Compounds > triphenyl phosphate
Page last updated: 2024-11-05

triphenyl phosphate

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Description

Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) is an organophosphate compound with the formula (C6H5O)3PO. It is a colorless, odorless, and viscous liquid that is used as a flame retardant, plasticizer, and hydraulic fluid. TPP is synthesized by the reaction of phosphorus oxychloride with phenol in the presence of a base. It is a highly effective flame retardant due to its ability to interrupt the combustion process by releasing phosphorus-containing radicals. TPP is also used as a plasticizer to increase the flexibility and durability of plastics. However, TPP has been linked to health concerns, including endocrine disruption and neurotoxicity. It is important to study TPP to understand its potential health risks and develop safer alternatives.'

triphenyl phosphate: structure [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

triphenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of phosphoric acid with 3 mol eq. of phenol. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID8289
CHEMBL ID454511
CHEBI ID35033
SCHEMBL ID18116
MeSH IDM0046993

Synonyms (75)

Synonym
BIDD:ER0309
AC-19461
phosphoric acid, triphenyl ester
115-86-6
nsc57868
triphenyl phosphate
phosflex tpp
celluflex tpp
disflamoll tp
wln: ropo & or & or
phenyl phosphate ((pho)3po)
nsc-57868
phenyl phosphate, (pho)3po
triphenoxyphosphine oxide
CHEBI:35033 ,
hsdb 2536
triphenylphosphate
brn 1888236
ccris 4888
ai3-04491
trifenylfosfat [czech]
nsc 57868
einecs 204-112-2
triphenyl phosphate, analytical standard
triphenyl phosphate, >=99%
NCGC00164033-01
NCIOPEN2_007435
tphp
FT-0657194
phosphoric acid triphenyl ester
P0272
CHEMBL454511
A803498
NCGC00164033-03
NCGC00164033-02
cas-115-86-6
tox21_201511
NCGC00260671-01
dtxcid201952
tox21_300504
dtxsid1021952 ,
NCGC00254408-01
c18h15o4p
STL280499
trifenylfosfat
4-06-00-00720 (beilstein handbook reference)
ec 204-112-2
unii-yze19z66ea
yze19z66ea ,
reofos tpp
tppa
AKOS015888630
SCHEMBL18116
triphenyl phosphate [hsdb]
triphenyl phosphate [inci]
triphenyl phosphate [mi]
kronitex tpp
triphenyl phosphoric acid ester
altal
mfcd00003031
J-003328
triphenyl phosphate, tracecert(r), 31p-qnmr standard
triphenyl phosphate (tpp)
triphenyl phosphate, reagent
triphenyl phosphate 10 microg/ml in ethyl acetate
triphenyl phosphate 500 microg/ml in methyl-tert-butyl ether
triphenyl phosphate 1000 microg/ml in acetone
Q418573
triphenyl phosphate (tpp) 500 microg/ml in methyl-tert-butyl ether
triphenyl phosphate (tpp) 500 microg/ml in methyl tert-butyl ether
CS-0017793
triphenyl phosphate-d15
reomol tpp
reolube tpp
triphenyl phosphate (tpp, tphp)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is a non-halogenated organophosphorus flame retardant, and there is a higher exposure risk in children. It has been proven to have toxic effects, bioaccumulation, and amplification effects and pose a great threat to the environment.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is a broad-spectrum organophosphate compound widely used as an additive in several products to prevent ignition. "( Dose-Dependent Molecular Responses of
Kadirvelu, K; Karthika, P; Ramesh, M; Suvenitha, K; Umamaheswari, S, 2021)		2.06
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is a non-halogenated organophosphorus flame retardant, and there is a higher exposure risk in children. "( A single-cell survey unveils cellular heterogeneity and sensitive responses in mouse cortices induced by oral exposure to triphenyl phosphate.
Chen, D; Ji, D; Ke, W; Li, X; Niu, C; Song, M; Wang, C; Wei, Y; Wu, J; Yu, Y; Zhang, Z; Zhong, X; Zhu, Q, 2022)		2.37
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is a chemical flame retardant and plasticizer which is added to consumer and industrial products. "( Gestational exposure to triphenyl phosphate induces epigenetic modifications in C57Bl/6 fetal liver.
Philbrook, NA; Shafique, S; Winn, LM; Wolpert, SH, 2023)		2.66
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is a common type of OPEs in water, which has been proven to have toxic effects, bioaccumulation, and amplification effects and pose a great threat to the environment and human health."( [Degradation of Triphenyl Phosphate in Water by UV-driven Advanced Oxidation Processes].
Qiao, Y; Song, JJ; Xiong, YM; Xu, ZW; Yin, HL, 2022)		1.79
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is an Organophosphate flame retardant (OPFR) that has been widely used in many commercial products. "( Gestation and lactation triphenyl phosphate exposure disturbs offspring gut microbiota in a sex-dependent pathway.
Chen, Y; Guo, L; Hong, J; Jiang, M; Lin, J; Liu, Q; Liu, X; Lu, X; Sun, W; Sun, Y; Zhang, J, 2023)		2.66
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is a widely used aryl organophosphate flame retardant (OPFR) that has attracted attention due to its frequent detection in the environment and living organisms. "( Triphenyl phosphate induced reproductive toxicity through the JNK signaling pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Chen, C; Chen, H; Hao, H; Huang, Y; Li, H; Li, Y; Peng, Y; Shi, C; Wang, C; Xiang, M; Zeng, L; Zhang, J; Zheng, Y, 2023)		3.8
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is a widely used flame retardant and plasticizer and has been detected extensively in environmental media, wildlife and human bodies. "( Triphenyl phosphate proved more potent than its metabolite diphenyl phosphate in inducing hepatic insulin resistance through endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Chen, H; Duan, X; Sun, C; Sun, H; Sun, X; Yue, J; Zhang, L, 2023)		3.8
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is a widely used organophosphate flame retardant and has biological toxicity. "( Triphenyl phosphate induced apoptosis of mice testicular Leydig cells and TM3 cells through ROS-mediated mitochondrial fusion inhibition.
Chen, P; Fang, Z; Gong, L; Liu, Y; Su, Y; Wang, M; Xu, F; Xu, J; Zhang, L; Zhao, Z, 2023)		3.8
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is an organophosphate flame retardant widely distributed in the environment. "( Triphenyl phosphate disrupts placental tryptophan metabolism by activating MAOA/ROS/NFκB.
Hong, J; Liao, G; Liu, Q; Liu, X; Lu, X; Shi, Y; Tang, H; Zhang, J, 2023)		3.8
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is a tri-ester of phosphoric acid and phenol. "( Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of triphenyl phosphate on root tip cells of Allium cepa L.
Aslantürk, ÖS, 2024)		3.16
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is an organophosphate ester (OPE) used as a flame retardant (FR) and plasticizer. "( Assessment of the effects of early life exposure to triphenyl phosphate on fear, boldness, aggression, and activity in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) chicks.
Fernie, KJ; Guigueno, MF; Hanas, AK; Head, JA; Letcher, RJ; Ste-Marie Chamberland, F, 2020)		2.25
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) is a frequently detected organophosphate flame retardant in the environment."( Toxicological effects of graphene on mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis hemocytes after individual and combined exposure with triphenyl phosphate.
Ji, C; Li, F; Liu, J; Meng, X; Wang, X; Wu, H, 2020)		1.49
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is an environmental PPARγ ligand, and growing evidence suggests that it is a metabolic disruptor. "( Triphenyl phosphate is a selective PPARγ modulator that does not induce brite adipogenesis in vitro and in vivo.
Blum, BC; Emili, A; Farmer, S; Hekman, R; Kim, S; Rabhi, N; Schlezinger, JJ; Wynne, K, 2020)		3.44
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is a popular alternative to brominated flame retardant and halogenated OPFRs."( Hippocampal proteomic analysis reveals the disturbance of synaptogenesis and neurotransmission induced by developmental exposure to organophosphate flame retardant triphenyl phosphate.
Ji, D; Ke, W; Niu, C; Wang, C; Wei, Y; Wu, J; Yang, X; Yu, Y; Zhong, X; Zhu, Q, 2021)		1.54
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) is a frequently used aryl organophosphate flame retardant. "( Triphenyl phosphate disturbs the lipidome and induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in JEG-3 cells.
Guo, L; Hong, J; Liu, L; Liu, X; Shi, M; Tang, H; Wang, Y, 2021)		3.51
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is an organophosphorus flame retardant and plasticizer that has been added to numerous consumer products in recent years. "( Gestational triphenyl phosphate exposure in C57Bl/6 mice perturbs expression of insulin-like growth factor signaling genes in maternal and fetal liver.
Belanger, CL; Philbrook, NA; Restivo, VE; Winn, LM, 2018)		2.3
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is an unsubstituted aryl phosphate ester used as a flame retardant and plasticizer within the United States. "( Disruption of Nuclear Receptor Signaling Alters Triphenyl Phosphate-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Zebrafish Embryos.
Dasgupta, S; Mitchell, CA; Stapleton, HM; Volz, DC; Zhang, S, 2018)		2.18
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is an organophosphate flame retardant that is frequently detected in the environments. "( Acute exposure to triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) disturbs ocular development and muscular organization in zebrafish larvae.
Chen, L; Hu, C; Lam, JCW; Shi, Q; Tsui, MMP; Zhou, B, 2019)		2.29
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) is a highly produced flame retardant."( Combinatorial immune and stress response, cytoskeleton and signal transduction effects of graphene and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis.
Ji, C; Li, F; Liu, J; Meng, X; Wang, X; Wu, H, 2019)		1.45
"Triphenyl phosphate is a high production volume organophosphate flame retardant that has been detected in multiple environmental media at increasing concentrations. "( TPhP exposure disturbs carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and the DNA damage repair system in zebrafish liver.
Du, Z; Gao, S; Peng, J; Wang, G; Wang, Z; Zhang, Y, 2016)		1.88
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is a flame retardant additive frequently found in consumer products and household dust. "( Perinatal triphenyl phosphate exposure accelerates type 2 diabetes onset and increases adipose accumulation in UCD-type 2 diabetes mellitus rats.
Gonzalez, EA; Graham, JL; Green, AJ; Havel, PJ; La Frano, MR; La Merrill, MA; Newman, JW; Park, JS; Petropoulou, SE; Stanhope, KL, 2017)		2.3

Effects

Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) has been shown to cause developmental neurotoxicty. It is found in various environmental media and in biota suggesting widespread human exposure.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) has been found in various environmental media and in biota suggesting widespread human exposure. "( Transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic profiling unravel the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity pathway induced by triphenyl phosphate (TPP).
Ji, C; Li, F; Liu, J; Wang, X; Wu, H, 2020)		2.21
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) has been shown to cause developmental neurotoxicty. "( Optical toxicity of triphenyl phosphate in zebrafish larvae.
Chen, L; Fu, J; Han, J; Hu, B; Shi, Q; Wang, Z; Zhou, B, 2019)		2.28
"Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) has been detected with increasing frequency in environmental samples, which has aroused great attention regarding its potential adverse effects. "( Bioremediation of triphenyl phosphate by Brevibacillus brevis: Degradation characteristics and role of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase.
Dang, Z; Lu, G; Peng, H; Wei, K; Yin, H, 2018)		2.26

Toxicity

Triphenyl phosphate and the brominated reference compound tetra bromobisphenol A were highly toxic to D. We investigated biochemical, enzymological, antioxidants, and histological (at long-term study) changes of zebrafish tissues.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" For TCP and TPP the estimated IC50 values from proliferation assays were lower than published LD50 values in vivo, whereas paraoxon was much less toxic in vitro than in vivo."( The toxicity of organophosphate compounds towards cultured PC12 cells.
Flaskos, J; Hargreaves, AJ; McLean, WG, 1994)		0.29
"The rapid advances in the field of immunology and an understanding of the potential adverse effects of xenobiotics on the immune system have resulted in the development of a discipline in toxicology now referred to as immunotoxicology."( US FDA "Redbook II" immunotoxicity testing guidelines and research in immunotoxicity evaluations of food chemicals and new food proteins.
Hinton, DM, )		0.13
" Although increases in liver, kidney, and adrenal weights were observed in certain animals in the 1600-ppm high-dose group, the administration of Phosflex 51B did not result in significant treatment-related adverse effects at dietary dose levels of 100 and 400 ppm."( A subchronic toxicity study of Phosflex 51B in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Brandwene, D; Clous, W; Freudenthal, RI, )		0.13
" Information on the adverse effects of these compounds in avian species is limited."( Rapid in vitro metabolism of the flame retardant triphenyl phosphate and effects on cytotoxicity and mRNA expression in chicken embryonic hepatocytes.
Crump, D; Kennedy, SW; Letcher, RJ; Su, G, 2014)		0.66
" In addition, the toxic effects of OPFRs in Caco-2 cells were relatively severer than those in HepG2 and A549 cells, which might result from some possible mechanisms apart from oxidative stress pathway."( The cytotoxicity of organophosphate flame retardants on HepG2, A549 and Caco-2 cells.
An, J; Hu, J; Shang, Y; Yu, Z; Zhang, X; Zhong, Y, 2016)		0.43
" Taken together, these findings provide scientific evidence that TPHP is neurotoxic to fish and further suggest that TPHP may not be a safe alternative for aquatic organisms."( Triphenyl Phosphate (TPHP)-Induced Neurotoxicity in Adult Male Chinese Rare Minnows ( Gobiocypris rarus).
Chen, R; Hong, X; Hou, R; Yuan, L; Zha, J, 2018)		1.92
" Results suggest that several OPFRs (BPDP, EHDP; IPP, TMPP; TPHP and TDCIPP) produced adverse effects in multiple target organs at concentrations comparable to the two BFRs."( Toxicity profiling of flame retardants in zebrafish embryos using a battery of assays for developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity toward human relevance.
Alday, A; Alzualde, A; Behl, M; Hsieh, JH; Muriana, A; Paules, RS; Quevedo, C; Sipes, NS; Tice, RR, )		0.13
"Humans are exposed to many xenobiotics simultaneously, but little is known about the toxic effects based on chemical-chemical interactions."( Impact of Mixture Effects between Emerging Organic Contaminants on Cytotoxicity: A Systems Biological Understanding of Synergism between Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate and Triphenyl Phosphate.
Chen, D; Cheng, HS; Fang, M; Jia, S; Koh, D; Liu, M; Peng, B; Tan, NS; Wang, Y; Warth, B; Zhang, Y, 2020)		0.75
" Hence, to illustrate the potential toxic effects of OPFRs at environmental relevant concentrations on aquatic biota, in the present study, we investigated biochemical, enzymological, antioxidants, and histological (at long-term study) changes of zebrafish tissues under short- (96 h) and long- (21 days) -term triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) exposure."( Organophosphorus flame retardant induced hepatotoxicity and brain AChE inhibition on zebrafish (Danio rerio).
Angitha, S; Haritha, S; Poopal, RK; Ramesh, M; Ren, Z; Umamaheswari, S, )		0.31
" And their combined toxic effects were verified by toxicological assay at early developmental stages in filter-feeding mussels (embryo and larvae)."( Abnormality of mussel in the early developmental stages induced by graphene and triphenyl phosphate: In silico toxicogenomic data-mining, in vivo, and toxicity pathway-oriented approach.
Ji, C; Li, F; Meng, X; Wang, X; Wu, H; Xia, C, 2023)		1.14
" However, knowledge of the toxic effects and potential mechanisms of TPhP on the intestine and gill is limited."( Toxicity of TPhP on the gills and intestines of zebrafish from the perspectives of histopathology, oxidative stress and immune response.
Chen, J; Gao, Y; Guo, R; Hou, H; Liu, Y; Shi, W; Wang, W; Yang, S; Yu, F, 2024)		1.44
" To understand the molecular mechanism underlying TPHP-induced changes in intestines, we build the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework based on Comparative Toxicogenomics and GeneCards database."( Toxicity assessment of organophosphate flame retardant triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) on intestines in mice.
Chen, Y; Peng, C; Wang, L; Zhang, X, 2023)		1.16

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the role of the route of triphenyl phosphate (TPP) entry on its aquatic bioavailability and acute biological effects."( Role of exposure mode in the bioavailability of triphenyl phosphate to aquatic organisms.
Boyle, TP; Fairchild, JF; Huckins, JN, 1991)		0.77
"Although microwave (MW) thermal therapy has been widely studied for the treatment of tumors due to its less invasiveness, recurrence of tumors is still observed because of the relatively low bioavailability of MW sensitizers."( Mitochondria-targeted zirconium metal-organic frameworks for enhancing the efficacy of microwave thermal therapy against tumors.
Cao, F; Chen, X; Fu, C; Huang, Z; Liang, P; Meng, X; Ren, J; Ren, X; Su, L; Tan, L; Wu, Q; Yu, J; Zhou, H, 2018)		0.48
" Collectively, our results demonstrated that MFs can change the distribution and bioavailability of TPhP metabolites, which was confirmed by both laboratory and fieldwork."( High accumulation of microplastic fibers in fish hindgut induces an enhancement of triphenyl phosphate hydroxylation.
Chen, Q; Chen, Y; Gao, Z; Li, M; Magnuson, JT; Shi, H; Wang, K; Xu, L, 2023)		1.14

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" These consisted of TPP dosed directly into water with and without clean sediment and TPP spiked onto sediment prior to aqueous exposures."( Role of exposure mode in the bioavailability of triphenyl phosphate to aquatic organisms.
Boyle, TP; Fairchild, JF; Huckins, JN, 1991)		0.54
" Rapid degradation of TPHP was observed in CEH exposed to 10 μM, but the resulting concentration of DPHP accounted for only 17% of the initial TPHP dosing concentration."( Rapid in vitro metabolism of the flame retardant triphenyl phosphate and effects on cytotoxicity and mRNA expression in chicken embryonic hepatocytes.
Crump, D; Kennedy, SW; Letcher, RJ; Su, G, 2014)		0.66
" Moreover, the expression of main genes related to testosterone (T) synthesis including cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (P450-17α), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) were dramatically reduced by TPP and TCEP treatments, especially with the high dosage for 24h."( TPP and TCEP induce oxidative stress and alter steroidogenesis in TM3 Leydig cells.
Chen, G; Fu, Z; Jin, Y; Liu, L; Qian, H; Wu, Y; Zhang, S, 2015)		0.42
" Dermal uptake and percutaneous penetration of the OPEs were studied in a Franz diffusion cell system using human skin dosed with a mixture of OPEs in an ethanol:toluene (4:1) solution."( Dermal uptake and percutaneous penetration of organophosphate esters in a human skin ex vivo model.
Clausen, PA; Frederiksen, M; Jensen, NM; Knudsen, LE; Nielsen, F; Nielsen, JB; Stapleton, HM; Sørensen, JA; Sørensen, LS; Vorkamp, K; Webster, TF, 2018)		0.48
" Quail were dosed with TPHP at 3 concentrations by air cell egg injection on embryonic day 0, followed by daily oral dosing after chicks hatched (5 d)."( Uptake, Deposition, and Metabolism of Triphenyl Phosphate in Embryonated Eggs and Chicks of Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica).
Chu, S; Fernie, KJ; Guigueno, MF; Head, JA; Letcher, RJ; Marteinson, S, 2020)		0.83
" In separate experiments, TPHP or IPP were administered via dosed feed at concentrations 0, 1000, 3000, 10 000, 15 000, or 30 000 ppm to time-mated Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD rats from gestation day (GD) 6 through postnatal day (PND) 28; offspring were provided dosed feed at the same concentration as their dam (PND 28-PND 56)."( Reproductive and developmental toxicity following exposure to organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers, triphenyl phosphate and isopropylated phenyl phosphate, in Sprague Dawley rats.
Behl, M; Collins, B; Cunny, H; Krause, J; Moyer, R; Mylchreest, E; Roberts, G; Shockley, KR; Sparrow, B; Sutherland, V; Vallant, M; Waidyanatha, S; Witchey, SK, 2023)		1.12
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (2)

RoleDescription
flame retardantAny compound that is added to manufactured materials to inhibit, suppress, or delay the production of flames and so prevent the spread of fire.
plasticiserAny compound that is used as an additive to increase the plasticity or fluidity of a substance, particularly but not exclusively to synthetic polymers.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
aryl phosphate
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (20)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
acetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)Potency21.33350.002541.796015,848.9004AID1347395; AID1347397; AID1347398; AID1347399
pregnane X receptorRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency39.81070.025127.9203501.1870AID651751
RAR-related orphan receptor gammaMus musculus (house mouse)Potency55.81180.006038.004119,952.5996AID1159521; AID1159523
GLI family zinc finger 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency3.42620.000714.592883.7951AID1259369; AID1259392
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency38.88280.000221.22318,912.5098AID1259243; AID1259247; AID588516; AID743035; AID743063
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)Homo sapiens (human)Potency27.34740.000657.913322,387.1992AID1259377; AID1259378
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency11.94460.001022.650876.6163AID1224838; AID1224839; AID1224893
progesterone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency20.46140.000417.946075.1148AID1346795
retinoid X nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency18.00660.000817.505159.3239AID1159527; AID1159531; AID588544
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency29.49250.001530.607315,848.9004AID1224841; AID1224848; AID1224849; AID1259401; AID1259403
farnesoid X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency29.65220.375827.485161.6524AID588526; AID743217
pregnane X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency21.62250.005428.02631,258.9301AID1346982; AID720659
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency21.29600.000229.305416,493.5996AID588514; AID743069; AID743075; AID743079
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor deltaHomo sapiens (human)Potency15.40680.001024.504861.6448AID743212
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gammaHomo sapiens (human)Potency40.49920.001019.414170.9645AID588537; AID743094; AID743191
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency61.33570.023723.228263.5986AID743222
thyroid stimulating hormone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency11.71880.001628.015177.1139AID1224843; AID1224895
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_aHomo sapiens (human)Potency21.762719.739145.978464.9432AID1159509
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency66.95640.000323.4451159.6830AID743065; AID743067
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency39.63160.000627.21521,122.0200AID651741; AID743202; AID743219
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (10)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID345829Activation of human CAR Ile164Ala mutant expressed in human C3A cells at 10 uM after 24 hrs by GAL4-dependent luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-27, Volume: 51, Issue:22
Insights into ligand-elicited activation of human constitutive androstane receptor based on novel agonists and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship.
AID345917Activation of human CAR Phe234Ala mutant expressed in human C3A cells at 10 uM after 24 hrs by GAL4-dependent luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-27, Volume: 51, Issue:22
Insights into ligand-elicited activation of human constitutive androstane receptor based on novel agonists and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship.
AID345924Increase in human nuclear co-repressor receptor binding to human CAR-LBD expressed in HEK293 cells by yeast two-hybrid assay2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-27, Volume: 51, Issue:22
Insights into ligand-elicited activation of human constitutive androstane receptor based on novel agonists and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship.
AID345919Activation of human CAR Phe243Ala mutant expressed in human C3A cells at 10 uM after 24 hrs by GAL4-dependent luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-27, Volume: 51, Issue:22
Insights into ligand-elicited activation of human constitutive androstane receptor based on novel agonists and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship.
AID345923Increase in human steroid receptor coactivator 1 binding to human CAR-LBD expressed in human C3A cells by mammalian two-hybrid assay2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-27, Volume: 51, Issue:22
Insights into ligand-elicited activation of human constitutive androstane receptor based on novel agonists and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship.
AID345827Activation of human CAR Phe161Ala mutant expressed in human C3A cells at 10 uM after 24 hrs by GAL4-dependent luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-27, Volume: 51, Issue:22
Insights into ligand-elicited activation of human constitutive androstane receptor based on novel agonists and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship.
AID346001Activation of human CAR Asn165Ala mutant expressed in human C3A cells at 10 uM after 24 hrs by GAL4-dependent luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-27, Volume: 51, Issue:22
Insights into ligand-elicited activation of human constitutive androstane receptor based on novel agonists and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship.
AID345915Activation of human CAR His203Ala mutant expressed in human C3A cells at 10 uM after 24 hrs by GAL4-dependent luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-27, Volume: 51, Issue:22
Insights into ligand-elicited activation of human constitutive androstane receptor based on novel agonists and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship.
AID345825Activation of human CAR-LBD expressed in human C3A cells at 10 uM after 24 hrs by GAL4-dependent luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-27, Volume: 51, Issue:22
Insights into ligand-elicited activation of human constitutive androstane receptor based on novel agonists and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship.
AID345921Activation of human CAR Tyr326Ala mutant expressed in human C3A cells at 10 uM after 24 hrs by GAL4-dependent luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-27, Volume: 51, Issue:22
Insights into ligand-elicited activation of human constitutive androstane receptor based on novel agonists and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (255)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199021 (8.24)18.7374
1990's15 (5.88)18.2507
2000's14 (5.49)29.6817
2010's99 (38.82)24.3611
2020's106 (41.57)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 60.63

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index60.63 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.58 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.59 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index99.21 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (60.63)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews1 (0.38%)6.00%
Case Studies4 (1.52%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other259 (98.11%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.0710monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
benzene
[no description available]		1.9610aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
carbamates
[no description available]		1.9610amino-acid anion
4-nitrophenylphosphate
nitrophenylphosphate: RN given refers to mono(4-nitrophenyl) ester of phosphoric acid. 4-nitrophenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with 4-nitrophenol.		2.3720aryl phosphatemouse metabolite
hippuric acid
hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.		7.4110N-acylglycinehuman blood serum metabolite;
uremic toxin
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.1110monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		3.1410sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		1.9610aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
kynurenine
Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.		2.610aromatic ketone;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
substituted aniline		human metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.5820alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
melatonin
[no description available]		2.4110acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.110alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
parathion
[no description available]		7.3820C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.		2.1510phosphoric acidsalgal metabolite;
fertilizer;
human metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
solvent
phthalic acid
phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.		2.1710benzenedicarboxylic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		2.2510divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		7.4110methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.7220isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		7.1110acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
bendiocarb
bendiocarb: FICAM 80W contains 80% of the above chemical cpd as the active ingredient		1.9610benzodioxoles;
carbamate ester		agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
beta-glycerophosphoric acid
beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.		1.9610glycerol monophosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		2.7930chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
clotrimazole
[no description available]		2.0410conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
coumaphos
Coumaphos: A organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide.		2.0110organic thiophosphate;
organochlorine compound;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
avicide;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
cypermethrin
cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.		340aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound		agrochemical;
molluscicide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
dibutyl phthalate
Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.		2.5920diester;
phthalate ester		EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
plasticiser;
teratogenic agent
dimethoate
Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.		2.6930monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
fenvalerate
fenvalerate: synthetic pyrethroid; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenvalerate : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyric acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.		2.0510aromatic ether;
carboxylic ester;
monochlorobenzenes		pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		3.3770diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
methyl parathion
Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		6.9610C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
genotoxin
4-aminobenzoic acid
para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.		2.0810aminobenzoate;
aromatic amino-acid anion		Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
resorcinol
resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.		2.610benzenediol;
phenolic donor;
resorcinols		erythropoietin inhibitor;
sensitiser
butyl phosphorotrithioate
butyl phosphorotrithioate: a herbicide		2.3920organic thiophosphatedefoliant
simazine
Simazine: A triazine herbicide.. simazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.		2.1110chloro-1,3,5-triazine;
diamino-1,3,5-triazine		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
corticosterone
[no description available]		1.981011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		4.04140benzodioxolespesticide synergist
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		2.41102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
aldosterone
[no description available]		2.61011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		2.61017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		1.9710penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		2.69202-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
isoflurophate
Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.		1.9810dialkyl phosphate
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		1.9810carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.251017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		210carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		1.9610amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		2.920erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		5.27170benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
2-acetyltributylcitrate
[no description available]		2.2110organooxygen compound
tri-o-cresyl phosphate
tri-o-cresyl phosphate: see also related IMOL S-140		2.9440
triethyl phosphate
triethyl phosphate: structure. triethyl phosphate : A trialkyl phosphate that is the triethy ester derivative of phosphoric acid.		3.3550trialkyl phosphate
tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate
[no description available]		2.110trialkyl phosphate
tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate
tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate: inhibitor of drug-protein binding; present in stoppers of blood sample 'vacutainers'. tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate : A trialkyl phosphate in which the alkyl group specified is 2-butoxyethyl.		3.5770trialkyl phosphateenvironmental contaminant;
flame retardant
tetrabromobisphenol a
tetrabromobisphenol A: a brominated flame retardant. 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A : A bromobisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups and the phenyl rings are substituted by bromo groups at positions 2, 2', 6 and 6'. It is a brominated flame retardant.		8.0540brominated flame retardant;
bromobisphenol
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		3.2350bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
diethyl phthalate
diethyl phthalate: structure. diethyl phthalate : The diethyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		2.6320diester;
ethyl ester;
phthalate ester		neurotoxin;
plasticiser;
teratogenic agent
diisobutyl phthalate
diisobutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of isobutanol.		2.1710diester;
phthalate ester		plasticiser;
PPAR modulator;
teratogenic agent
fluorene
[no description available]		3.2310ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
diphenyl
diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure		3.8280aromatic fungicide;
benzenes;
biphenyls		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative
triphenyl phosphite
[no description available]		2.4120
dibutyl phosphate
di-n-butylphosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.2110dialkyl phosphate
tris(chloroethyl)phosphate
tris(chloroethyl)phosphate: has gonadotoxic effects. tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate : A trialkyl phosphate that is the tris(2-chloroethyl) ester of phosphoric acid.		5.03100organochlorine compound;
trialkyl phosphate
diethylhexyl phthalate
Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.		210diester;
phthalate ester		androstane receptor agonist;
apoptosis inhibitor;
plasticiser
paraoxon
[no description available]		2.3920aryl dialkyl phosphate;
organophosphate insecticide		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
mouse metabolite
abietic acid
abietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-7,13-diene substituted by a carboxy group at position 18.		1.9610abietane diterpenoid;
monocarboxylic acid		plant metabolite
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		2.4110
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.8220dialdehydebiomarker
pentabromophenol
[no description available]		7.2510
phenylphosphate
phenylphosphate: structure given in first source. phenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the mono-esterification of phosphoric acid with phenol.		2.3110aryl phosphatemouse metabolite
decabromobiphenyl ether
decabromobiphenyl ether: a flame retardant. decabromodiphenyl ether : A polybromodiphenyl ether that is diphenyl ether in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by bromines.		3.1440polybromodiphenyl etherneurotoxin
2-ethylhexyldiphenylphosphate
[no description available]		2.5820aryl phosphate
tri-xylenyl phosphate
tri-xylenyl phosphate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified methyl-locants		2.420
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		2.7620titanium group element atom
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		2.4110cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
zirconium
Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.		2.1710titanium group element atom
bromine
Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.		2.0310diatomic bromine
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		1.9710elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate
ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate: slow-acting amine polymerization accelerator. parbenate : A benzoate ester that is ethyl benzoate substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4.		2.0810benzoate ester;
ethyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
pyrazophos
pyrazophos: structure. pyrazophos : A member of the class of pyrazolopyrimidines that is the ethyl ester of 2-[(diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy]-5-methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid. A profungicide (by hydrolysis of the thionophosphate group to afford the corresponding 2-hydroxypyrazolopyrimidine fungicide), it is used to control Erysiphe, Helminthosporium and Rhynchospium in cereals.		1.9910ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate;
pyrazolopyrimidine		antifungal agrochemical;
insecticide;
phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor;
profungicide
titanium dioxide
titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.		2.8220titanium oxidesfood colouring
dechlorane plus
dechlorane plus: a flame retardant; structure in first source		2.1510
tri-(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate
[no description available]		2.8330trialkyl phosphate
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate
[no description available]		9.82110trialkyl phosphate
chlorphoxim
chlorphoxim: structure		1.9610
fluorides
[no description available]		1.9710halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
padimate-o
padimate-O: active ingredient in sunscreen products		2.0810benzoate ester
fenitrothion
Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.		1.9610C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		2.0810benzenes;
phenyl acetates
tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate
tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate: flame retardant		3.0240trialkyl phosphate
tributyl phosphate
tributyl phosphate: a detergent. tributyl phosphate : A trialkyl phosphate that is the tributyl ester of phosphoric acid.		3.8100trialkyl phosphate
alkenes
[no description available]		2.0810
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.2510glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
dechlorane 602
dechlorane 602: structure in first source		2.1510
triadimefon
1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-one in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.		210aromatic ether;
hemiaminal ether;
ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
triazoles
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		2.4220cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		1.9710trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		1.9710cephalosporinfungal metabolite
chlorodifluoroacetic acid
chlorodifluoroacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0810
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2101,2,3-triazole
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.0810organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
ethofenprox
ethofenprox: synthetic pyrethroid for insecticidal efficacy against mosquito larvae & on non-target organisms. etofenprox : An aromatic ether that is the 3-phenoxybenzyl ether of 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol.		2.1510aromatic etherpyrethroid ether insecticide
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		2.2510aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
goethite
[no description available]		7.610
5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione
5beta-pregnane-3,20-dione : A C21-steroid that is 5beta-pregnane with oxo groups at positions 3 and 20.		2.041020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
C21-steroid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether
[no description available]		3.1630aromatic ether;
organobromine compound
kemptide
[no description available]		1.9710
hydrogen sulfite
[no description available]		2.2510sulfur oxoanionhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phosphites
Phosphites: Inorganic salts or organic esters of phosphorous acid that contain the (3-)PO3 radical. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). phosphite(3-) : A trivalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of all three protons from phosphorous acid.		2.4120phosphite ion;
trivalent inorganic anion
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.		4.6360phosphine derivative;
tricarboxylic acid		reducing agent
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		3.0540oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
pyridine-2-azo-4-dimethylaniline cephalosporin
pyridine-2-azo-4-dimethylaniline cephalosporin: cephalosporin which changes from purple to yellow upon cleavage of its beta-lactam ring; structure given in first source		1.9710
lignin
Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.		2.4110
organophosphonates
hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.		310divalent inorganic anion;
phosphite ion
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		2.610
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		2.0310one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
citral
citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.		2.1310enal;
monoterpenoid;
polyprenal		plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		1.9610one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		2.4110cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
diethyl maleate
diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.		3.4570ethyl ester;
maleate ester		glutathione depleting agent
azadirachtin
azadirachtin A : A member of the family of azadirachtins that is isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).. azadirachtin : A family of terpenoids isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).		2.4110acetate ester;
azadirachtin;
cyclic hemiketal;
enoate ester;
epoxide;
methyl ester;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary alcohol		hepatoprotective agent
cyhalothrin
cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.		210aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		agrochemical;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
11-ketotestosterone
11-ketotestosterone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 11-oxotestosterone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is testosterone carrying an additional oxo substituent at position 11.		2.131011-oxo steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
antimony
Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.		2.0810metalloid atom;
pnictogen
musk
musk: pure essence from secretion of preputial follicles of Moschus moschiferus L.		2.0310macrolide
monocrotophos
Monocrotophos: An organophosphate insecticide that inhibits monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. It has been shown to be genotoxic.. monocrotophos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 4-(methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-en-2-yl ester of dimethyl phosphate.		2.1110alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
avicide;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
thyronines
Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.		2.610thyronine
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		8.3250monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
ammonium sulfate
Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.		2.110ammonium salt;
inorganic sulfate salt		fertilizer
diphenyl phosphite
diphenyl phosphite: a coupling agent for making sterically hindered peptide analogs; structure in first source		310
dolichol monophosphate mannose
Dolichol Monophosphate Mannose: A lipophilic glycosyl carrier of the monosaccharide mannose in the biosynthesis of oligosaccharide phospholipids and glycoproteins.		1.9510
bifenthrin
bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.		210carboxylic ester;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
phoxim
phoxim: structure		2.0510
6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-b)(1,3)thiazole-5-carbaldehyde o-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime
6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-b)(1,3)thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime: a constitutive androstane receptor agonist; structure in first source		2.0410
decabromodiphenyl ethane
decabromodiphenyl ethane: structure in first source		2.6620
chlorantranilipole
chlorantranilipole: anthranilic diamide insecticide.that disrupts mating in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). chlorantraniliprole : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide. The first of the anthranilic diamide insecticides, it is a ryanodine receptor activator and is used to protect a wide variety of crops, including corn, cotton, grapes, rice and potatoes.		2.0710monochlorobenzenes;
organobromine compound;
pyrazole insecticide;
pyrazoles;
pyridines;
secondary carboxamide		ryanodine receptor agonist
s 1812
S 1812: represents dihalopropenyloxybenzene class of insecticides; effective on Lepidoptera & Thysanoptera pests		2.2110dichlorobenzene;
organochlorine insecticide;
organofluorine insecticide
acid phosphatase
Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.		1.9610
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.8220glycoside
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		1.97101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
pyrethrins
[no description available]		3.4470
2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate
2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate: structure in first source		2.2110
tetracarboxyphenylporphine
[no description available]		2.0510
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		2.3720
dechlorane 604
dechlorane 604: structure in first source		2.1510
pheophytin a
pheophytin a: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha(2E,7S*,11S*),4beta,21beta))-isomer		2.3110
imidacloprid
imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.		2.1110imidacloprid;
imidazolidines;
monochloropyridine		environmental contaminant;
genotoxin;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
dechlorane 603
dechlorane 603: structure in first source		2.1510
acetylcellulose
acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.		2.3110
phenanthrenes
Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.		1.9610
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		03.8120
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		03.6770
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		09.58210
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		07.4110
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		03.5150
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.4110
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		03.5150
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		07.4110
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		02.4110
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		07.6920
Lipid Metabolism Disorders
Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.		07.4110
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		04.2190
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		03.3340
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		03.3340
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		03.3340
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		03.3340
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.610
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		07.610
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		02.6620
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		02.6620
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		03.0430
Sicca Syndrome
[description not available]		02.610
Sjogren's Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.		02.610
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.610
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		07.610
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.610
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		02.610
Hay Fever
[description not available]		03.1410
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		03.1410
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal
Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.		03.1410
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		03.1410
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		02.2510
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		07.2510
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.930
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		07.930
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.2510
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.2510
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		02.1710
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		07.1710
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.1710
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		02.1710
Disbacteriosis
[description not available]		02.2110
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		02.0810
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.1510
Cancer of the Uterus
[description not available]		02.1510
Choriocarcinoma
A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).		07.1510
Uterine Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.		02.1510
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.0810
Dermatitis, Occupational
A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.		02.0810
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.4220
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		02.4220
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact
A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.		02.0810
Organophosphorus Poisoning
[description not available]		01.9310
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		01.9310
Organophosphate Poisoning
Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.		01.9310
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		01.9310
Bovine Diseases
[description not available]		02.0110
Tick Infestations
Infestations with soft-bodied (Argasidae) or hard-bodied (Ixodidae) ticks.		02.0110
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.0310
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		07.6630
Dermatitis, Eczematous
[description not available]		01.9610
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.6630
Eczema
A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).		01.9610
Lipidoses
Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.		01.9810
Pediculosis
[description not available]		0210
Lice Infestations
Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin by members of the order Phthiraptera, especially on humans by Pediculus humanus of the family Pediculidae. The hair of the head, eyelashes, and pubis is a frequent site of infestation. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)		0210
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.3720
Diseases, Occupational
[description not available]		01.9610
Polyneuropathy, Acquired
[description not available]		01.9610
Polyneuropathies
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.		01.9610