1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha,6 alpha-diphenylglycoluril profile

1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3α,6α-diphenylglycoluril is a **highly specific inhibitor of the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)**.

Let's break down its name and its importance:

**Structure and Name:**

* **Glycoluril:** This is the core structure of the molecule, a cyclic urea derivative.
* **Tetra-chloro:** The molecule has four chlorine atoms attached to it.
* **3α,6α-diphenyl:** It has two phenyl (benzene ring) groups attached to specific positions on the glycoluril ring, designated as 3α and 6α.

**Importance in Research:**

GSK-3β is a crucial enzyme involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including:

* **Cell proliferation and differentiation:** GSK-3β plays a role in controlling cell growth and development.
* **Insulin signaling:** It is involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity.
* **Inflammation:** GSK-3β contributes to the inflammatory response in the body.
* **Neurodegenerative diseases:** Aberrant GSK-3β activity is linked to neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease.

**Therefore, 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3α,6α-diphenylglycoluril is a valuable tool for researchers:**

* **Studying GSK-3β function:** By specifically inhibiting the enzyme, researchers can investigate its role in different cellular processes and diseases.
* **Drug development:** It is a potential lead compound for the development of drugs targeting GSK-3β, which could be useful for treating a variety of conditions, such as diabetes, inflammation, and neurodegeneration.

**Key Points:**

* This compound is a highly potent and selective inhibitor of GSK-3β.
* Its unique chemical structure allows for precise targeting of the enzyme.
* It serves as a valuable research tool for understanding GSK-3β function and developing new therapies.

1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha,6 alpha-diphenylglycoluril: reagent for protein iodinations; structure [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	40065
SCHEMBL ID	763669
MeSH ID	M0059359

Synonym
nsc-4462
51592-06-4
nsc4462
imidazo[4,5(1h,3h)-dione, 1,3,4,6-tetrachlorotetrahydro-3a,6a-diphenyl-
imidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-2,5(1h,3h)-dione, 1,3,4,6-tetrachlorotetrahydro-3a,6a-diphenyl-
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3a,6a-diphenyl-imidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-2,5-dione
brn 0363328
iodo-gen
glycoluril, 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3a,6a-diphenyl-
nsc 4462
1,3,4,6-tetrachlorotetrahydro-3a, 6a-diphenylimidazo(4,5-d)imidazole-2,5(1h,3h)-dione
imidazo(4,5-d)imidazole-2,5(1h,3h)-dione, 1,3,4,6-tetrachlorotetrahydro-3a,6a-diphenyl-
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3a,6a-diphenylglycoluril
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3alpha,6alpha-diphenyl-glycoluril
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3alpha,6alpha-diphenylglycouril
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3a,6a-diphenylimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-2,5-dione
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha,6 alpha-diphenylglycoluril
iodogen
FT-0606491
DTXSID0068652
SCHEMBL763669
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3alpha,6alpha-diphenylglycoluril
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3a,6a-*diphenylglycouril
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3a,6a-diphenyltetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-2,5(1h,3h)-dione
AMY37046
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3-6-diphenylglycouril
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3alpha,6alpha-di-phenylglycouril
CS-0453184
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3a,6a-diphenyl-tetrahydro-imidazo[4,5-d]imidazole-2,5-dione
1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha ,6 alpha -diphenylglycouril

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The aim of this study was to develop a safe and simple radiolabeling and purification procedure for high-dose (131)I-rituximab for treatment of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma."	( A simple and safe method for 131I radiolabeling of rituximab for myeloablative high-dose radioimmunotherapy. Baars, JW; Beijnen, JH; Hoefnagel, CA; Huitema, AD; Maessen, HJ; Tran, L, 2009)	0.35
" LD50 values of iodogen/DMSO were 59."	( A safety study on single intravenous dose of tetrachloro-diphenyl glycoluril [iodogen] dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). Alpizar, YA; Chen, F; Cona, MM; de Witte, P; Feng, Y; Li, J; Ni, Y; Oyen, R; Sun, Z; Talavera, K; Vanstapel, F; Verbruggen, A, 2013)	0.39

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"67 h and a slow elimination proceeding with the terminal elimination half-life (T(1/2)) of 84."	( Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of porcine fibrinogen after intraperitoneal injection of a porcine-derived fibrin glue to rats. Fan, G; He, H; Wu, Y; Xie, Y; Zhong, G, 2011)	0.37

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	67 (62.04)	18.7374
1990's	28 (25.93)	18.2507
2000's	8 (7.41)	29.6817
2010's	5 (4.63)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	3 (2.68%)	6.00%
Case Studies	1 (0.89%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	108 (96.43%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2.66	3	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	2.08	1	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
glycine [no description available]	1.96	1	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	3.36	7	diatomic iodine	nutrient
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	7.92	108	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	2.01	1	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	1.96	1	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
sodium iodide Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.	1.96	1	inorganic sodium salt; iodide salt
tyramine [no description available]	2	1	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.37	2	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	1.96	1	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
cytidine monophosphate Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.	1.98	1	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	2	1	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
acetic anhydride acetic anhydride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. acetic anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride derived from acetic acid.	1.97	1	acyclic carboxylic anhydride	metabolite; reagent
menadiol [no description available]	1.98	1	methylnaphthalenes; naphthalenediols; naphthohydroquinone
cellobiose beta-cellobiose : A cellobiose with beta configuration at the reducing-end glucose residue.	2	1	cellobiose	epitope
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2	1	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	1.96	1	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	1.97	1	manganese group element atom
iodine monochloride iodine monochloride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.66	3
lisuride Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).	1.99	1	monocarboxylic acid amide	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic agonist
iodine [no description available]	2.66	3	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
biotinyl-n-hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester biotinyl-N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide ester: reagent for identifying cell surface antigens; used to identify & isolate cuticular proteins of Brugia malayi	2.38	2
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.67	3	iditol	fungal metabolite
n-succinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate N-succinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate: acylates free amino groups on proteins	3.22	6
n-hydroxysuccinimide suberic acid ester disuccinimidyl suberate: used as protein cross-linking agent	1.98	1
3-iodo-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-n-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)benzamide 3-iodo-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-N-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)benzamide: a dopamine receptor imaging agent; RN refers to (S)-isomer; RN & structure given in first source	1.97	1
n-succinimidyl 3-iodobenzoate [no description available]	2.41	2
n-succinimidyl-5-iodo-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid [no description available]	2	1
n-succinimidyl 3-(trimethylstannyl)benzoate N-succinimidyl 3-(trimethylstannyl)benzoate: structure given in first source	2	1
n-succinimidyl-3-(tri-n-butylstannyl)benzoate [no description available]	2.1	1
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.67	3	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	1.98	1	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	2.06	1	peptide
monoiodotyrosine Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.	2.38	2	amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monoiodotyrosine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	1.97	1	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	1.97	1	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
iodothiouracil [no description available]	1.97	1	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
chloramine-t chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.	4.32	20	organic sodium salt	allergen; antifouling biocide; disinfectant
chloramine-b chloramine-B: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	1.98	1
peplomycin Peplomycin: An antineoplastic agent derived from BLEOMYCIN.	1.96	1	glycopeptide
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	1.98	1
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	2.37	2
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	1.96	1
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	1.98	1	polypeptide
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	1.96	1
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	1.97	1	peptide hormone
ularitide Ularitide: a 32-amino acid peptide derived from (95-126 residues) of ANP PROHORMONE (1-126 residues); not biologically inactivated by a peptidase from dog kidney cortex membranes	1.98	1
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	1.98	1	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
glycolipids [no description available]	1.97	1
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	1.99	1
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	1.98	1
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	1.96	1
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	1.98	1	nucleoside triphosphate analogue

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.05	1
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	2.05	1
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	2.05	1
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	2.05	1
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	2.05	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.08	1
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	2.88	1
Fasciolopsiasis [description not available]	2.88	1
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	1.96	1
Onchocerciasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ONCHOCERCA. Characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, PRURITUS, and ocular lesions.	1.96	1
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	2.37	2
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	2.37	2
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	1.96	1
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	1.96	1
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	1.96	1
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	1.96	1
African Sleeping Sickness [description not available]	1.96	1
Trypanosomiasis, African A disease endemic among people and animals in Central Africa. It is caused by various species of trypanosomes, particularly T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Its second host is the TSETSE FLY. Involvement of the central nervous system produces African sleeping sickness. Nagana is a rapidly fatal trypanosomiasis of horses and other animals.	1.96	1
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	1.96	1
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	1.96	1
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	1.96	1
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	1.96	1
Breast Cancer [description not available]	1.98	1
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	1.98	1
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	2.69	3
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	2.69	3
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	2.01	1
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	2.01	1
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	1.97	1
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	1.97	1
Dirofilariasis Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.	1.96	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	2.88	1
Bancroftian Elephantiasis [description not available]	2.88	1
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	2.88	1
Elephantiasis, Filarial Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.	2.88	1
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	2.88	1
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	1.97	1
Deficiency of GP 2b 3a Complex [description not available]	1.97	1
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	1.97	1
Bilharziasis [description not available]	1.96	1
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	1.96	1
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	1.96	1
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	1.96	1
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	1.96	1

1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha,6 alpha-diphenylglycoluril

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