Compounds > 5-fluorodihydrouracil
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5-fluorodihydrouracil

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Description

5-Fluorodihydrouracil (5-FDU) is a potent inhibitor of thymidylate synthase (TS), an enzyme crucial for DNA synthesis. It is a synthetic analog of dihydrouracil, where a fluorine atom is substituted at the 5-position. 5-FDU is a prodrug that is converted in vivo to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP), a potent inhibitor of TS. FdUMP binds to the active site of TS and forms a stable ternary complex with the enzyme and methylenetetrahydrofolate, effectively blocking the enzyme’s catalytic activity. This inhibition leads to a depletion of thymidine, a crucial component of DNA, resulting in the disruption of DNA replication and cell growth. Due to its potent anti-cancer activity, 5-FDU has been investigated for its potential therapeutic use in treating various types of cancers, including colorectal, breast, and ovarian cancer. However, its clinical use has been limited due to its toxicity and poor bioavailability. Nonetheless, it has served as a foundational molecule for the development of more clinically effective TS inhibitors, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), which is widely used in cancer chemotherapy. Research continues to explore ways to improve the efficacy and safety of 5-FDU and its analogs.'

5-fluorodihydrouracil: metabolite of 5-fluorouracil; RN given refers to parent cpd [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID121997
CHEMBL ID219497
CHEBI ID80624
SCHEMBL ID2466350
MeSH IDM0071799

Synonyms (32)

Synonym
5-fluorodihydropyrimidine-2,4(1h,3h)-dione
5-fluorodihydrouracil
5,6-dihydro-5-fluorouracil
696-06-0
FT-0668638
FT-0668637
5-fluoro-1,3-diazinane-2,4-dione
AKOS006273182
5-fluorodihydro-2,4(1h,3h)-pyrimidinedione
clp4lm9hxk ,
unii-clp4lm9hxk
5,6-dihydrofluorouracil
2,4(1h,3h)-pyrimidinedione, 5-fluorodihydro-
dhfu
5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil
5-fluorodihydropyrimidine-2,4-dione
CHEBI:80624 ,
CHEMBL219497
SCHEMBL2466350
5-fluoro-dihydropyrimidine-2,4-dione
5-fluoro-dihydro-pyrimidine-2,4-dione
mfcd00871150
dihydrofluorouracil
Q27149672
AS-47670
5-fluoro-5,6-dihydropyrimidine-2,4-diol
DTXSID90989678
RAIRJKWTBBDDAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
hydrouracil, 5-fluoro-
F15142
PD057631
SY260387

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Gastro-intestinal adverse events graded according to the WHO criteria were recorded after the first cycle."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of 5-FU and 5-FDHU in colorectal cancer patients: search for biomarkers associated with gastro-intestinal toxicity.
Bocci, G; Ciccolini, J; Danesi, R; Di Paolo, A; Iliadis, A; Lacarelle, B; Marouani, H; Woloch, C, 2012)		0.38
" Predictive factors associated with occurrence of high grade gastro-intestinal adverse events were gender, dose and lean body mass suggesting serious cautions with the BSA-weighted dose for women."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of 5-FU and 5-FDHU in colorectal cancer patients: search for biomarkers associated with gastro-intestinal toxicity.
Bocci, G; Ciccolini, J; Danesi, R; Di Paolo, A; Iliadis, A; Lacarelle, B; Marouani, H; Woloch, C, 2012)		0.38

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" FUra plasma levels declined rapidly with an apparent elimination half-life of 12."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil and its metabolites in plasma, urine, and bile.
Cross, DS; Diasio, RB; Heggie, GD; Huster, WJ; Sommadossi, JP, 1987)		0.27
"The use of pharmacokinetic studies for individual dose regimen adjustments in anticancer therapy is considered."( Advantages and limitations of pharmacokinetic studies in the rationalization of anticancer therapy: methotrexate and 5-FU.
Aubert, C; Cano, JP; Carcassone, Y; Coassolo, P; Gilli, R; Monjanel, S; Rigault, JP; Seitz, JF, 1981)		0.26
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on plasma levels of 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil obtained on day 1 of the first cycle of chemotherapy, and backward stepwise regression analysis was used to determine the optimal LSM on the basis of bias (percentage mean prediction error [MPE]) and precision (percentage root mean square prediction error [RMSE])."( Limited sampling model for the analysis of 5-fluorouracil pharmacokinetics in adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer.
Amadori, D; Cionini, L; Danesi, R; Del Tacca, M; Di Paolo, A; Falcone, A; Ibrahim, T; Mini, E; Vannozzi, F, 2002)		0.31
" The effects of 18 covariables on pharmacokinetic parameters were also studied in a univariate correlation analysis."( Extensive hepatic replacement due to liver metastases has no effect on 5-fluorouracil pharmacokinetics.
De Vries, EG; Groen, HJ; Maring, JG; Piersma, H; Uges, DR; van Dalen, A, 2003)		0.32
"To evaluate 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and 5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil (5-FDHU) pharmacokinetics and disease-free survival (DFS) in colorectal cancer patients given 5-FU-based adjuvant chemotherapy within a nonrandomized, retrospective, pharmacokinetic study."( 5-fluorouracil pharmacokinetics predicts disease-free survival in patients administered adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer.
Amatori, F; Bocci, G; Danesi, R; Del Tacca, M; Di Donato, S; Di Paolo, A; Falcone, A; Federici, F; Iannopollo, M; Lastella, M; Lencioni, M; Orlandini, C; Ricci, S, 2008)		0.35
" Individual plasma concentrations of 5-FU and 5-FDHU were determined on day 1 of the first cycle with a validated high performance liquid chromatography method, and the main pharmacokinetic variables were determined."( 5-fluorouracil pharmacokinetics predicts disease-free survival in patients administered adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer.
Amatori, F; Bocci, G; Danesi, R; Del Tacca, M; Di Donato, S; Di Paolo, A; Falcone, A; Federici, F; Iannopollo, M; Lastella, M; Lencioni, M; Orlandini, C; Ricci, S, 2008)		0.35
"Retrospective pharmacokinetic data of 5-FU and 5-FDHU from 127 colorectal cancer patients were used for the population pharmacokinetic analysis."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of 5-FU and 5-FDHU in colorectal cancer patients: search for biomarkers associated with gastro-intestinal toxicity.
Bocci, G; Ciccolini, J; Danesi, R; Di Paolo, A; Iliadis, A; Lacarelle, B; Marouani, H; Woloch, C, 2012)		0.38
"A three-compartment pharmacokinetic mixture model best described 5-FU and 5-FDHU kinetics profiles."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of 5-FU and 5-FDHU in colorectal cancer patients: search for biomarkers associated with gastro-intestinal toxicity.
Bocci, G; Ciccolini, J; Danesi, R; Di Paolo, A; Iliadis, A; Lacarelle, B; Marouani, H; Woloch, C, 2012)		0.38
"A population pharmacokinetic mixture model was developed to describe kinetic profiles of 5-FU and its major metabolite."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of 5-FU and 5-FDHU in colorectal cancer patients: search for biomarkers associated with gastro-intestinal toxicity.
Bocci, G; Ciccolini, J; Danesi, R; Di Paolo, A; Iliadis, A; Lacarelle, B; Marouani, H; Woloch, C, 2012)		0.38
" Thus, the aim of study is to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction of XSLJZT and 5-FU."( The Herb-Drug Pharmacokinetic Interaction of 5-Fluorouracil and Its Metabolite 5-Fluoro-5,6-Dihydrouracil with a Traditional Chinese Medicine in Rats.
Cheng, YY; Hsieh, CH; Liu, JH; Tsai, TH, 2017)		0.46
" However, pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that pretreatment with a high dose of XSLJZT (2400 mg/kg/day) extended the residence time and increased the volume of distribution of 5-FU."( The Herb-Drug Pharmacokinetic Interaction of 5-Fluorouracil and Its Metabolite 5-Fluoro-5,6-Dihydrouracil with a Traditional Chinese Medicine in Rats.
Cheng, YY; Hsieh, CH; Liu, JH; Tsai, TH, 2017)		0.46
"Overall, the pharmacokinetic results confirm the safety of coadministering 5-FU with XSLJZT, and provide practical dosage information for clinical practice."( The Herb-Drug Pharmacokinetic Interaction of 5-Fluorouracil and Its Metabolite 5-Fluoro-5,6-Dihydrouracil with a Traditional Chinese Medicine in Rats.
Cheng, YY; Hsieh, CH; Liu, JH; Tsai, TH, 2017)		0.46

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Rats were dosed once weekly for 3 weeks with the following regimens: 100 mg/kg 5-FU (maximum tolerated dose), 10 mg/kg 5-FU 1 h after 1 mg/kg 5-EU, or 10 mg/kg 5-FU plus 90 mg/kg 5-FUH2 1 h after 1 mg/kg 5-EU."( Attenuation of the antitumor activity of 5-fluorouracil by (R)-5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil.
Cao, S; Harrington, JA; Porter, DJ; Rustum, YM; Spector, T, 1995)		0.29
" The findings indicate that a method is available to rationally address the design of dosing schedules in concurrent therapy regimens."( Alterations of intratumoral pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil in head and neck carcinoma during simultaneous radiochemotherapy.
Bachert, P; Becker, M; Dietz, A; Knopp, MV; Rudat, V; Schlemmer, HP; van Kaick, G; Vanselow, B; Wannenmacher, M; Weidauer, H; Wollensack, P; Zuna, I, 1999)		0.3
" Combined quantification of U and UH(2) with 5-FU and 5-FUH(2) may provide a pre-therapeutic assessment of DPD activity and further guide drug dosing during therapy."( LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous analysis of uracil, 5,6-dihydrouracil, 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouracil in human plasma for therapeutic drug monitoring and toxicity prediction in cancer patients.
Amstutz, U; Büchel, B; Bühr, C; Largiadèr, CR; Rhyn, P; Schürch, S, 2013)		0.39
"Overall, the pharmacokinetic results confirm the safety of coadministering 5-FU with XSLJZT, and provide practical dosage information for clinical practice."( The Herb-Drug Pharmacokinetic Interaction of 5-Fluorouracil and Its Metabolite 5-Fluoro-5,6-Dihydrouracil with a Traditional Chinese Medicine in Rats.
Cheng, YY; Hsieh, CH; Liu, JH; Tsai, TH, 2017)		0.46
"5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is widely used in combination chemotherapy, and literature suggests pharmacokinetic-guided dosing to improve clinical efficacy and reduce toxicity."( Systemic exposure to 5-fluorouracil and its metabolite, 5,6-dihydrofluorouracil, and development of a limited sampling strategy for therapeutic drug management of 5-fluorouracil in patients with gastrointestinal malignancy.
Aruldhas, BW; Chacko, RT; Jacob, J; Mathew, BS; Mathew, SK; Prabha, R; Singh, A, 2021)		0.62
"Using body surface area-based dosing with 5-FU, 50-60% of patients were outside of the therapeutic range."( Systemic exposure to 5-fluorouracil and its metabolite, 5,6-dihydrofluorouracil, and development of a limited sampling strategy for therapeutic drug management of 5-fluorouracil in patients with gastrointestinal malignancy.
Aruldhas, BW; Chacko, RT; Jacob, J; Mathew, BS; Mathew, SK; Prabha, R; Singh, A, 2021)		0.62
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
pyrimidoneA pyrimidine carrying one or more oxo substituents.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (2)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Fluoropyrimidine Pathway, Pharmacokinetics248
Fluoropyrimidine activity015

Research

Studies (44)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199014 (31.82)18.7374
1990's7 (15.91)18.2507
2000's16 (36.36)29.6817
2010's6 (13.64)24.3611
2020's1 (2.27)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 10.63

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index10.63 (24.57)
Research Supply Index3.87 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.50 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (10.63)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials3 (6.82%)5.53%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies1 (2.27%)4.05%
Observational1 (2.27%)0.25%
Other39 (88.64%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
3-chloroalanine
3-chloroalanine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-chloroalanine : A chloroalanine obtained by replacement of one of the methyl hydrogens of alanine by a chloro group.		1.9810chloroalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound
beta-alanine
[no description available]		3.4980amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
dihydrouracil
hexahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 5,6-dihydrouracil : A pyrimidine obtained by formal addition of hydrogen across the 5,6-position of uracil.		2.4420pyrimidoneEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
glyoxylic acid
glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.		1.98102-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
aldehydic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
malonic semialdehyde
malonic semialdehyde: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		1.9810aldehydic acid
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.0510propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		8.1350pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.3820isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carmofur
[no description available]		1.9610organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		7.41443nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
oxonic acid
Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.		2.44201,3,5-triazines;
monocarboxylic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tegafur
[no description available]		7.7330organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		4.4851nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.0210chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		1.9810alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
uridine
[no description available]		3.821uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.0510aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
cyanuric acid
cyanuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. isocyanuric acid : The keto tautomer of cyanuric acid.. cyanuric acid : The enol tautomer of isocyanuric acid.		2.05101,3,5-triazinanes;
1,3,5-triazines;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound		xenobiotic
tetrahydrofuran
oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.		2.0510cyclic ether;
oxolanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
volatile organic compound		polar aprotic solvent
fluorodeoxyuridylate
Fluorodeoxyuridylate: 5-Fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate. An inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase. Formed from 5-fluorouracil or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine.		210pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
5-fluorouridine
[no description available]		3.411organofluorine compound;
uridines		mutagen
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		1.9810dialdehydebiomarker
alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine
alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine: metabolite of HCFU & 5-fluorouracil; structure in first source		3.4980organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
deoxycytidine
[no description available]		2.0510pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine
[no description available]		210pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-chlorouracil
5-chlorouracil : An organochlorine compound consisting of uracil having an chloro substituent at the 5-position.		2.0510organochlorine compound
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		2.940organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.0510beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		2.3820diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
fluorides
[no description available]		1.9810halide anion;
monoatomic fluorine
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		7.0510carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
edoxudin
[no description available]		210pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
5-ethyluracil
5-ethyluracil: antagonist of dihydrouracil dehydrogenase (NADP)		210
methotrexate
[no description available]		1.9610dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
alpha-fluoro-beta-ureidopropionic acid
alpha-fluoro-beta-ureidopropionic acid: fluorouracil metabolite; structure given in first source		1.9610carboxylic acid;
organohalogen compound
carboplatin
[no description available]		210
fludarabine
[no description available]		2.0510purine nucleoside
potassium oxonate
potassium oxonate: used to induce hyperuricemia in mice		2.0510organic molecular entity
5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine
5'-deoxy-5-fluorocytidine: structure in first source		7.0510N-glycosyl compound
gimeracil
gimeracil: a biochemical and pharmacological modulator of 5-FU		2.0510organic molecular entity
s 1 (combination)
S 1 (combination): consists of tegafur, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyuridine & potassium oxonate; an inhibitor of fluorouracil(5-FU) degradation; prolongs the blood 5-FU level as well as increases selective toxicity to tumor; used for the treatment of colon cancer		2.4420
levoleucovorin
Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.82215-formyltetrahydrofolic acidantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract
[description not available]		02.4820
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.3920
Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Deficiency
An autosomal recessive disorder affecting DIHYDROPYRIMIDINE DEHYDROGENASE and causing familial pyrimidinemia. It is characterized by thymine-uraciluria in homozygous deficient patients. Even a partial deficiency in the enzyme leaves individuals at risk for developing severe 5-FLUOROURACIL-associated toxicity.		02.4420
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		02.3920
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		05.2462
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		05.2462
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.0810
Emesis
[description not available]		02.4420
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		02.4420
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		02.0710
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		02.4420
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		04.0931
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		02.0110
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		04.0931
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		03.821
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		03.821
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		02.0110
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.0110
Pyrexia
[description not available]		02.0110
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		02.0110
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		02.0110
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		02.0110
Neutropenia
A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.		02.0110
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		02.0110
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.0110
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.0110
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.0210
Hand Dermatosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Foot Dermatoses
Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.		02.0210
Hand Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the HANDS.		02.0210
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		02.0210
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.0210
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		02.0210
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		02.0310
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		02.0310
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		01.9810
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		01.9910
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		01.9910
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		01.9910
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		01.9910
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		0210
Cancer of Head
[description not available]		0210
Lymph Node Metastasis
[description not available]		0210
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		0210
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)		0210
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		01.9610
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		01.9610
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		01.9610
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor
A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.		01.9610
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		01.9610