urea distribution volume calculated by ionic dialysance]. ( Fernández-Lucas, M; Marcén, R; Merino, JL; Ortuño, J; Rivera, M; Tenorio, MT; Teruel, JL, 2006)
"Sirolimus is an interesting alternative in renal transplant patients because it is less nephrotoxic than calcineurin inhibitors."	1.33	Conversion from calcineurin inhibitor to sirolimus for renal function deterioration in kidney allograft recipients. ( Budar-Fernandez, LF; Estrada-Oros, J; Martínez-Mier, G; Méndez-López, MT; Méndez-Machado, GF; Soto-González, JI; Viñas Dozal, JC, 2006)
"Urea rebound was found to be completed at least 60 minutes post- dialysis and mean percentage value was 30."	1.33	Assessment of the different methods to predict equilibrated Kt/V in pediatric hemodialysis. ( Chulamokha, Y; Jaiprong, S; Kietkajornkul, C; Kitpanich, S; Thirakhupt, P, 2005)
"For many ESRD patients who are prescribed a certain level of hemodialysis (HD), delivered dose often does not achieve prescription."	1.33	Quantifying the role of factors that limit attainment of K/DOQI urea reduction ratio dialytic goal. ( Benz, RL; Press, MH, 2006)
"Indices were recorded for dental caries, dental plaque, gingival inflammation, gingival enlargement, and enamel defects."	1.32	Oral health in children with chronic renal failure. ( Al-Nowaiser, A; Lucas, VS; Roberts, GJ; Trompeter, RS; Wilson, M, 2003)
"Urea has generally been considered relatively non-toxic, functioning more as a surrogate for other toxic solutes; however, it has been recently reported that it can contribute to uremic toxicity."	1.32	Urea percentiles in children with chronic renal failure. Data from the ItalKid project. ( Ardissino, G; Avolio, L; Ciofani, A; Claris-Appiani, A; Daccò, V; Dello Strologo, L; Montini, G; Pisanello, L; Taioli, E; Testa, S; Zacchello, G, 2003)
"Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a common complication of renal failure."	1.32	Secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic hemodialysis patients: prevalence and race. ( Elhwairis, H; Narra, S; Osama, S; Owda, A; Towery, H, 2003)
"Many end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients get their first nephrologic care under critical clinical conditions and without previous diagnosis of chronic renal failure (CRF), a situation even worse than the late referral of CRF patients for nephrologic treatment."	1.32	Risk factors for hospital death of patients with end-stage renal disease without previous diagnosis of severe chronic renal failure arriving in an emergency situation at the hospital. ( Abdulkader, RC; Burdmann, EA; Oliveira, GM; Zanetta, DM, 2003)
"The end stage renal disease (ESRD) HCQIP was implemented in 1994 in response to criticism about the poor quality of care received by ESRD patients."	1.32	Improving the care of ESRD patients: a success story. ( Frankenfield, DL; Frederick, PR; Helgerson, SD; McClellan, WM; Sugarman, JR; Wish, JB, 2003)
"Increased UHP in chronic renal failure enhances the formation of pentosidine and carboxymethyllysine via Fenton reaction (UHP-Fenton pathway)."	1.32	Increased production of urea hydrogen peroxide from Maillard reaction and a UHP-Fenton pathway related to glycoxidation damage in chronic renal failure. ( Chihara, J; Horiuchi, S; Moh, A; Nagai, R; Sakata, N; Takebayashi, S; Tateishi, K, 2004)
"Urease was immobilized in a simple and effective way by physical aggregation using a precipitant-ammonium sulfate, followed by chemical cross-linking using a bifunctional reagent-glutaraldehyde to form insoluble Cross-linked urease aggregates (CLUAs)."	1.32	[The preparation and application of cross-linked urease aggregates]. ( Dong, XY; Xia, SW, 2003)
"End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients treated with hemodialysis have a high mortality rate, which is largely due to inadequate dialysis."	1.31	Measuring the efficacy of a quality improvement program in dialysis adequacy with changes in center effects. ( Blahut, SA; Fink, JC; McClellan, WM; Soucie, M; Zhan, M, 2002)
"Their mean age was 63 +/- 14 years."	1.31	[Differences between the glomerular filtration rate estimated by the MDRD equation and the measurement of creatinine and urea clearance in unselected patients with terminal renal insufficiency]. ( Arrobas, M; Caravaca, F; Luna, E; Naranjo, M; Pizarro, JL; Sánchez-Casado, E, 2002)
"Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have an annual mortality rate exceeding 20%, although some survive many years."	1.31	Potential novel predictors of mortality in end-stage renal disease patients with sleep disorders. ( Benz, RL; Hovick, ET; Peterson, DD; Pressman, MR, 2000)
"Leptin is a protein hormone produced predominantly by adipocytes that affects food intake and energy expenditure."	1.31	Serum leptin levels in diabetic patients on hemodialysis: the relationship to parameters of diabetes metabolic control. ( Bedárová, V; Bodláková, B; Haas, T; Haluzik, M; Jiskra, J; Marková, M; Sulková, S; Svobodová, J; Turková, G, 2000)
" The weekly erythropoietin dosage needed to maintain the hematocrit was greater in HD patients (HD, 11,211 +/- 7,484 U versus PD, 3,790 +/- 1,968 U; P < 0."	1.31	Outcome data on pediatric dialysis patients from the end-stage renal disease clinical indicators project. ( Brem, AS; Hill, C; Kitsen, J; Lambert, C; Shemin, DG, 2000)
"End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Network 4 facilities that fell into the lowest quintile in measures of dialysis adequacy were studied."	1.31	Barriers to the delivery of adequate hemodialysis in ESRD Network 4. ( Dyer, NJ; Lockett, R; Palevsky, PM; Perry, SB; Rohay, JM; Stevenson, JA; Washington, MS, 2000)
"Urea clearances were measured for two different dialyzers at all four combinations of two blood flow rates (300 and 400 mL/min) and two dialysate flow rates (500 and 800 mL/min)."	1.31	Increasing dialysate flow rate increases dialyzer urea mass transfer-area coefficients during clinical use. ( Ouseph, R; Ward, RA, 2001)
"The study included 29 patients with chronic renal failure on regular haemodialysis, 14 diabetic and 15 non-diabetic patients, and 10 healthy controls."	1.31	Correction formula for carbamylated haemoglobin in diabetic uraemic patients. ( Hammouda, AM; Mady, GE, 2001)
" This was related to significant differences in the peritoneal fluid absorption rates (K(E); estimated as the RISA elimination coefficient): 39 +/- 3, 38 +/- 3, and 19 +/- 4 microL/min, and in the direct lymphatic absorption rate (K(EB); estimated as the clearance of RISA from dialysate to blood): 7 +/- 1, 6 +/- 1, and 4 +/- 1 microL/min for the control, L-ANP, and H-ANP groups, respectively (all P < 0."	1.31	Intraperitoneal atrial natriuretic peptide increases peritoneal fluid and solute removal. ( Bergström, J; Chen, C; Cheng, HH; Heimbürger, O; Lindholm, B; Wang, T, 2001)
"Urea clearances were calculated by formulae converting whole-blood to blood-water urea clearances."	1.31	Relationship between effective ionic dialysance and in vivo urea clearance during hemodialysis. ( Bene, B; Goux, N; Heidenheim, AP; Landgren, C; Lindsay, RM; Sternby, J, 2001)
"In experimental CRF hypercholesterolemia has been found to be the main lipid disorder."	1.31	Diurnal rhythm of cholesterol biosynthesis in experimental chronic renal failure. ( Boguslawski, W; Chmielewski, M; Nieweglowski, T; Rutkowski, B; Swierczynski, J, 2001)
"In the present study we induced chronic renal failure by administration of lithium for 16 weeks to new-born rats, and examined the spontaneous course of this nephropathy and the effects of antihypertensive treatment with either perindopril (12 mg/kg diet) or hydrochlorothiazide (500-1000 mg/kg diet) during a 24 weeks follow up period without lithium."	1.30	Effects of perindopril and hydrochlorothiazide on the long-term progression of lithium-induced chronic renal failure in rats. ( Christensen, S; Hansen, AK; Marcussen, N; Shalmi, M, 1997)
"In patients with ESRD, T-cell proliferation expressed as stimulation index (SI) was significantly decreased from 99."	1.30	T-cell activation modified by parathyroid hormone (PTH) in patients with end-stage renal disease. ( Hayama, N; Kaneko, T; Lino, Y; Osono, E; Terashi, A, 1997)
"Vancomycin was moderately protein bound in these patients; free fraction ranged from 49% to 83%."	1.30	Determinants of vancomycin clearance by continuous venovenous hemofiltration and continuous venovenous hemodialysis. ( Frye, RF; Joy, MS; Matzke, GR; Palevsky, PM, 1998)
"Fourteen stable ESRD patients receiving peritoneal dialysis were evaluated for adequacy and nutritional status between the fourth and sixth months during a six-month baseline period in which the dialysis prescription was four two-liter exchanges daily and during a six-month intervention period in which patients (n = 7) from group 1 were prescribed CAPD four 2."	1.30	The effects of increasing exchange volume and frequency on peritoneal dialysis adequacy. ( Bosch, JP; Gao, H; Lew, SQ, 1998)
"Anemia in chronic renal failure causes a number of serious problems to the patient."	1.30	The anemia in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients is related to Kt/V index. ( Opatrná, S; Opatrný, K; Sefrna, F; Wirth, J, 1999)
" The lower net ultrafiltration associated with higher PRV was due to (a) a significantly lower transcapillary ultrafiltration rate (Qu) caused by a lower osmotic gradient, and (b) a significantly higher peritoneal fluid absorption rate (KE) caused by an increased intraperitoneal hydrostatic pressure."	1.30	High peritoneal residual volume decreases the efficiency of peritoneal dialysis. ( Bergström, J; Cheng, HH; Heimbürger, O; Lindholm, B; Wang, T, 1999)
" Both are related to and derived from pharmacokinetic models of blood urea concentration during the dialysis cycle."	1.30	The urea [clearance x dialysis time] product (Kt) as an outcome-based measure of hemodialysis dose. ( Chertow, GM; Lazarus, JM; Lew, NL; Lowrie, EG; Owen, WF, 1999)
" Heparin dosage was standardized with ACT during an eight week run-in period and remained unchanged through the study."	1.30	Urea kinetics with dialyzer reuse--a prospective study. ( Butts, D; Ferrand, K; Hayes, P; Kohli, R; Papandenatos, G; Pinnavaia, L; Reger, D; Sridhar, NR, 1999)
"Of new Dutch ESRD patients, 365 were consecutively included in this study at the start of their chronic dialysis treatment."	1.30	Estimation of residual glomerular filtration rate and renal Kt/Vurea from creatinine clearance in end-stage renal disease patients. The Netherlands Cooperative Study on the Adequacy of Dialysis. ( Boeschoten, EW; Dekker, FW; Jansen, MA; Korevaar, JC; Krediet, RT, 1999)
"Metabolic changes due to chronic renal failure (CRF) were studied in isolated liver cells."	1.29	Isolated rat hepatocyte metabolism is affected by chronic renal failure. ( Cano, N; Catelloni, F; di Costanzo-Dufetel, J; Fontaine, E; Leverve, XM; Novaretti, R; Reynier, JP, 1995)
"Urea rebound was significant and resulted in an overall decrease in Kt/V from 1."	1.29	Hemodialysis urea rebound: the effect of increasing dialysis efficiency. ( Babcock, S; Baker, PL; Contiguglia, R; Klein, M; Spiegel, DM, 1995)
"An exact description of the course of chronic renal failure in this strain, however, is still missing."	1.29	Progression of chronic renal failure in a rat strain with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. ( Gretz, N, 1994)
"Treatment with captopril also reduced the development of glomerular sclerosis."	1.29	Effects of captopril and hydralazine on progression of adriamycin nephropathy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. ( Bogdanovic, G; Djukanovic, L; Jovanovic, D; Kartaljevic, G; Starcevic, A; Susic, D; Varagic, J, 1994)
"24 patients with stable chronic renal failure (CRF), matched for degree of renal impairment, were also studied."	1.29	Differentiation of acute from chronic renal impairment by detection of carbamylated haemoglobin. ( Astley, JP; Davenport, A; Goel, S; Hartog, M; Jones, SR, 1993)
"In 85 patients with established chronic renal failure, as manifested by serum creatinine concentration ([Cr]) > 0."	1.29	Prediction of glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine concentration in advanced chronic renal failure. ( Drew, HH; Guldan, JL; Walser, M, 1993)
"The effect of correction of acidosis in chronic renal failure (CRF) was determined from the kinetics of infused L-[1-13C]leucine."	1.29	Correction of acidosis in humans with CRF decreases protein degradation and amino acid oxidation. ( Channon, SM; Daley, SE; Goodship, TH; Reaich, D; Scrimgeour, CM; Wilkinson, R, 1993)
"Forty patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) were enrolled in this study."	1.29	Delayed gastric emptying and Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with chronic renal failure. ( Hsu, YH; Kao, CH; Wang, SJ, 1995)
"In the chronic renal failure group not undergoing regular hemodialysis (n = 9), unbound propofol was 0."	1.29	Serum protein binding of propofol in patients with renal failure or hepatic cirrhosis. ( Calvo, R; Carlos, R; Costela, JL; Jiménez, R; Suárez, E, 1996)
"Sixty-four patients with end-stage chronic renal failure on maintenance haemodialysis."	1.29	Response to the hepatitis B virus vaccine in haemodialysis patients: influence of malnutrition and its importance as a risk factor for morbidity and mortality. ( Betriu, MA; Fernández, E; Gómez, R; Montoliu, J, 1996)
"For patients with chronic renal failure on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, CLHP assay of HbA1c gave an error of about +0."	1.29	[Determination of Hb A1c in chronic renal failure. Contribution of new methodologies]. ( Bourderont, D; Flory, E; Genestier, S; Marichal, B; Marzullo, C; Parent, X, 1996)
"We evaluated the effects of chronic renal failure on hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis function in male Wistar rats."	1.29	Effects of chronic renal failure on hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis function and fertility in rats. ( Miyagawa, I; Sofikitis, N; Yamamoto, Y, 1996)
"Urea kinetics have been used to measure adequacy of hemodialysis."	1.28	Urea kinetics evaluation of hemodialysis and CAPD patients. ( Acchiardo, SR; Adkins, D; Kaufman, PA; Kraus, AP; LaHatte, G; Moore, LW, 1992)
"Both urease-based tests were able to determine H pylori status, despite the markedly increased concentrations of urea in the gastric juice found in chronic renal failure."	1.28	The diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in uremic patients. ( Briggs, JD; Dahill, S; el Nujumi, AM; McColl, KE; Rowe, PA; Williams, C, 1992)
" To test this question, we gave rhGH for 14 days at a dosage of 3 units/day intraperitoneally to two-stage, 5/6 nephrectomized, male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 18) compared to sex- and age-matched control (n = 27) and CRI (n = 40) rats."	1.28	Hypercholesterolemia in rats with chronic renal insufficiency not aggravated by recombinant human growth hormone. ( Chan, JC; Foreman, JW; Hanna, JD; Krieg, RJ; Niimi, K; Perkins, AH; Santos, F, 1992)
"Urea generation was also neglected."	1.28	Paediatric haemodialysis: estimation of treatment efficiency in the presence of urea rebound. ( Brocklebank, JT; Evans, JH; Smye, SW; Will, E, 1992)
"D/P urea over time was lower in both pediatric groups compared to published adult data."	1.28	Use of the peritoneal equilibration test in pediatric dialysis patients. ( Arnold, WC; Ellis, EN; Watts, K; Wells, TG, 1991)
"To study dietary management of chronic renal failure (CRF), 1600 dogs older than 5 y were screened for serum urea and serum creatinine concentration."	1.28	Effects of medium protein diets in dogs with chronic renal failure. ( Leibetseder, JL; Neufeld, KW, 1991)
"As the number of AIDS and ARC patients continues to increase dramatically, urologists will be called upon more frequently to help evaluate these patients for reversible causes of renal failure and to obtain tissue for pathologic diagnosis."	1.28	Renal failure in patients with AIDS-related complex. ( Coleburn, NH; Lowe, FC; Scholes, JV, 1991)
"Two groups of patients with chronic renal failure (creatinine clearance 13 ml/min) were treated with two different low protein diets: unselected protein diet with 0."	1.28	Amino acid supplemented diet vs. selective low protein diet in chronic renal failure. ( Djukanović, L; Vujić, D, 1990)
"Ten children with chronic renal failure (CRF) were managed for 3 years using a strict low-protein and low-phosphorus diet supplemented by a mixture of the keto and amino forms of the essential amino acids and histidine (phase II)."	1.28	Evaluation of long-term aggressive dietary management of chronic renal failure in children. ( Cobiac, L; Daniels, L; Harris, S; Henning, PH; Hogg, RJ; Jureidini, KF; Southwood, TR; van Renen, MJ, 1990)
" If uremic toxicity is related to the peak rather than the time-averaged urea concentration, a higher KT/V would be required in HD to achieve a peak concentration at or below the steady-state CAPD concentration."	1.28	The peak concentration hypothesis: a urea kinetic approach to comparing the adequacy of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and hemodialysis. ( Keshaviah, PR; Nolph, KD; Van Stone, JC, 1989)
"Forty-five adult clinic patients with chronic renal failure each supplied a 4-day weighed dietary record, a 24-h urine collection, and a nocturnal spot urine sample."	1.28	The estimation of dietary protein intake in chronic renal failure. ( Bright, C; Coles, GA; Meadows, JH; Tomlinson, K, 1989)
"Urea clearance was 33."	1.28	[Indoprofen in chronic intermittent peritoneal dialysis: effects in the clearance of small molecules and protein loss]. ( Campos, G; García-Ortiz, R; Gómez, M; Herrera, O; Silva, G; Uribe, C, 1989)
"Patients with stable chronic renal failure maintained on protein restriction were given sodium bicarbonate supplementation for 8 weeks."	1.28	The metabolic consequences of the correction of acidosis in uraemia. ( Baker, F; Bennett, SE; Burton, PR; Jenkins, D; Walls, J, 1989)
"Ten patients with chronic renal failure whose hypertension was controlled with triple drug therapy consisting of propranolol-hydralazine-furosemide were switched to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril for a period of 12 months."	1.28	Converting enzyme inhibition in chronic renal failure. ( Miranda, B; Morales, JM; Raij, L; Rodicio, JL; Romero, JC; Ruilope, LM, 1989)
"This model of chronic renal failure has several characteristics in common with chronic renal failure in humans."	1.27	Lithium-induced uremia in rats - a new model of chronic renal failure. ( Christensen, S; Ottosen, PD, 1983)
"In patients with chronic renal failure Hb A1 highly correlates with arterial blood pH and plasma bicarbonate, thus emphasizing the major role played by uremic acidosis in the increased Hb A1 fraction in chronic renal failure."	1.27	More on the increase of hemoglobin A1 in chronic renal failure: the role of acidosis. ( Basile, A; Cecchin, E; De Marchi, S; Donadon, W; Lippi, U; Quaia, P; Tesio, F, 1983)
"The causes of chronic renal failure in Sudan and Sweden are also studied for comparison."	1.27	Chronic renal failure in Khartoum, Sudan. ( Abboud, OI; Danielson, BG; Osman, EM, 1987)
"In 9 ESRD patients, HDF was performed acutely for 4 h, where 60 liters of substitution fluid were infused per patient."	1.27	Search for optimizing dialysis therapy. I. Acute effects of hemodiafiltration with a highly permeable membrane and a large dose of convection and diffusion. ( Birk, HW; Bleyl, H; de Smet, R; Ringoir, S; Schütterle, G; Vanholder, R; Wizemann, V, 1988)
" The complement activation measured by the dosage of the C3a Desarg fraction existed in all the patients, reaching an average 6 times the initial level compared to 40 times for Cuprophan."	1.27	Evaluation and tolerance of a new polycarbonate membrane in elderly patients. Preliminary results. ( Alibeu, C; Forêt, M; Hachache, T; Kuentz, F; Meftahi, H, 1986)
"We studied properties of saliva and of dental plaque which affect the caries process in an effort to understand the low prevalence of caries in patients with chronic renal failure."	1.27	Caries resistance in children with chronic renal failure: plaque pH, salivary pH, and salivary composition. ( Crall, J; Peterson, S; Woodhead, J, 1985)
"Muzolimine (240 mg) was administered orally to 24 patients with chronic renal failure."	1.27	Diuretic effect and pharmacokinetic data observed at different stages of chronic renal failure with 240 mg of muzolimine. ( Baumelou, A; Brouard, R; Chickh-Touami, C; Martre, H; Merdjan, H; Patte, R; Ritter, W; Singlas, E, 1985)
"The frequent occurrence of sensorineural hearing loss in patients with chronic renal insufficiency prompted us to study the influence of chronic renal failure upon Na+,K+-ATPase in the inner ear of guinea pigs."	1.26	Inhibition of Na+,K+-stimulated ATPase in the cochlea of the guinea pig. A potential cause of disturbed inner ear function in terminal renal failure. ( Adler, D; Fiehn, W; Ritz, E, 1980)
"Antipyrine was given orally to five patients with Chronic renal failure and nine normal subjects."	1.26	Antipyrine kinetics in Nigerian women in chronic renal failure. ( Iyun, AO; Tucker, GT, 1982)
"In 38 patients investigated before treatment body weight was normal while mean TBK was 91% of predicted in men and 100% in women."	1.26	Body composition during long-term treatment of uremia with amino acid supplemented low-protein diet. ( Attman, PO; Ewald, J; Isaksson, B, 1980)
"Also, in a stable patient with chronic renal failure, the serum urea nitrogen (N)/creatinine ratio and the rate of urea N appearance reflect dietary protein intake."	1.26	Methods for assessing nutritional status of patients with renal failure. ( Barbour, GL; Blumenkrantz, MJ; Chan, YK; Coburn, JW; Curtis, FK; Gandhi, VC; Gutman, RA; Kopple, JD; Roberts, C; Shen, FH; Tucker, CT, 1980)
"However in chronic renal failure an MCR of only 631+/-62 ml/min (9."	1.26	Metabolic clearance and plasma half disappearance time of exogenous gonadotropin releasing hormone in normal subjects and in patients with liver disease and chronic renal failure. ( Epstein, S; Hamilton, SM; Hendricks, S; LeRoith, D; Pimstone, B, 1977)
"In 15 children with advanced chronic renal failure, glomerular filtration rate was determined by different methods."	1.26	Determination of glomerular function in advanced renal failure. ( Alatas, H; Kochen, W; Lutz, P; Manz, F; Rebien, W; Schärer, K, 1977)
"In patients with chronic renal failure the administration of a diet providing 20 g protein per day for five weeks caused a significant rise in the serum ceruloplasmin level."	1.26	The effect of a low-protein diet on serum levels of ceruloplasmin and transferrin in patients with chronic renal failure. ( Doberský, P; Heyrovský, I; Marecek, Z; Nádvorníková, H; Pechar, J; Schück, O; Skála, I; Vulterinová, M, 1978)
"Gut urea breakdown was only 50% higher in renal failure than in health, but the efficiency of utilization of the nitrogen thus released was increased more than 6-fold in renal failure and was higher on a low protein than on a normal protein diet."	1.26	Anabolic role of urea in renal failure. ( Carson, ER; Halliday, D; Richards, P; Tavill, S; Varcoe, AR, 1978)
"Five patients with chronic renal failure taking a diet containing approximately 5 g N throughout were studied during two periods of 1 month each."	1.26	Metabolic studies with keto acid diets. ( Ell, S; Fynn, M; Halliday, D; Richards, P, 1978)
"The presence of a serum factor in chronic renal failure (CRF) which inhibits erythropoietin-stimulated erythropoiesis was studied, using a technique in which dog marrow cells were stimulated to produce heme in the presence of human serum."	1.26	The anemia of chronic renal failure and chronic diseases: in vitro studies of erythropoiesis. ( Alfrey, AC; Kurnick, JE; Vautrin, R; Wallner, SF; Ward, HP, 1976)
"Twenty patients with chronic renal failure and either urinary or respiratory tract infection were treated with co-trimoxazole."	1.25	Use of co-trimoxazole in chronic renal failure. ( de Wardener, HE; MacGregor, GA; Tasker, PR, 1975)
" If such therapy is contemplated it must be cautiously instituted at low dosage and the patient monitored by regular assessment of serum C."	1.25	Clofibrate-induced muscle damage in patients with chronic renal failure. ( Alvarez-Ude, F; Kerr, DN; Pierides, AM, 1975)
"At necropsy a parathyroid carcinoma infiltrated the thyroid at the site of the previous operation and there was a solitary hepatic metastasis."	1.25	Recurrent hyperparathyroidism due to parathyroid carcinoma. ( Ellis, HA; Floyd, M; Herbert, FK, 1971)
"Renal failure and hypertension have been reported and long-term follow up is necessary to clarify the natural history of the disease."	1.25	Recurrent haematuria and mesangial IgA deposition. ( Brown, GW; Davies, DR; Jones, NF; Tighe, JR, 1973)
"Urea degradation was measured during 16 experiments in 13 chronic uremic patients being treated with essential amino acids or their analogues."	1.25	Urea metabolism in chronic renal failure. ( Walser, M, 1974)

Research

Studies (1,438)

Authors

Clinical Trials (63)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

24-hour Urine Volume

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	583 (40.54)	18.7374
1990's	346 (24.06)	18.2507
2000's	287 (19.96)	29.6817
2010's	178 (12.38)	24.3611
2020's	44 (3.06)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Usui, N	1
Uehata, A	1
Nakata, J	1
Inatsu, A	1
Tsubaki, A	1
Saitoh, M	1
Izumi, T	1
Chiba, Y	1
Kojima, S	1
Suzuki, Y	1
Glickman, JD	1
Teitelbaum, I	3
Golper, TA	3
Heaf, JG	4
Yahya, R	1
Dahl, M	1
Murea, M	1
Patel, A	1
Highland, BR	1
Yang, W	3
Fletcher, AJ	1
Kalantar-Zadeh, K	9
Dressler, E	1
Russell, GB	1
Ma, C	1
Jiang, X	1
Ren, Y	1
Gu, G	1
Fu, A	1
Wang, C	2
Bai, P	1
Zhou, T	1
Qin, S	1
Fu, S	1
Tiranathanagul, K	3
Khemnark, N	1
Takkavatakarn, K	1
Limjariyakul, M	1
Mahatanan, N	1
Chariyavilaskul, P	1
Wittayalertpanya, S	1
Susantitaphong, P	2
Eiam-Ong, S	4
Arif, Y	1
Wenziger, C	1
Hsiung, JT	1
Edward, A	1
Lau, WL	1
Hanna, RM	1
Lee, Y	2
Obi, Y	6
Kovesdy, CP	2
Streja, E	3
Vogiatzaki, E	1
Michou, V	1
Liakopoulos, V	1
Roumeliotis, A	1
Roumeliotis, S	1
Kouidi, E	1
Deligiannis, A	1
Mohd Ghazi, A	1
Teoh, CK	1
Abdul Rahim, AA	1
Malini, H	1
Forwaty, E	1
Cleary, M	1
Visentin, D	1
Oktarina, E	1
Lenggogeni, DP	1
Hendriks, FK	1
Kuijpers, JHW	1
van Kranenburg, JMX	1
Senden, JMG	1
van der Sande, FM	1
Kooman, JP	2
Meex, SJR	1
van Loon, LJC	1
Van den Eynde, J	1
Jacquemyn, X	1
Cloet, N	1
Noé, D	1
Gillijns, H	1
Lox, M	1
Gsell, W	1
Himmelreich, U	1
Luttun, A	1
McCutcheon, K	1
Janssens, S	1
Oosterlinck, W	1
Basile, C	5
Casino, FG	4
Mitra, S	1
Agrawaal, KK	1
Kandel, S	1
Devkota, S	1
Chen, YK	1
Chu, CS	1
Niu, SW	1
Lin, HY	1
Yu, PH	1
Shen, FC	1
Chao, YL	1
Kuo, IC	1
Hung, CC	1
Chang, JM	1
Braet, P	1
Van Holsbeeck, A	1
Buyck, PJ	1
Laenen, A	1
Claes, K	1
De Vusser, K	1
Maleux, G	1
Tonomura, S	1
Uchiyama, K	1
Nakayama, T	2
Mitsuno, R	1
Kojima, D	1
Hama, EY	1
Nagasaka, T	1
Nishimura, ES	1
Kusahana, E	1
Takahashi, R	1
Yoshimoto, N	1
Yamaguchi, S	1
Morimoto, K	1
Yoshida, T	1
Hayashi, K	1
Kanda, T	1
Washida, N	1
Itoh, H	1
Zhou, D	1
Lei, H	1
Wu, S	1
Cui, W	1
Li, L	2
Lin, H	1
Yin, A	1
Kawauchi, R	1
Hirano, K	1
Tharpa, K	1
Mahabala, PS	1
Gurunath, CS	1
Jose, J	1
Tantry, S	1
Choorikkat, R	1
Tymoshenko, D	1
de Brouwer, H	1
Kumar, A	1
Oliveira, MC	1
Bufarah, MNB	1
Ponce, D	1
Balbi, A	1
Okuda, Y	1
Sy, J	1
Kim, SR	1
Rhee, CM	2
Eusebio-Alpapara, KMV	1
Castillo, RL	1
Dofitas, BL	1
Yin, C	1
Cheng, C	2
Wang, J	1
Zhang, L	1
Purrunsing, Y	1
Yang, G	1
Zeng, M	1
Huang, H	1
Ren, W	1
Ye, Y	1
Ma, H	1
Xing, C	1
Wang, N	1
Mahdavi, S	1
Yared, K	1
Wu, G	1
Omar, B	1
Savundra, D	1
Nagai, G	1
Hockmann, E	1
Svendrovski, A	1
Bellasi, A	1
Tam, P	1
Sikaneta, T	1
Silva, RE	1
Simões-E-Silva, AC	1
Miranda, AS	1
Justino, PBI	1
Brigagão, MRPL	1
Moraes, GOI	1
Gonçalves, RV	1
Novaes, RD	1
Shi, Y	1
Tong, C	1
Zhang, M	3
Gao, X	1
Lustgarten, MS	1
Glavinovic, T	1
Hurst, H	1
Hutchison, A	1
Johansson, L	1
Ruddock, N	1
Perl, J	3
Fernández Lucas, M	1
Ruíz-Roso, G	2
Merino, JL	3
Sánchez, R	3
Bouarich, H	1
Herrero, JA	1
Muriel, A	1
Zamora, J	1
Collado, A	1
Skeat, L	1
Masterson, R	1
Tjipto, AC	1
Karschimkus, C	1
Toussaint, ND	1
Hernández García, E	1
Torres Sánchez, MJ	1
Lukic, R	1
Cupic, M	1
Gajovic, N	1
Jurisevic, M	1
Mijailovic, Z	1
Davidovic, B	1
Kujundzic, B	1
Joksimovic, B	1
Arsenijevic, N	1
Jovanovic, I	1
Nadolski, GJ	1
Redmond, J	1
Shin, B	1
Shamimi-Noori, S	1
Vance, A	1
Hammelman, B	1
Clark, TWI	1
Cohen, R	1
Rudnick, M	1
Du, Q	1
Gao, J	1
Lu, R	1
Jin, Y	1
Zou, Y	1
Yu, C	1
Yan, Y	1
Pattharanitima, P	1
Chauhan, K	1
El Shamy, O	1
Chaudhary, K	1
Sharma, S	1
Coca, SG	1
Nadkarni, GN	1
Uribarri, J	3
Chan, L	1
De Vos, C	1
Lemarcq, L	1
Dhondt, A	4
Glorieux, G	4
Van Biesen, W	7
Eloot, S	6
Yano, J	1
Ito, S	1
Kodama, G	1
Nakayama, Y	1
Kaida, Y	1
Yokota, Y	1
Kinoshita, Y	1
Tashiro, K	1
Fukami, K	1
Caputo, C	1
Ciabattoni, M	1
Garneri, D	1
Repetto, M	1
Santoni, O	1
Tarroni, A	1
Tosetti, F	1
Vigo, EC	1
Mancuso, G	1
Debowska, M	2
Gomez, R	2
Pinto, J	1
Waniewski, J	6
Lindholm, B	6
Momciu, B	1
Chan, CT	2
Bolasco, P	2
Casula, L	1
Contu, R	1
Cadeddu, M	1
Murtas, S	1
Fontana, F	1
Torelli, C	1
Giovanella, S	1
Ligabue, G	1
Alfano, G	1
Gerritsen, K	1
Selgas, R	8
Cappelli, G	1
Ethier, I	1
Cho, Y	1
Hawley, C	1
Pascoe, EM	1
Viecelli, AK	1
Campbell, SB	1
van Eps, C	1
Isbel, NM	1
Cooper, BA	1
Harris, DC	2
Pollock, CA	2
Wong, MG	1
Johnson, DW	1
Yu, IC	1
Liu, CY	1
Fang, JT	1
Meyer, JM	1
Steer, D	1
Weber, LA	1
Zeitone, AA	1
Thakuria, M	1
Ho, CH	1
Aslam, S	1
Mullon, C	1
Kossmann, RJ	1
Deira, J	1
Suárez, MA	1
Aguilar, J	1
Maduell, F	8
Broseta, JJ	3
Rodríguez-Espinosa, D	1
Hermida-Lama, E	1
Cuadrado-Payán, E	1
Rodas, LM	1
Gómez, M	5
Arias-Guillén, M	4
Fontseré, N	5
Vera, M	5
Rico, N	4
Genena, KH	1
Ahmed, S	1
Szerlip, HM	1
Schwartz, JC	1
Dember, LM	1
Bargman, JM	3
Browne, T	1
Charytan, DM	1
Flythe, JE	2
Hickson, LJ	1
Hung, AM	1
Jadoul, M	2
Lee, TC	1
Meyer, KB	2
Moradi, H	1
Shafi, T	2
Wong, LP	1
Daugirdas, JT	20
Johansen, N	1
Kjaergaard, KD	1
Peters, CD	1
Pedersen, M	1
Jespersen, B	1
Jensen, JD	1
Fadel, FI	1
Mourad, AA	1
Abdel Rahman, AMO	1
Bazaraa, HM	1
Mohamed, MF	1
El-Lebedy, DH	1
Soliman, MM	1
Tan, Z	1
Ye, Z	1
Zhang, J	1
Chen, Y	1
Liu, X	1
Lou, T	1
Peng, H	1
Clark, WR	3
Leblanc, M	5
Ricci, Z	1
Ronco, C	6
D'Apolito, M	3
Colia, AL	2
Lasalvia, M	1
Capozzi, V	1
Falcone, MP	1
Pettoello-Mantovani, M	3
Brownlee, M	3
Maffione, AB	2
Giardino, I	3
Delanghe, S	1
Delanghe, JR	2
Speeckaert, R	1
Speeckaert, MM	1
Xu, T	1
Xie, J	1
Wang, W	1
Ren, H	1
Chen, N	1
Testal, AG	1
Marín, DH	1
Maset, RG	1
Maicas, PR	1
Salvador, ISR	1
Díaz, PO	1
Najera, JEF	1
De Juan, ET	1
Carrera, CB	1
Ma, Y	1
Wang, HY	1
Zhou, ZJ	1
Li, Y	1
Liu, BY	1
Xia, JH	1
Li, XM	1
Chen, LM	1
Davenport, A	7
Perisanidou, LI	1
Steenkamp, R	3
Brown, PDS	1
Rowed, K	1
Shearer, J	1
MacRae, JM	2
Parker, K	1
Brunati, C	1
Cassaro, F	1
Cretti, L	1
Izzo, M	1
Pegoraro, M	1
Negri, D	1
Gervasi, F	1
Colussi, G	1
Hsu, CT	1
Leona, R	1
Wu, MJ	1
Skagerlind, MSE	1
Stegmayr, BG	1
Atherton, JG	1
Hains, DS	1
Bissler, J	1
Pendley, BD	1
Lindner, E	1
Rees, L	1
Gotta, V	1
Marsenic, O	4
Pfister, M	1
Salame, C	1
Eaton, S	1
Grimble, G	1
De Simone, E	1
Di Micco, L	1
La Manna, G	1
Di Iorio, B	1
Korkmaz, A	1
Yıldız, A	1
Kundi, H	1
Başyigit, F	1
Gürsoy, HT	1
Uçar Elalmış, Ö	1
Akyüz, A	1
İleri, M	1
Güray, Ü	1
Ryan, P	1
Le Mesurier, L	1
Adams, K	1
Choi, P	1
Chacko, B	1
Grabowska-Polanowska, B	1
Miarka, P	1
Skowron, M	1
Chmiel, G	1
Pietrzycka, A	1
Śliwka, I	1
Poorkhali, A	1
Bizari, D	1
Farrokhzad, H	1
Lund, A	1
Damholt, MB	1
Wiis, J	1
Kelsen, J	1
Strange, DG	1
Møller, K	1
Hur, I	1
Lee, YK	3
Nogalcheva, AN	1
Konstantinova, D	1
Pechalova, P	1
Otero Alonso, P	1
Pérez Fontán, M	1
López Iglesias, A	1
García Falcón, T	1
Rodríguez-Carmona, A	2
Toth-Manikowski, SM	1
Sirich, TL	1
Meyer, TW	4
Hostetter, TH	4
Hwang, S	1
Plummer, NS	1
Hai, X	2
Coresh, J	1
Powe, NR	1
Yu, W	1
Zhuang, F	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
A Randomized Pilot Study of Hemodialysis Initiation Comparing Twice-Weekly Hemodialysis Plus Dialysis-Sparing Therapy Versus Thrice-Weekly Hemodialysis (The TWOPLUS-HD Trial)[NCT03740048]	Phase 3	51 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-06-19	Completed
Incremental Hemodialysis as a Starting Way of Renal Replacement Therapy[NCT03302546]		7 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-04-04	Recruiting
Influence of Dialysate Temperature on Peritoneal Creatinine Clearance in Patients in Peritoneal Dialysis[NCT04302649]	Phase 4	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-10-01	Completed
An Open-Label Clinical Study to Assess the Performance of the Dialyzer With Endexo™ in End-Stage Renal Disease Subjects[NCT03536663]		23 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-08-29	Completed
An Observational Cross-sectional Study to Compare Carbamylated High-density Lipoprotein Levels Among Normal Subjects, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With and Without Coronary Heart Disease.[NCT04390711]		282 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-09-01	Completed
Clinical Study of Asahi ViE Dialyzer in Canada (AVID)[NCT02292212]		17 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-11-24	Completed
Effect of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Renal Function in Septic Acute Kidney Injury Patients, Randomized Control Trial[NCT03877081]	Phase 3	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-01-04	Recruiting
Effects of Synbiotics Supplementation on the Concentration of the Uremic Toxin Indoxyl Sulfate, Symptoms of Constipation, and Constipation-related Quality of Life in End-stage Renal Disease Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis[NCT04527640]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-09-15	Not yet recruiting
Prebiotic Therapy to Improve Outcomes of Renal Transplant[NCT04428190]	Early Phase 1	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-02-23	Recruiting
Assessment of the Incremental Haemodialysis Security and Effectiveness in Incident Patients[NCT03239808]		152 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-03-14	Active, not recruiting
Clinical and Biochemical Effects of Multipass Hemodialysis[NCT01267760]	Phase 2	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-03-31	Completed
The Use of Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Hemodiafiltration[NCT00756145]	Phase 4	15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Completed
RandomizEd ClinicAL triaL on the Efficacy and saFety of Incremental Hemodialysis[NCT04360694]		116 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-05-10	Recruiting
Comparison of Clinical Outcomes Between Thrice-weekly and Individualized Incremental Hemodialysis in Incident Hemodialysis Patients[NCT03352271]		122 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-06-01	Completed
Sleep Disturbance in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease[NCT02583347]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2015-12-31	Recruiting
Glycemic Control Assessed by Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Hemodialyzed Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Treated Via the Basal-Bolus Detemir-Aspart Insulin Regimen: A Pilot Study[NCT01828970]	Phase 4	38 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Completed
Potential Role of Gum Arabic as Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Agent in Hemodialysis Patients[NCT03214692]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-07-31	Enrolling by invitation
Fluid Intake App for Management of Volume Intake in Patients Receiving Chronic Hemodialysis Therapy, Full Scale Trial[NCT04194164]		33 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-12-02	Completed
The Effect of On-Line Hemodiafiltration Versus High Flux Hemodialysis on Hemodynamic Parameters in Patients With Intra-Dialytic Hypotension[NCT02719223]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-01-31	Completed
Randomized Study of Standard vs High Amount of Hemodialysis Using Low vs High Flux Dialyzer Membranes for End Stage Renal Disease[NCT00004285]		1,846 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1995-03-31	Completed
Fluid Intake App for Management of Volume Intake in Patients Receiving Chronic Hemodialysis Therapy[NCT03759847]		28 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-23	Completed
Hemodynamic Effects of Low vs. High Dialysate Temperature or Bicarbonate Concentration in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients[NCT05052151]		16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-08-25	Completed
A Multi Protocol Investigation to Compare the Effects of Intra-dialytic Exercise on Physiological Changes and Toxin Removal in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients[NCT01674153]		15 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-08-31	Recruiting
Preliminary Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of a Wearable Artificial Kidney Device for the Treatment of Patients With Endstage Renal Failure[NCT00454974]	Phase 1	8 participants	Interventional	2007-03-31	Completed
Study on the Effect of Flucloxacillin on the Serum Level of P-cresol in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients[NCT00433342]	Phase 1	9 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-03-31	Terminated
A Multicentric Observational Trial on Protein Bound Uremic Toxins in Nocturnal Hemodialysis[NCT00417339]		38 participants (Actual)	Observational	2006-12-31	Completed
A Multicentric Observational Study on the Removal of Protein-Bound Uremic Retention Solutes in Nocturnal Hemodialysis: A Cross-Sectional Analysis[NCT00417105]		120 participants (Actual)	Observational	2006-12-31	Completed
Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Renal Transplant Patients[NCT03310255]		86 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2017-11-01	Not yet recruiting
Efficacy of Different Doses of Influenza Vaccine in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients: Randomized Controlled Trial (Enhance Study)[NCT05070494]	Phase 4	175 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-03-01	Recruiting
Immune Response to Influenza Vaccination in ESRD Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis vs. Hemodiafiltration[NCT04122222]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-08-25	Completed
Safety and Dose Finding Study of Xigris (Drotrecogin Alfa Activated) as an Anti-coagulant in End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Patients Treated With Hemodialysis (HD)[NCT01227187]	Phase 2	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-10-31	Completed
The Impact of a Biocompatible Peritoneal Dialysis Solution (Delflex Neutral pH) on Mesothelial Cell Viability and Peritoneal Transport[NCT01292863]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-03-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to Study was modified to in vitro design and no longer involves participants)
Role of Oral Activated Charcoal in Decreasing Blood Urea, Creatinine and Phosphorous in Chronic Kidney Disease[NCT04311645]	Phase 2	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-08-01	Not yet recruiting
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Residual Kidney Function in Patients Undergoing Three or Four Exchanges CAPD[NCT01637792]	Phase 4	139 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-06-30	Completed
Prospective, Randomized, Comparative Study to Evaluate the Effect of Iodixanol 320 Compared to Iomeprol 350 on Contrast Medium Induced Nephropathy in Patients With Impaired Renal Function Undergoing PCI[NCT00390585]	Phase 4	324 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-07-31	Completed
Sirolimus for Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis[NCT00040508]	Phase 2	30 participants	Interventional	2002-06-30	Completed
Tracking Renal Tumors After Cryoablation Evaluation (TRACE) Registry[NCT01117779]		250 participants (Actual)	Observational	2010-07-09	Terminated (stopped due to Boston Scientific acquisition of BTG/Galil Medical - business decision made to stop follow-up early)
The Effect of Telbivudine on Renal Function and Proteinuria in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B Infection and Chronic Kidney Diseases[NCT02049736]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-12-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to unable to recruit patients)
Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Platelet Aggregation and Other Coagulation Parameters[NCT04447131]		120 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-04-29	Completed
Impact of a Pharmacist's Collaborative Management, Adherence,and Medication Education Program (CAMP) in an Ambulatory Renal Clinic[NCT00599365]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2007-12-31	Recruiting
Impact of Drug Therapy and Co-Morbidities on the Development of Renal Impairment in HIV-Infected Patients[NCT00551655]		684 participants (Actual)	Observational	2007-05-31	Completed
Tongue Inspection and Diagnosis for Chronic Kidney Disease: Protocol for a Cross-sectional, Case-controlled Observational Study[NCT04559958]		120 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-09-01	Completed
Study of the Effect of Ergocalciferol on Plasma and Urinary Mucin-1 Levels in Healthy Individuals and Individuals With Autosomal Dominant Tubulo-Interstitial Kidney Disease Due to MUC1 Mutations (ADTKD-MUC1)[NCT03747523]	Early Phase 1	44 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-03-12	Completed
Development and Validation of Creatinine-Based Estimates of the Glomerular Filtration Rate Equation From Chromium EDTA Imaging in the Multi-racial Malaysian Population[NCT05112393]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2021-11-30	Not yet recruiting
Estudio RioplateNsE Sobre Telemonitoreo en hIpertensos No-controlAdos[NCT02730052]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-12-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to Centers recruited poorly)
BIcarbonato di Sodio e N-Acetilcisteina Nella Prevenzione Della Nefropatia da Mezzo di Contrasto Nell'infaRto mIocardico acutO(Registro BINARIO)[NCT01218178]		520 participants (Actual)	Observational	2008-06-30	Completed
Effect of Low Dose of Colchicine on Platelet Reactivty in Patients With Chronic Coronary Disease[NCT05956145]	Phase 3	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-06-17	Recruiting
Evaluation of Platelet Aggregation and Adenosine Levels in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease and Chronic Kidney Dysfunction Taking Dual Antiplatelet Therapy With Aspirin and Clopidogrel or Ticagrelor[NCT03039205]	Phase 2	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-11-07	Completed
Impact of Renal SympAthetic DenerVation on Chronic HypErtension[NCT01628198]		38 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-10-31	Terminated (stopped due to recommendation by the study's DSMB due to insufficient data to determine efficacy.)
[NCT01545531]		54 participants (Actual)	Observational	2008-09-30	Completed
Renal Sympathetic Denervation for the Management of Chronic Hypertension[NCT01628172]		96 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Completed
Effect of Nighttime Losartan on Prognosis of Nocturnal Hypertension Patients Undergoing Continous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis[NCT03692013]	Phase 4	68 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-12-01	Not yet recruiting
A Feasibility Randomised Controlled Trial: Effects of Oral Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation in Patients on Haemodialysis[NCT02692378]	Phase 4	44 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-11-30	Completed
Tolerance to Hemodialysis in Insulin-Requiring Diabetic Patients: a Prospective Randomized,Cross-over Multicenter Study Between Bicarbonate Dialysis (BD) and Blood Volume Controlled Acetate-Free Biofiltration (BVC-AFB)[NCT01098149]		55 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-03-31	Completed
Effect Of Dialysate Flow Rate On Mass Transfer Coefficient - Area (KoA) In Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities[NCT00636077]		12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-02-29	Completed
Role of Gonadotropin Pulsations in the Reversal of Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism[NCT00392756]	Phase 1	624 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1989-04-30	Completed
The Effects of 7 Days of Exogenous Pulsatile GnRH Treatment on the Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadal Subjects[NCT00493961]	Phase 1	27 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1999-01-31	Completed
Using of the Skin as a Third Spare Kidney for Patients With Chronic Renal Failure[NCT03810989]		86 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-06-01	Not yet recruiting
Lung Water By Ultra-Sound Guided Treatment To Prevent Death and Cardiovascular Complications in High Risk End Stage Renal Disease Patients With Cardiomyopathy (Lust Study)[NCT02310061]		383 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-03-31	Completed
Validation of Fast Methods to Measure Glomerular Filtration Rate[NCT00026715]		150 participants	Observational	2000-06-30	Completed
The Association Between Serum Urea Nitrogen to Creatinine Ratio and the Survival in Patients With DKD[NCT04612595]		1,000 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2018-08-01	Recruiting
Is There Any Indication for Protein Free Products in Patients With Advanced CKD at Risk of Malnutrition?A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT05015647]		35 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-09-26	Completed
Glargine Dosing in Hospitalized Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Renal Insufficiency[NCT00911625]	Phase 4	114 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-01-21	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Residual renal clearance was calculated based on 24-hour urine collection performed at baseline at enrollment; and interdialytic urine collection performed at baseline, 6 Weeks, 12 Weeks and 24 Weeks (NCT03740048)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 Weeks, 12 Weeks, 24 Weeks

Change in Residual Kidney Function - Creatinine Clearance

Intervention	mL/day (Least Squares Mean)
	Urine volume at Baseline	Urine volume at Week 6	Urine volume at 12 weeks	Urine volume at 24 Weeks
Conventional Hemodialysis Regimen	1424	553	484	876
Hemodialysis and Pharmacologic Therapy	914	504	479	862

Residual renal clearance was calculated based on 24-hour urine collection performed at baseline at enrollment; and interdialytic urine collection performed during weeks 6, 12, and 24. (NCT03740048)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 Weeks, 12 Weeks, 24 Weeks

Change in Residual Kidney Function - Urea Clearance

Intervention	mL/min/1.73m^2 (Least Squares Mean)
	Baseline Renal Creatinine Clearance	Week 6 Renal Creatinine Clearance	Week 12 Renal Creatinine Clearance	Week 24 Renal Creatinine Clearance
Conventional Hemodialysis Regimen	10.8	6.8	5.8	5.4
Hemodialysis and Pharmacologic Therapy	8.4	5.5	5.3	5.6

Patients' Adherence to Study Protocol

Intervention	mL/min/1.73m^2 (Least Squares Mean)
	Baseline Renal Urea Clearance	Week 6 Renal Urea Clearance	Week 12 Renal Urea Clearance	Week 24 Renal Urea Clearance
Conventional Hemodialysis Regimen	4.1	2.3	2.0	2.2
Hemodialysis and Pharmacologic Therapy	3.3	2.3	2.1	1.6

≥95% of participants randomized in the intervention group will adhere to the HD regimen. All participants who completed 6 and 12 months of follow-up completed interdialytic timed urine collections - Patient adherence to the study protocol was assessed by the number of participants randomized to each intervention who adhered to the study protocol and at 6 months and at 12 months (NCT03740048)
Timeframe: 6 months, 12 months, 24 months

Performance of the Dialyzer With Endexo by Measuring Its in Vivo Ultrafiltration Coefficient

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Patients adherence to study protocol	interdialytic timed urine collections at 6 month followup	interdialytic timed urine collections at 12 month followup
Conventional Hemodialysis Regimen	24	19	10
Hemodialysis and Pharmacologic Therapy	22	19	10

Ultrafiltration coefficient (Kuf) is the ratio of ultrafiltration rate in ml/hr to the Transmembrane pressure in mmHg. Both the Ultrafiltration rate and the transmembrane pressure readings are collected from the machine. (NCT03536663)
Timeframe: 15 minutes after the recorded start of hemodialysis with Endexo upon its first use in the study

Removal of Albumin

Intervention	mL/hr/mmHg (Mean)
Endexo	16.36

%change = (post-HD - pre-HD)/pre-HD * 100 (NCT03536663)
Timeframe: Pre- and Post- HD at Visits 1/week 1, 13/week 5

Removal of Beta-2-microglobulin

Intervention	percent change (Mean)
Optiflux	7.89
Endexo	7.99

% reduction = (post-HD - pre-HD)/pre-HD * 100 with post-HD B2M adjusted to pre- and post HD weights (NCT03536663)
Timeframe: Pre- and Post- HD at Visits 1/week 1, 13/week 5

Removal of Urea

Intervention	percent reduction, corrected (Mean)
Optiflux	46.86
Endexo	67.73

"URR = (pre-HD urea - post-HD urea)/pre-HD urea * 100~Data across visits were averaged for each subject, and then a group mean and sd were calculated." (NCT03536663)
Timeframe: At visits 1/week 1, 10/week 4, 13/week 5, 22/week 8, 34/week 12, and 46/week 16

The Number of Any Adverse Events

Intervention	percentage (Mean)
Optiflux	80.81
Endexo	81.87

All adverse events were captured from subject enrollment to the completion of Optiflux period, and to the end of study or withdraws from the study. (NCT03536663)
Timeframe: Optiflux: from enrollment, weeks 1 to 4 (visits 1 to 12); Endexo: from weeks 5 to 17, and follow-up, a total of 17 weeks intervention.

The Number of Any Device-related Adverse Events

Intervention	events (Number)
Optiflux	7
Endexo	32

Any device-related adverse events were captured from subject enrollment to the completion of Optiflux period, and to the end of study or withdraws from the study. (NCT03536663)
Timeframe: Optiflux: from enrollment, weeks 1 to 4 (visits 1 to 12); Endexo: from weeks 5 to 17, and follow-up, a total of 17 weeks intervention.

Device Malfunctions

Intervention	participants, events (Number)
Optiflux	0
Endexo	0

(NCT02292212)
Timeframe: Week 1 to 2 (Pre-ViE phase), 3 to 14 (ViE phase), and 15 to 16 (Post-ViE phase)

Removal Rate of Albumin

Intervention	malfunctions (Number)
Pre-ViE Phase	0
ViE Phase	3
Post ViE Phase	0

"In order to calculate removal rate for albumin by a dialysis session, blood samples were collected at pre and post dialysis. The removal rate was obtained by calculation using the following equation with hematocrit (HCT) at pre (HCTpre) and post (HCTpost).~Removal rate (%) = {1-[HCTpre*(1-HCTpost/100) * Cpost] / [HCTpost * (1-HCTpre/100) * Cpre]} * 100.~The removal rates were obtained at one session of the first week with control dialyzer (Pre-ViE phase) and then at each one session of weeks 7 and 13 with ViE-21 (ViE phase), respectively. The negative removal rate means the increase of serum concentration of albumin from pre to post dialysis session." (NCT02292212)
Timeframe: Week 1 (Pre-ViE phase), 7, 13 (ViE phase)

Removal Rate of Beta-2-microglobulin (B2-MG)

Intervention	percentage of albumin removal (Mean)
Pre-ViE Phase	2.4
ViE Phase (1)	-2.4
ViE Phase (2)	-1.0

"In order to calculate removal rate for B2-MG by a dialysis session, blood samples were collected at pre and post dialysis. The removal rate was obtained by calculation using the following equation.~Removal rate (%) = {1-[HCTpre*(1-HCTpost/100) * Cpost] / [HCTpost * (1-HCTpre/100) * Cpre]} * 100.~The removal rates were obtained at one session of the first week with control dialyzer (Pre-ViE phase) and then at each one session of weeks 7 and 13 with ViE-21 (ViE phase), respectively." (NCT02292212)
Timeframe: Week 1 (Pre-ViE phase), 7, 13 (ViE phase)

Removal Rate of Creatinine

Intervention	percentage of B2MG removal (Mean)
Pre-ViE Phase	65.5
ViE Phase (1)	65.8
ViE Phase (2)	65.9

"In order to calculate removal rate for creatinine by a dialysis session, blood samples were collected at pre and post dialysis. The removal rate was obtained by calculation using the following equation.~Removal rate (%) = [(Cpre - Cpost) / (Cpre)] * 100. The removal rates were obtained at one session of the first week with control dialyzer (Pre-ViE phase) and then at each one session of weeks 7 and 13 with ViE-21 (ViE phase), respectively." (NCT02292212)
Timeframe: Week 1 (Pre-ViE phase), 7, 13 (ViE phase)

Removal Rate of Urea

Intervention	percentage of creatinine removal (Mean)
Pre-ViE Phase	70.7
ViE Phase (1)	70.0
ViE Phase (2)	69.0

"In order to calculate removal rate for urea by a dialysis session, blood samples were collected at pre and post dialysis. The removal rate was obtained by calculation using the following equation with Pre-dialysis concentration (Cpre) and Post-dialysis concentration (Cpost) of urea.~Removal rate (%) = [(Cpre - Cpost) / (Cpre)] * 100. The removal rates were obtained at one session of the first week with control dialyzer (Pre-ViE phase) and then at each one session of weeks 7 and 13 with ViE-21 (ViE phase), respectively." (NCT02292212)
Timeframe: Week 1 (Pre-ViE phase), 7, 13 (ViE phase)

Ultrafiltration Coefficient (KUF)

Intervention	percentage of urea removal (Mean)
Pre-ViE Phase	76.1
ViE Phase (1)	74.4
ViE Phase (2)	73.5

The KUF is important for regulating the rate and amount of fluid flow across the dialyzer membrane. It is calculated by dividing ultrafiltration rate with the transmembrane pressure (TMP). More specifically, transmembrane pressures were recorded at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 minutes after the initiation of the dialysis session with adjustment of the ultrafiltration rate at 0, 600, 1000, 1400 and 1800 mL/hr respectively. These determinations were made during the 2nd or 3rd treatment session during the 1st or 2nd week for control dialyzer (Pre-ViE phase), and for ViE-21 during week 3-8 and week 9-14 (ViE phase). (NCT02292212)
Timeframe: Week 1 or 2 (Pre-ViE phase), 3-8 and 9-14 (ViE phase)

Activated Complement Factor III (C3a )

Intervention	mL/(hr*mmHg) (Mean)
Pre-ViE Phase	61.2
ViE Phase (1)	67.8
ViE Phase (2)	68.6

Blood samples were obtained during the first week of dialysis with control dialyzer and then during weeks 7 and 13 with ViE-21. C3a was measured pre dialysis, at 15 minutes and post dialysis. The values were corrected with HCT and then leveled by defining the pre-dialysis value as 100%. (NCT02292212)
Timeframe: Week 1 (Pre-ViE phase), 7, 13 (ViE phase)

Platelet

Intervention	percentage of C3a level (Mean)
	15 min	Post dialysis
Pre-ViE Phase	224.1	97.3
ViE Phase (1)	236.2	103.1
ViE Phase (2)	198.1	90.2

Blood samples were obtained during the first week of dialysis with control dialyzer and then during weeks 7 and 13 with ViE-21. Platelet count was measured pre dialysis, at 15 minutes and post dialysis. The values were corrected with HCT and then leveled by defining the pre-dialysis value as 100%. (NCT02292212)
Timeframe: Week 1 (Pre-ViE phase), 7, 13 (ViE phase)

White Blood Cell (WBC)

Intervention	percentage of platelet level (Mean)
	15 min	Post dialysis
Pre-ViE Phase	94.6	93.9
ViE Phase (1)	98.4	99.0
ViE Phase (2)	98.2	99.8

Blood samples were obtained during the first week of dialysis with control dialyzer and then during weeks 7 and 13 with ViE-21. WBC count was measured pre dialysis, at 15 minutes and post dialysis. The values were corrected with HCT and then leveled by defining the pre-dialysis value as 100%. (NCT02292212)
Timeframe: Week 1 (Pre-ViE phase), 7, 13 (ViE phase)

Mean Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) at 120 Minutes

Intervention	percentage of WBC level (Mean)
	15 min	Post dialysis
Pre-ViE Phase	82.3	95.1
ViE Phase (1)	86.5	94.1
ViE Phase (2)	92.7	97.1

PTT level during a hemodialysis treatment will be used to assess the effectiveness of Xigris as an anticoagulant. (NCT01227187)
Timeframe: PTT level at 120 minutes after start up of Xigris during the hemodialysis treatment.

Mean Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) at 15 Minutes

Intervention	Seconds (Mean)
APC Initiation Dose 12 μg/kg/h	39.4
APC Initiation Dose 18 μg/kg/h	42.8
APC Initiation Dose 24 μg/kg/h	51.2
APC Initiation Dose 30 μg/kg/h	54.1

PTT level during a hemodialysis treatment will be used to assess the effectiveness of Xigris as an anticoagulant. (NCT01227187)
Timeframe: PTT level at 15 minutes after start up of Xigris during the hemodialysis treatment.

Mean Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) at 180 Minutes

Intervention	Seconds (Mean)
APC Initiation Dose 12 μg/kg/h	38.4
APC Initiation Dose 18 μg/kg/h	38.4
APC Initiation Dose 24 μg/kg/h	45.4
APC Initiation Dose 30 μg/kg/h	49.7

PTT level during a hemodialysis treatment will be used to assess the effectiveness of Xigris as an anticoagulant. (NCT01227187)
Timeframe: PTT level at 180 minutes after start up of Xigris during the hemodialysis treatment.

Mean Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) at 30 Minutes

Intervention	Seconds (Mean)
APC Initiation Dose 12 μg/kg/h	35.6
APC Initiation Dose 18 μg/kg/h	40.9
APC Initiation Dose 24 μg/kg/h	44.5
APC Initiation Dose 30 μg/kg/h	52.4

PTT level during a hemodialysis treatment will be used to assess the effectiveness of Xigris as an anticoagulant. (NCT01227187)
Timeframe: PTT level at 30 minutes after start up of Xigris during the hemodialysis treatment.

Mean Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) at 60 Minutes

Intervention	Seconds (Mean)
APC Initiation Dose 12 μg/kg/h	36.2
APC Initiation Dose 18 μg/kg/h	35.7
APC Initiation Dose 24 μg/kg/h	48.2
APC Initiation Dose 30 μg/kg/h	51.3

PTT level during a hemodialysis treatment will be used to assess the effectiveness of Xigris as an anticoagulant. (NCT01227187)
Timeframe: PTT level at 60 minutes after start up of Xigris during the hemodialysis treatment.

Change in Ambulatory Diastolic Blood Pressure

Intervention	Seconds (Mean)
APC Initiation Dose 12 μg/kg/h	39.8
APC Initiation Dose 18 μg/kg/h	36.4
APC Initiation Dose 24 μg/kg/h	39.2
APC Initiation Dose 30 μg/kg/h	52.6

The change in diastolic blood pressure as measured by 24 hour ambulatory monitoring at 6 months as compared to from baseline. (NCT01628198)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months

Mean Change in Ambulatory Systolic Blood Pressure

Intervention	mmHg mean change (Mean)
Renal Denervation Group	-5.5

The change in systolic blood pressure as measured by 24 hour ambulatory monitoring at 6 months as compared to from baseline. (NCT01628198)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months

Anti-hypertensive Medications

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
Renal Denervation Group	-10.2

The total number of anti-hypertensive medications at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months (NCT01628198)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 months, 12 months

Blood Urea Nitrogen

Intervention	medications (Mean)
	Baseline	6 months	12 months
Renal Denervation Group	5.37	4.79	4.64

A blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test measures the amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from the waste product urea. Urea is made when protein is broken down in the body. Urea is made in the liver and passed out in the urine. (NCT01628198)
Timeframe: baseline, 6 months, 12 months

Creatinine

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
	Baseline	6 months	12 months
Renal Denervation Group	20.82	22.15	23.11

Creatinine measures the level of the waste product in the body. The amount of creatinine in the blood depends partly on the amount of muscle tissue you have. Men generally have higher creatinine levels than women.Normal levels of creatinine in the blood are approximately 0.6 to 1.2 milligrams (mg) per deciliter (dL) in adult males and 0.5 to 1.1 milligrams per deciliter in adult females. High levels of creatinine indicates kidney impairment. (NCT01628198)
Timeframe: baseline, 6 months, 12 months

Office Diastolic BP

Intervention	mg/dl (Mean)
	Baseline	6 months	12 months
Renal Denervation Group	1.6	1.68	2.03

Different time points office diastolic blood pressure measurements (NCT01628198)
Timeframe: baseline, 6 month, 12 months

Office Systolic BP

Intervention	mm Hg (Mean)
	Baseline	6 months	12 months
Renal Denervation Group	87.06	86.93	87.75

Different time points office systolic blood pressure measurements (NCT01628198)
Timeframe: baseline, 6 month, 12 months

Renal Aortic Ratio

Intervention	mm Hg (Mean)
	Baseline	6 months	12 months
Renal Denervation Group	156.86	151.19	158.45

Renal artery blood flow as measured by Renal Aortic Ratio (RAR) = Peak systolic Velocity renal artery / Peak Systolic Velocity Aorta. A >60% stenosis is reported when there is a >3.5:1 Renal to Aortic Ratio. (NCT01628198)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 months

Renal Artery Dimensions

Intervention	ratio (Mean)
	Baseline Right RAR	Baseline Left RAR	12 months Right RAR	12 months Left RAR
Renal Denervation Group	1.38	1.52	1.41	1.52

Dimensions of renal artery, right and left (NCT01628198)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 months

Resistive Index

Intervention	mm (Mean)
	Baseline R Kidney	Baseline L Kidney	12 months R Kidney	12 months L Kidney
Renal Denervation Group	11.43	11.68	11.26	11.39

Renal artery blood flow as measured by Resistive Index. RI = (peak systolic velocity - end diastolic velocity ) / peak systolic velocity. the normal value is ~ 0.60, with 0.70 being around the upper limits of normal (NCT01628198)
Timeframe: Baseline and 12 months

Effect of Increased Dialysate Flow Rate on KoA for b2-microglobulin Between 4 Dialyzers With Different Membrane Packing Densities.

Intervention	index (Mean)
	Baseline Right RI	Baseline Left RI	12 months Right RI	12 months Left RI
Renal Denervation Group	0.67	0.72	0.72	0.72