Compounds > colistimethate sodium
Page last updated: 2024-11-08

colistimethate sodium

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Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID216258
MeSH IDM0424351

Synonyms (31)

Synonym
pentasodium colistinmethanesulfonate
coly-mycin m
sodium colistin methanesulfonate
colistinemethanesulfonate sodique
colistinmethanesulfonic acid, sodium salt
colymycin m
colimycin m
sodium colistinemethanesulfonate
colistin sulfomethate sodium
colistrimethate sodium
coly-mycin injectable
einecs 232-516-9
sodium colistimethate
coly-mycin m parenteral
colistinmethanesulfonic acid
colistin sulfomethate
12705-41-8
colistinmethanesulfonic acid (van)
unii-dl2r53p963
dl2r53p963 ,
nsc 756688
colistimethate sodium [usan:usp:inn:ban]
unii-xw0e5ys77g
xw0e5ys77g ,
colimyscine
colimicina
8068-37-9
SW222239-1
pentasodium;[2-[17-(1-hydroxyethyl)-22-[[2-[[3-hydroxy-2-[[2-(6-methyloctanoylamino)-4-(sulfonatomethylamino)butanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-4-(sulfonatomethylamino)butanoyl]amino]-5,8-bis(2-methylpropyl)-3,6,9,12,15,18,23-heptaoxo-11,14-bis[2-(sulfonatome
EN300-28266023
pentasodium [(3-{3-hydroxy-2-[2-(6-methyloctanamido)-4-[(sulfonatomethyl)amino]butanamido]butanamido}-3-{[3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-12,15-bis(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20-heptaoxo-6,9,18-tris({2-[(sulfonatomethyl)amino]ethyl})-1,4,7,10,13,16,19-heptaazacycl

Research Excerpts

Overview

Colistimethate sodium (CMS) is a widely administrated old-generation prodrug for the treatment of the life-threatening infections caused by multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Colistimethate sodium (CMS) is a widely administrated old-generation prodrug for the treatment of the life-threatening infections caused by multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. "( Design of experiments guided multivariate calibration for the quantitation of injectable colistimethate sodium by ultra performance liquid chromatography - High resolution mass spectrometry.
Dagla, I; Gikas, E; Tsarbopoulos, A, 2020)		2.22

Effects

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Colistimethate sodium (CMS) has been postulated as the principal cause of high incidence of clinical acute kidney injury (AKI) in multidrug-resistance (MDR) septic patients with normal baseline serum creatinine (sCr) who were treated with CMS. "( Clinical and subclinical acute kidney injury in multidrug-resistant septic patients treated with colistimethate sodium: Incidence and clinical outcomes.
Eiam-Ong, S; Praditpornsilpa, K; Srisawat, N; Susantitaphong, P; Thammathiwat, T; Tiranathanagul, K, 2020)		2.22

Treatment

Colistimethate sodium (CMS) treatment has increased over the last years, being acute kidney injury (AKI) its main drug-related adverse event. The drug was transformed into a dry powder for inhalation by spray drying.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Colistimethate sodium (CMS) treatment has increased over the last years, being acute kidney injury (AKI) its main drug-related adverse event. "( Colistimethate sodium and acute kidney injury: Incidence, risk factors, outcome and prognosis of renal function.
Caravaca-Fontan, F; Del Rey, JM; Liaño, F; Muriel, A; Pampa-Saico, S; Pintado, V; Rojo-Sanchis, A; Teresa Tenorio, M; Yerovi-León, E, )		3.02
"Colistimethate sodium (CMS) for treatment of lung infections in cystic fibrosis patient was transformed into a dry powder for inhalation by spray drying. "( Dry powder inhaler of colistimethate sodium for lung infections in cystic fibrosis: optimization of powder construction.
Altay, A; Buttini, F; Colombo, G; Kozáková, J; Mašková, L; Quarta, E; Rossi, A; Sonvico, F; Ždímal, V, 2019)		2.27

Toxicity

Colistimethate sodium is effective against carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. It is safe in children.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The number of adverse events was similar in both groups."( Safety, efficacy and convenience of colistimethate sodium dry powder for inhalation (Colobreathe DPI) in patients with cystic fibrosis: a randomised study.
Döring, G; Goldman, MH; Haliburn, C; Schuster, A, 2013)		0.66
"Colistimethate sodium is effective against carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, and is safe in children."( Safety and efficacy of intravenous colistin in children.
Chirla, D; Giri, SR; Kumar, PP; Panigrahy, N; Shaikh, FA, 2015)		1.86
" Current inhaled polymyxin therapy is empirical, and often large doses are used that may lead to potential pulmonary adverse effects."( Potential Toxicity of Polymyxins in Human Lung Epithelial Cells.
Ahmed, MU; Azad, MAK; Chan, K; Li, J; Lin, YW; Nowell, CJ; Velkov, T; Yun, B; Zhou, F; Zhou, QT, 2017)		0.46
" aeruginosa in vivo, not toxic and distribute efficiently to the lung and liver after pulmonary or intramuscular administrations."( Safety and effectiveness of sodium colistimethate-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (SCM-NLC) against P. aeruginosa: in vitro and in vivo studies following pulmonary and intramuscular administration.
Aguirre, JJ; Bachiller, D; Basas, J; Esquisabel, A; Fleischer, A; Gainza, E; Gainza, G; Gavaldà, J; Gomis, X; Gutiérrez, FB; Hernandez, RM; Igartua, M; Moreno-Sastre, M; Palomino, E; Pastor, M; Pedraz, JL; Vairo, C, 2019)		0.51
" Adverse events possibly related to nebulized colistimethate sodium were recorded."( Systemic pharmacokinetics and safety of high doses of nebulized colistimethate sodium in critically ill patients with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Benítez-Cano, A; Bermejo, S; Campillo, N; Carazo, J; de Antonio-Cuscó, M; Grau, S; Horcajada, JP; Luque, S; Ramos, I; Samsó, E; Sorlí, L, 2019)		1.01
" The primary outcome was a composite endpoint, defined as adverse events (AEs) or new cystic fibrosis (CF) complications."( Long-term safety study of colistimethate sodium (Colobreathe®): Findings from the UK Cystic Fibrosis Registry.
Bilton, D; Caine, N; Charman, SC; Kaplan, S; Lee, A, 2021)		0.92
"There was no difference in the rate of adverse events between CMS-DPI and comparator cohorts."( Long-term safety study of colistimethate sodium (Colobreathe®): Findings from the UK Cystic Fibrosis Registry.
Bilton, D; Caine, N; Charman, SC; Kaplan, S; Lee, A, 2021)		0.92

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The in vitro pharmacodynamic properties of colistin and colistin methanesulfonate were investigated by studying the MICs, time-kill kinetics, and postantibiotic effect (PAE) against mucoid and nonmucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis."( In vitro pharmacodynamic properties of colistin and colistin methanesulfonate against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis.
Coulthard, K; Li, J; Milne, R; Nation, RL; Turnidge, J, 2001)		0.31
"Based on the in vitro pharmacodynamics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa previously published by our group and these pharmacokinetic findings, dose escalating trials may be warranted to maximize efficacy."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of intravenous colistin methanesulphonate in patients with cystic fibrosis.
Conway, S; Coulthard, K; Etherington, C; Li, J; Milne, R; Nation, RL; Peckham, D; Turnidge, J, 2003)		0.32
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of CMS and colistin were calculated using non-compartmental analysis."( Pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulphonate and colistin in rats following an intravenous dose of colistin methanesulphonate.
Coulthard, K; Li, J; Milne, RW; Nation, RL; Smeaton, TC; Turnidge, JD, 2004)		0.32
"Total body clearance, volume of distribution at steady state and terminal half-life of CMS averaged 11."( Pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulphonate and colistin in rats following an intravenous dose of colistin methanesulphonate.
Coulthard, K; Li, J; Milne, RW; Nation, RL; Smeaton, TC; Turnidge, JD, 2004)		0.32
" CMS had a shorter terminal half-life than did colistin, indicating that the disposition of the colistin generated from CMS was rate-limited by its elimination."( Pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulphonate and colistin in rats following an intravenous dose of colistin methanesulphonate.
Coulthard, K; Li, J; Milne, RW; Nation, RL; Smeaton, TC; Turnidge, JD, 2004)		0.32
"Using an in vitro pharmacodynamic model, a multidrug-resistant strain of Acinetobacter baumannii was exposed to colistin methanesulfonate alone and in combination with ceftazidime."( Colistin methanesulfonate against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model.
Hovde, LB; Kroeger, LA; Mitropoulos, IF; Rotschafer, JC; Schafer, J, 2007)		0.34
" However, pharmacokinetic data are limited."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of colistin methanesulfonate and colistin after intravenous administration in critically ill patients with infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.
Antoniadou, A; Armaganidis, A; Cars, O; Friberg, LE; Giamarellou, H; Karaiskos, I; Karvanen, M; Kontopidou, F; Papadomichelakis, E; Plachouras, D; Poulakou, G; Tsangaris, I, 2009)		0.35
" The lack of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies and no universal harmonization of dose units, however, have made it difficult to derive optimal dosing regimens and specific dosing guidelines for colistin."( Resurgence of colistin: a review of resistance, toxicity, pharmacodynamics, and dosing.
Anderson, D; Bulitta, JB; Forrest, A; Jarkowski, A; Lim, LM; Ly, N; Macander, L; Tsuji, BT; Yang, JC, 2010)		0.36
" Colistin elimination is not limited by the formation rate because its half-life (3 h) is longer than that of CMS."( Pharmacokinetics of colistin and colistimethate sodium after a single 80-mg intravenous dose of CMS in young healthy volunteers.
Couet, W; Frasca, D; Gobin, P; Grégoire, N; Marchand, S; Mimoz, O; Saulnier, PJ, 2011)		0.65
" There has been a dearth of pharmacokinetic (PK) data available to guide dosing in critically ill patients, including those on renal replacement therapy."( Population pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate and formed colistin in critically ill patients from a multicenter study provide dosing suggestions for various categories of patients.
Forrest, A; Garonzik, SM; Jacob, J; Li, J; Nation, RL; Paterson, DL; Shoham, S; Silveira, FP; Thamlikitkul, V, 2011)		0.37
"In vitro pharmacodynamic properties of colistin methanesulfonate and amikacin were investigated by studying time-kill kinetics and post-antibiotic effect (PAE) against strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis."( In vitro pharmacodynamic properties of colistin methanesulfonate and amikacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Bozkurt-Guzel, C; Gerceker, AA, )		0.13
" However, the available pharmacokinetic (PK) data for colistin are limited to guide dosing."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of colistin in burn patients.
Han, S; Hong, T; Jeon, S; Lee, J; Song, W; Woo, H; Yim, DS, 2013)		0.39
" Very few studies, especially pharmacokinetic studies, have been performed with intravenous colistimethate sodium, and none in India."( Pharmacokinetics of colistin in critically ill patients with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli infection.
Gogtay, JA; Gogtay, NJ; Gore, MS; Gupta, V; Jadhav, SP; Kadam, PP; Karnik, ND; Mehta, PR; Naidu, RK; Namjoshi, RD; Sridharan, K; Surase, PV; Thatte, UM, 2013)		0.61
"This was a prospective open-label pharmacokinetic study done in an intensive care unit in a tertiary care hospital on 15 critically ill patients with proven multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli infection."( Pharmacokinetics of colistin in critically ill patients with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli infection.
Gogtay, JA; Gogtay, NJ; Gore, MS; Gupta, V; Jadhav, SP; Kadam, PP; Karnik, ND; Mehta, PR; Naidu, RK; Namjoshi, RD; Sridharan, K; Surase, PV; Thatte, UM, 2013)		0.39
"A wide inter-individual variation was observed in pharmacokinetic parameters."( Pharmacokinetics of colistin in critically ill patients with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli infection.
Gogtay, JA; Gogtay, NJ; Gore, MS; Gupta, V; Jadhav, SP; Kadam, PP; Karnik, ND; Mehta, PR; Naidu, RK; Namjoshi, RD; Sridharan, K; Surase, PV; Thatte, UM, 2013)		0.39
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of colistin were comparable to those reported in previous studies in critically ill patients."( Pharmacokinetics of colistin in critically ill patients with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli infection.
Gogtay, JA; Gogtay, NJ; Gore, MS; Gupta, V; Jadhav, SP; Kadam, PP; Karnik, ND; Mehta, PR; Naidu, RK; Namjoshi, RD; Sridharan, K; Surase, PV; Thatte, UM, 2013)		0.39
" Blood was collected over 180 min, and concentrations of CMS and colistin were measured followed by pharmacokinetic analysis."( Pharmacokinetics of four different brands of colistimethate and formed colistin in rats.
Chen, G; He, H; Jacob, J; Lee, HJ; Li, J; Li, JC; Nation, RL; Roberts, K; Thompson, PE; Tsuji, BT; Velkov, T, 2013)		0.39
" Population pharmacokinetic modeling and Monte Carlo simulations were conducted."( Pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate and formed colistin in end-stage renal disease patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
Chen, G; Jitmuang, A; Koomanachai, P; Landersdorfer, CB; Lee, HJ; Li, J; Nation, RL; Sritippayawan, S; Thamlikitkul, V; Wasuwattakul, S, 2014)		0.4
"The initial use of polymyxins, polymyxin B and colistin (administered as a pro-drug colistin methanesulfonate sodium [CMS]), mostly relied on old pharmacokinetic (PK) studies that lacked appropriate methodology."( Polymyxins for the treatment of extensively-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: from pharmacokinetics to bedside.
Zavascki, AP, 2014)		0.4
" The pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using a population approach and completed by pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling and simulations."( Comparison of intrapulmonary and systemic pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) and colistin after aerosol delivery and intravenous administration of CMS in critically ill patients.
Boisson, M; Couet, W; Gobin, P; Grégoire, N; Jacobs, M; Marchand, S; Mimoz, O, 2014)		0.4
" The CMS concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and a pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using a population approach."( New colistin population pharmacokinetic data in critically ill patients suggesting an alternative loading dose rationale.
Balayn, D; Chatelier, D; Comets, E; Couet, W; Gauzit, R; Gobin, P; Grégoire, N; Lasocki, S; Marchand, S; Mégarbane, B; Mimoz, O, 2014)		0.4
" A population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted and simulations were performed to predict lung concentrations after nebulization."( Pharmacokinetics of Colistin Methansulphonate (CMS) and Colistin after CMS Nebulisation in Baboon Monkeys.
Bouchene, S; Cabrera, M; Couet, W; de Monte, M; Diot, P; Gobin, P; Grégoire, N; Guilleminault, L; Marchand, S; Montharu, J; Vecellio, L, 2015)		0.42
" Population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted in NONMEM with the new data combined with data from previous studies."( Colistin Population Pharmacokinetics after Application of a Loading Dose of 9 MU Colistin Methanesulfonate in Critically Ill Patients.
Baziaka, F; Friberg, LE; Galani, L; Giamarellou, H; Ioannidis, K; Karaiskos, I; Kostakou, E; Koutsoukou, A; Paskalis, C; Pontikis, K; Tsagkari, V, 2015)		0.42
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed for CMS and colistin plasma concentrations using a non-compartmental method."( Pharmacokinetics of nebulized colistin methanesulfonate in critically ill patients.
Boisson, M; Cormier, M; Couet, W; Gobin, P; Grégoire, N; Marchand, S; Mimoz, O, 2017)		0.46
" The objective of this work was to develop a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (WB-PBPK) model to predict tissue distribution of colistin in rat."( A Whole-Body Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Colistin and Colistin Methanesulfonate in Rat.
Björkman, S; Bouchene, S; Couet, W; Friberg, LE; Gobin, P; Grégoire, N; Karlsson, MO; Lamarche, I; Marchand, S, 2018)		0.48
" A model-based population pharmacokinetic analysis incorporating CRRT settings was applied to the observations."( Multicenter Population Pharmacokinetic Study of Colistimethate Sodium and Colistin Dosed as in Normal Renal Function in Patients on Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy.
Buclin, T; Corti, N; Decosterd, L; Leuppi-Taegtmeyer, AB; Mueller, NJ; Osthoff, M, 2019)		0.77
" Plasma concentrations of colistimethate and formed colistin were subjected to population pharmacokinetic modeling to explore the patient factors influencing the concentration of colistin."( Population Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Colistin in Pediatric Patients: Implications for the Selection of Dosage Regimens.
Chor, YK; Landersdorfer, CB; Li, J; Nation, RL; Ngu, SJ; Ooi, MH, 2019)		0.51
" The pharmacokinetic covariate analysis revealed that clearances of colistimethate and colistin were related to creatinine clearance."( Population Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Colistin in Pediatric Patients: Implications for the Selection of Dosage Regimens.
Chor, YK; Landersdorfer, CB; Li, J; Nation, RL; Ngu, SJ; Ooi, MH, 2019)		0.51
"Safe and effective use of colistin requires robust pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data to guide dosing."( Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics of colistimethate sodium and colistin in critically ill patients in an Indian hospital with high endemic rates of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections: A prospective observational study.
Balachandran, S; Dipu, TS; Edathadathil, F; Kaye, KS; Menon, VP; Mohamed, Z; Moni, M; Patel, P; Patel, T; Prabhu, BP; Prasanna, P; Singh, SK; Sudhir, AS, 2020)		0.82
" In conclusion, steady-state colistin pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters observed in our study were largely consistent with those reported in previous studies."( Steady-state pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiling of colistin in critically ill patients with multi-drug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections, along with differences in clinical, microbiological and safety outcome.
Bhati, RK; Meshram, GG; Ram, K; Sheikh, S; Suri, JC; Tripathi, CD, 2021)		0.62

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In this study, the activity of colistin (COL) as monotherapy and in combination with other antibiotics against Acinetobacter baumannii in vitro was investigated."( In vitro and in vivo assessment of the antibacterial activity of colistin alone and in combination with other antibiotics against Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli.
Fu, L; Li, H; Li, X; Liu, J; Luo, S; Wan, Z; Wang, Y; Wu, X; Xie, X; Zhao, Z, 2020)		0.56

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Colistin displayed a half-life that was significantly long in relation to the dosing interval."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of colistin methanesulfonate and colistin after intravenous administration in critically ill patients with infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.
Antoniadou, A; Armaganidis, A; Cars, O; Friberg, LE; Giamarellou, H; Karaiskos, I; Karvanen, M; Kontopidou, F; Papadomichelakis, E; Plachouras, D; Poulakou, G; Tsangaris, I, 2009)		0.35
" The lack of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies and no universal harmonization of dose units, however, have made it difficult to derive optimal dosing regimens and specific dosing guidelines for colistin."( Resurgence of colistin: a review of resistance, toxicity, pharmacodynamics, and dosing.
Anderson, D; Bulitta, JB; Forrest, A; Jarkowski, A; Lim, LM; Ly, N; Macander, L; Tsuji, BT; Yang, JC, 2010)		0.36
" There has been a dearth of pharmacokinetic (PK) data available to guide dosing in critically ill patients, including those on renal replacement therapy."( Population pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate and formed colistin in critically ill patients from a multicenter study provide dosing suggestions for various categories of patients.
Forrest, A; Garonzik, SM; Jacob, J; Li, J; Nation, RL; Paterson, DL; Shoham, S; Silveira, FP; Thamlikitkul, V, 2011)		0.37
" Despite its important role as salvage therapy for otherwise untreatable infections, dosage guidelines for the prodrug colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) are not scientifically based and have led to treatment failure and increased colistin resistance."( Dosing of colistin-back to basic PK/PD.
Bergen, PJ; Li, J; Nation, RL, 2011)		0.37
" The CMS dosing schedule was based on a loading dose of 9 MU and a 9-MU twice-daily fractioned maintenance dose, titrated on renal function."( High-dose, extended-interval colistin administration in critically ill patients: is this the right dosing strategy? A preliminary study.
Brienza, N; Bruno, F; Coppolecchia, S; Dalfino, L; Miragliotta, G; Monno, R; Mosca, A; Puntillo, F; Spada, ML, 2012)		0.38
" Colistin methane sulphonate dosage resulted in clearly suboptimal colistin steady-state concentrations."( Colistin pharmacokinetics in intensive care unit patients on continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration: an observational study.
Baltopoulos, G; Boutzouka, E; Fousteri, M; Hroni, D; Markantonis, SL; Markou, N; Zidianakis, B, 2012)		0.38
" Studies on other patients receiving colistin methane sulphonate and undergoing CRRT are required before more appropriate dosage regimens can be recommended."( Colistin pharmacokinetics in intensive care unit patients on continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration: an observational study.
Baltopoulos, G; Boutzouka, E; Fousteri, M; Hroni, D; Markantonis, SL; Markou, N; Zidianakis, B, 2012)		0.38
" As a result, this has lead to confusion in the interpretation of the literature with respect to efficacy, tolerance, and optimal dosing strategy."( Optimization of anti-pseudomonal antibiotics for cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations: IV. colistimethate sodium.
Ampofo, K; Sherwin, CM; Spigarelli, MG; Stockmann, C; Waters, CD; Young, DC; Zobell, JT, 2013)		0.61
" Colistin concentrations were below the current MIC breakpoints, and the area under the concentration-time curve for the free, unbound fraction of the drug over 24 h in the steady state divided by the MIC (fAUC/MIC) was lower than recommended, suggesting that a dosage regimen of 160 mg CMS every 8 h (q8h) is inadequate."( Colistin methanesulfonate and colistin pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients receiving continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration.
Armaganidis, A; Cars, O; Friberg, LE; Giamarellou, H; Karaiskos, I; Karvanen, M; Papadomichelakis, E; Paramythiotou, E; Plachouras, D; Tsangaris, I, 2013)		0.39
" The aim of this study was to develop a population PK model of colistin and to identify the optimal dosage regimens for burn patients."( Population pharmacokinetic analysis of colistin in burn patients.
Han, S; Hong, T; Jeon, S; Lee, J; Song, W; Woo, H; Yim, DS, 2013)		0.39
" The objective was to study the PK/PD differences of CMS and colistin between three different CMS dosage regimens in the same critically ill patient."( Differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of colistimethate sodium (CMS) and colistin between three different CMS dosage regimens in a critically ill patient infected by a multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.
Alvarez-Lerma, F; Grau, S; Horcajada, JP; Luque, S; Segura, C; Sorlí, L; Valle, M, 2013)		0.64
" CMS dosing needs to be adjusted for renal function."( Pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulfonate and formed colistin in end-stage renal disease patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
Chen, G; Jitmuang, A; Koomanachai, P; Landersdorfer, CB; Lee, HJ; Li, J; Nation, RL; Sritippayawan, S; Thamlikitkul, V; Wasuwattakul, S, 2014)		0.4
" The narrow therapeutic range of colistin makes the choice of its correct dosage crucial, and monitoring of blood concentration is occasionally necessary for critically ill patients, including intensive care patients subjected to continuous renal replacement therapy."( Determination by LC-MS/MS of colistins A and B in plasma and ultrafiltrate from critically ill patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration.
Biancone, L; Bua, RO; Carignano, P; Leporati, M; Mariano, F; Stella, M; Vincenti, M, 2014)		0.4
" Primary risk factors examined included the influence of dosing and the receipt of concomitant nephrotoxins."( Colistin- and polymyxin-induced nephrotoxicity: focus on literature utilizing the RIFLE classification scheme of acute kidney injury.
Pike, M; Saltiel, E, 2014)		0.4
" As appropriate colistin exposure is the key for maximizing efficacy while minimizing toxicity, individualized dosing optimization guided by therapeutic drug monitoring is a top clinical priority."( High-throughput hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the optimized quantification of the anti-Gram-negatives antibiotic colistin A/B and its pro-drug colistimethate.
Buclin, T; Corti, N; Couet, W; Csajka, C; Decosterd, LA; Gardiol, C; Guidi, M; Marchetti, O; Mercier, T; Tissot, F; Wehrli, S, 2014)		0.4
"Due to the extensive removal of CMS by dialysis, HD should be conducted at the end of a dosing interval and a supplemental dose should be administered."( Extracorporeal clearance of colistin methanesulphonate and formed colistin in end-stage renal disease patients receiving intermittent haemodialysis: implications for dosing.
Chen, G; Jitmuang, A; Koomanachai, P; Landersdorfer, CB; Lee, HJ; Li, J; Nation, RL; Sritippayawan, S; Thamlikitkul, V; Wasuwattakul, S, 2015)		0.42
" Concomitant use of loop diuretics, baseline creatinine level, and CMS dosage were independently associated with AKI."( Risk Factors for Colistin-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: A Multicenter Study from Turkey.
Aslan, E; Aydemir, H; Deveci, O; Duygu, F; Gul, S; Kacmaz, B; Kuscu, F; Ozturk, DB; Yaman, F, 2016)		0.43
" Recent studies focusing on the optimal dosing strategy of colistin have demonstrated the necessity of a loading dose at treatment initiation (D."( Colistin Population Pharmacokinetics after Application of a Loading Dose of 9 MU Colistin Methanesulfonate in Critically Ill Patients.
Baziaka, F; Friberg, LE; Galani, L; Giamarellou, H; Ioannidis, K; Karaiskos, I; Kostakou, E; Koutsoukou, A; Paskalis, C; Pontikis, K; Tsagkari, V, 2015)		0.42
" Our objective was to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) of colistin and its prodrug colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) in this population and to suggest dosing regimen recommendations."( Population Pharmacokinetics of Colistin Methanesulfonate and Colistin in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Renal Failure Requiring Intermittent Hemodialysis.
Balayn, D; Couet, W; Gobin, P; Grégoire, N; Jacobs, M; Marchand, S; Mégarbane, B; Mimoz, O, 2016)		0.43
" According to our pharmacokinetics data, the dosage of CMS currently used in critically ill neonates is insufficient."( Pharmacokinetics of Colistin Following a Single Dose of Intravenous Colistimethate Sodium in Critically Ill Neonates.
Chokephaibulkit, K; Imberti, R; Nakwan, N; Regazzi, M; Usaha, S; Villani, P, 2016)		0.67
" The CMS and colistin pharmacokinetics in plasma and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) following intravenous and pulmonary dosing have not been evaluated in a large-animal model with pulmonary architecture similar to that of humans."( Substantial Targeting Advantage Achieved by Pulmonary Administration of Colistin Methanesulfonate in a Large-Animal Model.
Bischof, RJ; Landersdorfer, CB; Li, J; Lieu, LT; McIntosh, MP; Meeusen, EN; Nation, RL; Nguyen, G; Nguyen, TH, 2017)		0.46
" However, optimal dosing strategies and factors that may contribute to treatment failure are limited."( Outcome analysis of colistin-treated burn center patients.
Hickerson, WL; Hill, DM; Wilkinson, RE, 2017)		0.46
"Optimal dosing for nebulized colistin methanesulfonate (CMS), the prodrug of colistin, is unknown."( Pharmacokinetics of nebulized colistin methanesulfonate in critically ill patients.
Boisson, M; Cormier, M; Couet, W; Gobin, P; Grégoire, N; Marchand, S; Mimoz, O, 2017)		0.46
"Plasma and tissue concentrations of CMS and colistin were measured after systemic administrations of different dosing regimens of CMS in pigs."( A Population WB-PBPK Model of Colistin and its Prodrug CMS in Pigs: Focus on the Renal Distribution and Excretion.
Bouchène, S; Couet, W; Grégoire, N; Henri, J; Laroche, J; Laurentie, M; Manceau, J; Rolland, JG; Viel, A, 2018)		0.48
" Optimal dosing in patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is unclear."( Multicenter Population Pharmacokinetic Study of Colistimethate Sodium and Colistin Dosed as in Normal Renal Function in Patients on Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy.
Buclin, T; Corti, N; Decosterd, L; Leuppi-Taegtmeyer, AB; Mueller, NJ; Osthoff, M, 2019)		0.77
" Unfortunately, there is a paucity of pharmacological information to guide the selection of dosage regimens."( Population Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Colistin in Pediatric Patients: Implications for the Selection of Dosage Regimens.
Chor, YK; Landersdorfer, CB; Li, J; Nation, RL; Ngu, SJ; Ooi, MH, 2019)		0.51
"The FDA and EMA dosage recommendations may be suboptimal for many pediatric patients."( Population Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Colistin in Pediatric Patients: Implications for the Selection of Dosage Regimens.
Chor, YK; Landersdorfer, CB; Li, J; Nation, RL; Ngu, SJ; Ooi, MH, 2019)		0.51
" Only recently have reliable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data and dosing recommendations for intravenous colistimethate become available."( ColistinDose, a Mobile App for Determining Intravenous Dosage Regimens of Colistimethate in Critically Ill Adult Patients: Clinician-Centered Design and Development Study.
Bergen, PJ; Hua, X; Karaiskos, I; Kaye, KS; Li, C; Li, J; Pogue, JM; Sharma, VS; Song, J; Tsuji, BT; Zhu, Y, 2020)		0.56
"The aim of this work was to develop a clinician-friendly, easy-to-use mobile app incorporating up-to-date dosing recommendations for intravenous colistimethate in critically ill adult patients."( ColistinDose, a Mobile App for Determining Intravenous Dosage Regimens of Colistimethate in Critically Ill Adult Patients: Clinician-Centered Design and Development Study.
Bergen, PJ; Hua, X; Karaiskos, I; Kaye, KS; Li, C; Li, J; Pogue, JM; Sharma, VS; Song, J; Tsuji, BT; Zhu, Y, 2020)		0.56
" Dosing calculations were based on equations developed in our recent population pharmacokinetic study."( ColistinDose, a Mobile App for Determining Intravenous Dosage Regimens of Colistimethate in Critically Ill Adult Patients: Clinician-Centered Design and Development Study.
Bergen, PJ; Hua, X; Karaiskos, I; Kaye, KS; Li, C; Li, J; Pogue, JM; Sharma, VS; Song, J; Tsuji, BT; Zhu, Y, 2020)		0.56
"With its user-friendly interface, ColistinDose provides an accurate and easy-to-use tool for clinicians to calculate dosage regimens of intravenous colistimethate in critically ill patients with varying degrees of renal function."( ColistinDose, a Mobile App for Determining Intravenous Dosage Regimens of Colistimethate in Critically Ill Adult Patients: Clinician-Centered Design and Development Study.
Bergen, PJ; Hua, X; Karaiskos, I; Kaye, KS; Li, C; Li, J; Pogue, JM; Sharma, VS; Song, J; Tsuji, BT; Zhu, Y, 2020)		0.56
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (1)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1159550Human Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) Inhibitor Screening2015Nature cell biology, Nov, Volume: 17, Issue:11
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (181)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199012 (6.63)18.7374
1990's2 (1.10)18.2507
2000's20 (11.05)29.6817
2010's127 (70.17)24.3611
2020's20 (11.05)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 62.93

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index62.93 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.30 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.89 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index103.07 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (62.93)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials12 (6.38%)5.53%
Reviews21 (11.17%)6.00%
Case Studies15 (7.98%)4.05%
Observational9 (4.79%)0.25%
Other131 (69.68%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
creatine
[no description available]		1.9410glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		2.3110aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.0710alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.3820isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aztreonam
Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.. aztreonam : A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam), used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thereby blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.		4.6140
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		2.0610aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		2.3110monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		2.1110carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		7.35201,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
pipemidic acid
Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.		3.3611amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridopyrimidine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		1.9410benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		7.3820C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		2.3420kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
sodium citrate, anhydrous
Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.		2.0710organic sodium saltanticoagulant;
flavouring agent
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		1.9310aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		7.1710acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		2.0710cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		2.5820glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
streptomycin
[no description available]		2.3420antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.		2.0710calcium phosphate
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		9.98183amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		4.1540alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.0610penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cephalosporin c
cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.		2.1110cephalosporinfungal metabolite
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		2.5220carbapenems
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.9940beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.2510penicillanic acids
carbapenems
[no description available]		3.1650
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		3.6209-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		7.8530alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		3.2110epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		2.5120macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.		2.0710phosphatidylcholine(1+)
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.1110cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
cilastatin
[no description available]		2.0710carboxamide;
L-cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organic sulfide		EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		3.3611nystatins
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		2.110organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.07101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		2.110
cilastatin, imipenem drug combination
Cilastatin, Imipenem Drug Combination: Combination of imipenem and cilastatin that is used in the treatment of bacterial infections; cilastatin inhibits renal dehydropeptidase I to prolong the half-life and increase the tissue penetration of imipenem, enhancing its efficacy as an anti-bacterial agent.		2.0710
chitosan
[no description available]		7.4110
piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination
Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination: An antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. It is also used for the treatment of PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTIONS.		2.4110
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		2.3110
colistin
Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.		16.918011
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		7.3820
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		5.0670
tigecycline
[no description available]		10.0670
calca protein, human
CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741		3.2110
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		1.9610
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		1.9610
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		2.7330cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.0310
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		03.0310
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		011.55304
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		011.55304
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		05.72170
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		05.72170
Infection, Wound
[description not available]		02.4110
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		011.65343
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		011.65343
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		05.6761
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		05.6761
Bacterial Pneumonia
[description not available]		07.58111
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
[description not available]		06.2671
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		010.53232
Pneumonia, Bacterial
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.		07.58111
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated
Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.		06.2671
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		02.2510
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		04.2760
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		09.2760
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		03.3760
E coli Infections
[description not available]		05.241
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		05.241
Urinary Tract Infections
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.		03.0650
Fasciitis, Necrotizing
A fulminating bacterial infection of the deep layers of the skin and FASCIA. It can be caused by many different organisms, with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES being the most common.		02.2110
Acinetobacter Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.		05.33200
Infections, Respiratory
[description not available]		06.99101
Respiratory Tract Infections
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.		06.99101
Alkalosis
A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.		02.2510
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.2510
Aldosteronism with Hyperplasia of the Adrenal Cortex
[description not available]		02.2510
Hypocalcemia
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.2510
Polyuria
Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).		02.2510
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		06.1971
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		06.1971
Acute Symptom Flare
[description not available]		02.3110
Infections, Pseudomonas
[description not available]		011.32383
Pseudomonas Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.		011.32383
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		02.2510
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		02.2510
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.6620
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		02.6620
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		03.0140
Candida Infection
[description not available]		02.1510
Keratitis, Ulcerative
[description not available]		02.5420
Eye Infections, Fungal
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.		02.1510
Candidiasis
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1510
Corneal Ulcer
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.		02.5420
Health Care Associated Infection
[description not available]		07.3891
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		04.4851
Cross Infection
Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.		07.3891
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		09.4851
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		04.1131
Osteomyelitis
INFLAMMATION of the bone as a result of infection. It may be caused by a variety of infectious agents, especially pyogenic (PUS - producing) BACTERIA.		02.1710
B cepacia Infection
[description not available]		03.4520
Bacteremia
The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.		04.2560
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		04.950
Infection
[description not available]		07.2110
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		07.2110
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		05.3140
Nasal Catarrh
[description not available]		0310
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		0310
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		05.3140
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.		0310
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		0310
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		03.7230
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		03.7230
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.4420
Infections, Klebsiella
[description not available]		03.9240
Klebsiella Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.		03.9240
Keratitis
Inflammation of the cornea.		02.110
Tracheitis
INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.		02.4920
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		07.4920
Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis
[description not available]		02.1310
Neonatal Sepsis
Blood infection that occurs in an infant younger than 90 days old. Early-onset sepsis is seen in the first week of life and most often appears within 24 hours of birth. Late-onset occurs after 1 week and before 3 months of age.		07.1310
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.1310
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		02.1310
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.1310
Intra-Abdominal Infections
[description not available]		02.1310
Intraabdominal Infections
Infection within the PERITONEAL CAVITY. A frequent cause is an ANASTOMOTIC LEAK following surgery.		02.1310
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		03.7230
Bacterial Eye Infections
[description not available]		02.1310
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		03.0410
Community Acquired Infection
[description not available]		02.1310
Bile Duct Diseases
Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.		02.0510
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis
[description not available]		02.9810
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute
Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.		02.9810
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		02.0710
Cronobacter Infections
[description not available]		02.0710
Enterobacteriaceae Infections
Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.		02.0710
Bacterial Infections, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.4320
Diaphragmatic Paralysis
[description not available]		02.0810
Apnea
A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		02.0810
Central Nervous System Infection
[description not available]		02.0810
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		01.9310
Group A Strep Infection
[description not available]		01.9310
Infections, Proteus
[description not available]		01.9310
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		01.9310
Streptococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.		01.9310
Keratoconjunctivitis
Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.		01.9310
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis
[description not available]		01.9410
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.		01.9410
Dysentery
Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.		01.9410
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus
[description not available]		01.9410
Dysentery, Bacillary
DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).		01.9410
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0310
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		02.0310
Communicable Diseases, Emerging
Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.		02.9610
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.9110
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.9110
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		02.9110
Ocular Infections
[description not available]		02.9110
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.9110
Eye Infections
Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness.		02.9110
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		0210
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		0210
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		0210
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		0210
Agranulocytosis
A decrease in the number of GRANULOCYTES; (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS).		03.3611
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		03.3611
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		03.3611