Page last updated: 2024-09-28

Cranial Airocele

Presence of air or gas within the intracranial cavity (e.g., epidural space, subdural space, intracerebral, etc.) which may result from traumatic injuries, fistulous tract formation, erosions of the skull from NEOPLASMS or infection, NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES, and other conditions.

Synonyms(8)

Synonym
Cranial Pneumocyst
Pneumocephalus, Tension
Intracranial Gas
Pneumocephalus, Epidural
Pneumocephalus, Traumatic
Pneumocephalus
Pressure Pneumocephalus
Cranial Airocele

Research Excerpts

Overview

ExcerptReference
"Pneumocephalus is sometimes the only sign of intracranial involvement."( Flanagan, JC; Waring, GO, 1975)
"One common cause of pneumocephalus is a craniotomy or craniectomy, and therefore, patients undergoing these neurosurgical procedures may be at increased risk for the development of tension pneumocephalus if N2O is used during a subsequent anesthetic."( Reasoner, DK; Scamman, FL; Todd, MM; Warner, DS, 1994)
"Treatment of pneumocephalus is mostly managed surgically, especially in a tension pneumocaephalus when the pressure has to be alleviated."( Doğru, H; Döner, F; Kalkan, E; Kerman, M; Yariktaş, M, 2003)
"Pneumocephalus is a well-known complication of surgical procedures performed with the patients placed in the sitting position."( de la Rosa-Carrillo, VN; Hernández-Palazón, J; López, F; Martínez-Lage, JF; Poza, M; Tortosa, JA, 2003)
"Pneumocephalus is the presence of air within the intracranial vault."( Arivazhagan, A; Devi, I; Dua, R; Garg, N, 2008)
"Postoperative pneumocephalus is common following craniospinal surgical intervention in the sitting position."( Colen, CB; Ham, SD; Kattner, KA; Sood, S; Stevens, QE, 2007)
"Spontaneous tension pneumocephalus is a rare life-threatening condition which is often caused by a bone defect near the tegmen tympani."( Bocchetti, A; D'Avanzo, R; Mirone, G; Moraci, A; Natale, M; Rotondo, M; Scuotto, A, 2009)
"Tension pneumocephalus is a life-threatening condition that requires rapid recognition and intervention."( Monas, J; Peak, DA, 2010)
"Postoperative pneumocephalus is a common occurrence after endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery (ESBS)."( Anand, VK; Banu, MA; Mascarenhas, L; Salek, AA; Schwartz, TH; Szentirmai, O, 2014)
"Postoperative pneumocephalus is much more common following extended approaches than following transsellar surgery."( Anand, VK; Banu, MA; Mascarenhas, L; Salek, AA; Schwartz, TH; Szentirmai, O, 2014)
"Pneumocephalus is collection of gas or air within the cranial cavity, commonly associated with trauma, cranial surgery, air embolism, open meningomyelocele; and rarely as a result of central nervous system infections."( Choudhary, S; Makwana, M; Soni, JP; Tripathi, N, 2016)
"Pneumocephalus is defined as air in the cranial cavity."( Kiraz, HA; Lüleci, N; Özdemir, U; Toman, H, 2017)
"Pneumocephalus is usually induced by trauma, infections, tumors of the skull base, and surgical interventions."( Ajlan, A; Alhabib, S; Alsanosi, A; Bedaiwi, R; Elwatidy, S; Jan, B; Khurayzi, T, 2022)
"Pneumocephalus is an uncommon pathology that typically follows head trauma, neurosurgery, or skull base tumors."( Anderson, R; Beaumont, R; Carlson, JN, 2021)
"Iatrogenic pneumocephalus is also observed, including lumbar puncture."( Uchino, A, 2021)
"Early diagnosis of pneumocephalus is crucial to avoid severe consequences."( Cao, L; Dong, G; Liu, R; Sheng, Q; Tong, X; Zhao, Y, 2021)

Treatment

ExcerptReference
"The authors reported a case of pneumocephalus induced by bromocriptine (Bc) treatment for a recurrent invasive prolactinoma."( Fukushima, T; Kitahara, S; Takakura, K; Teramoto, A, 1983)
"Treatment of pneumocephalus is mostly managed surgically, especially in a tension pneumocaephalus when the pressure has to be alleviated."( Doğru, H; Döner, F; Kalkan, E; Kerman, M; Yariktaş, M, 2003)
"The mean change in pneumocephalus volume was higher in patients in the treatment arm as compared to patients in the control arm (p = 0."( Biertz, F; Ertl, P; Grosshennig, A; Hermann, EJ; Hong, B; Krauss, JK; Lanfermann, H; Lang, JM; Nakamura, M; Raab, P; Scheinichen, D, 2015)

Research

Studies (161)

TimeframeStudies, This Condition (%)All Conditions %
pre-199051 (31.68)23.3326
1990's14 (8.70)12.5806
2000's33 (20.50)18.1394
2010's46 (28.57)28.8240
2020's17 (10.56)9.53
DrugIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
salicylic acid0low160
formaldehyde0low10
nitrous oxide0medium251
urea0low10
amiodarone0low10
bupivacaine0low40
cefuroxime0low10
pentetic acid0low10
fentanyl0medium11
gentamicin0low10
guaifenesin0low10
halothane0low10
lidocaine0low30
isoflurane0low10
apnea0low10
propofol0medium21
sevoflurane0low10
sulfadiazine0low20
sulfamethizole0low10
temazepam0low10
tetracaine0low10
trimethoprim0low10
prednisolone0low10
lysine0low10
levodopa0low10
ampicillin0low10
mannitol0low10
perflutren0low10
methylprednisolone0low20
penicillanic acid0low10
durapatite0low20
vancomycin0low40
enbucrilate0low10
tantalum0low10
technetium0low10
titanium0low10
gadolinium0low20
ytterbium0low10
magnesium sulfate0low10
barium sulfate0low10
ozone0low20
trolamine salicylate0low10
bromocriptine0low10
triamcinolone0low10
amikacin0low10
propiconazole0low280
piperacillin0low10
cabergoline0low40
trimethoprim sulfamethizole0low10
cephalosporin c0low10
voriconazole0low10
tazobactam0low10
technetium tc 99m pentetate0low10
ropivacaine0low10
meropenem0low10
metrizamide0low10
cocaine0low20
phenylephrine hydrochloride0low200
oxycodone0low10
morphine0low10
cefepime0low10
cefotaxime0low30
ergoline0low30
trametinib0low10
pituitrin0low10
ro13-99040medium41
eye0low10
pyrimidinones0low10

Protein Targets (956)

ProteinPotency MeasurementsInhibition MeasurementsActivation MeasurementsDrugs
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha200020
peripheral myelin protein 226006
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 13003
lamin isoform A-delta10160016
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3012012
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4012012
Bile salt export pump021021
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1012012
Aminoglycoside 3'-phosphotransferase 0001
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase7007
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE4004
acetylcholinesterase4004
phosphopantetheinyl transferase3003
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit4004
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma130013
SMAD family member 24004
ATAD5 protein, partial5005
Fumarate hydratase4004
USP1 protein, partial5005
NFKB1 protein, partial3003
PPM1D protein3003
SMAD family member 34004
TDP1 protein100010
Thrombopoietin1001
AR protein150015
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease3003
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A19009
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)6006
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor7007
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)5005
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 37007
progesterone receptor8008
EWS/FLI fusion protein7007
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]130013
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1100010
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha8008
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha120012
farnesoid X nuclear receptor5005
pregnane X nuclear receptor140014
G7007
cytochrome P450 2D62002
polyprotein4004
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta6006
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma5005
caspase-33003
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2130013
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor3003
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)4004
Histone H2A.x4004
cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 11001
cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a1001
cytochrome P450 2C9 precursor1001
D(1A) dopamine receptor4004
chromobox protein homolog 1120012
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a4004
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d5005
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2110011
heat shock protein beta-13003
huntingtin isoform 21001
mitogen-activated protein kinase 15005
flap endonuclease 15005
serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 12002
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1110011
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 13003
urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursor2002
plasminogen precursor2002
urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor precursor2002
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 12002
geminin150015
survival motor neuron protein isoform d2002
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 15005
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M16006
lethal factor (plasmid)5005
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi5117
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B3003
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0101
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A40101
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F0404
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 40808
Lysine-specific demethylase PHF20101
Interferon beta100010
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain 7007
Thyroid hormone receptor alpha0101
Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-20101
Cellular tumor antigen p53140014
Integrin beta-31001
Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn0213
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10303
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10404
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M20202
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M40202
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10527
Integrin alpha-IIb1001
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor0404
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M50202
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor0516
Adenosine receptor A30202
Cytochrome P450 2C80101
Thyroid hormone receptor alpha0101
Thyroid hormone receptor beta0101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M10202
Beta-3 adrenergic receptor0202
D(2) dopamine receptor0516
Androgen receptor0707
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-15117
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0303
Lethal factor0101
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0404
Thyroid hormone receptor beta0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta5117
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-25117
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-55117
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-35117
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M30202
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10303
Substance-K receptor0202
D(1A) dopamine receptor0404
D(4) dopamine receptor0303
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-15117
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-25117
Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial0101
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter 0606
Histamine H2 receptor0202
Endothelin-1 receptor0202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0617
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C0819
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-45117
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-35117
Lysine-specific demethylase 5A0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-65117
B2 bradykinin receptor0202
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0404
Melanocortin receptor 40202
C-8 sterol isomerase0101
Melanocortin receptor 50202
Mu-type opioid receptor07311
D(3) dopamine receptor0505
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha0202
Squalene synthase0101
Delta-type opioid receptor0629
Kappa-type opioid receptor0629
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0718
C-C chemokine receptor type 20202
Melanocortin receptor 30202
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0303
Histamine H2 receptor3003
D(1A) dopamine receptor1001
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 60404
Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform0101
C-C chemokine receptor type 40202
Spike glycoprotein8008
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-15117
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-35117
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-25117
Sodium channel protein type 7 subunit alpha0202
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D 0404
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter 0404
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 20808
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S0404
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C0606
Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha0303
Squalene monooxygenase0101
3-beta-hydroxysteroid-Delta(8),Delta(7)-isomerase0101
Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha0404
Lysine-specific demethylase 7A0101
GABA theta subunit5117
Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, muscle isoform0101
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 17007
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha0202
Ataxin-28008
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1010010
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon5117
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-3, mitochondrial0011
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha0303
Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha0101
Histone lysine demethylase PHF80101
Sodium channel protein type 8 subunit alpha0202
Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha0101
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial7007
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE4004
Chain A, Mutant Al2 6e7p9g0011
Chain A, Beta-lactamase6006
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase6006
Chain A, ATP-DEPENDENT DNA HELICASE Q12002
Chain A, Cruzipain2002
Beta-lactamase 0205
acid sphingomyelinase1001
GLS protein5005
GLI family zinc finger 3140014
apical membrane antigen 1, AMA12002
Beta-lactamase 0104
Beta-lactamase 0106
Metallo-beta-lactamase type 20016
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-11 0004
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-20004
Beta-lactamase 0005
Metallo-beta-lactamase0004
Beta-lactamase 0104
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 13003
DNA polymerase beta1001
DNA polymerase eta isoform 12002
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)5005
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 12002
Carbonic anhydrase 10506
Carbonic anhydrase 20506
60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial0202
Beta-lactamase OXA-70002
Solute carrier family 15 member 10606
Solute carrier family 15 member 10101
10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial0202
Angiopoietin-1 receptor0011
Beta-lactamase 0002
Beta-lactamase 0002
Beta-lactamase 0002
Solute carrier family 15 member 20303
Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase0202
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-130005
Efflux transporter 0001
Beta-lactamase 0105
Beta-lactamase Toho-10002
Beta-lactamase 0001
Class D beta-lactamase0103
60 kDa chaperonin 0202
Metallo-beta-lactamase0004
Solute carrier family 15 member 20303
Beta-lactamase 0105
Beta-lactamase 0014
10 kDa chaperonin 0202
Metallo-b-lactamase 0006
Carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase KPC0206
Histamine H3 receptor0004
Beta-lactamase class B VIM-2 0017
Beta-lactamase VIM-1 0005
thioredoxin reductase7007
Microtubule-associated protein tau2002
arylsulfatase A5005
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 17007
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A1001
Genome polyprotein 0112
dopamine D1 receptor3003
regulator of G-protein signaling 42002
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 48008
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a7007
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA3003
Cytochrome P450 3A40516
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0101
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor0202
D0202
D(3) dopamine receptor0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0404
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0303
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor0303
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor0303
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0202
D(1B) dopamine receptor0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B0303
D(4) dopamine receptor0101
Alpha-synuclein0101
D(2) dopamine receptor0213
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 57007
Potassium channel subfamily K member 30404
Potassium channel subfamily K member 30101
Potassium channel subfamily K member 20112
Potassium channel subfamily K member 90101
Histamine H3 receptor0101
Beta-lactamase 0104
Beta-lactamase 0104
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase 0104
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-19 0004
Beta-lactamase 0104
Beta-lactamase0001
Solute carrier family 22 member 50101
Beta-lactamase0102
Beta-lactamase0205
Beta-lactamase SHV-10206
Beta-lactamase0001
Beta-lactamase0105
Kappa-type opioid receptor0508
Beta-lactamase TEM0204
Beta-lactamase0102
B2 metallo-beta-lactamase 0003
Beta-lactamase 0104
Metallo-beta-lactamase VIM-20004
Beta-lactamase 0003
Beta-lactamase 0002
BlaVIM-1 0004
Beta-lactamase 0003
Beta-lactamase 0002
Beta-lactamase 0104
Beta-lactamase 0003
Beta-lactamase 0002
Beta-lactamase 0102
Solute carrier family 22 member 60202
Albumin0235
Beta-lactamase SHV-10103
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase 0103
Solute carrier family 22 member 60202
Solute carrier family 22 member 70102
Beta-lactamase 0103
Solute carrier family 22 member 80202
Solute carrier family 22 member 110101
Solute carrier family 22 member 80101
Solute carrier family 22 member 70101
Chain A, CHIMERA OF IG KAPPA CHAIN: HUMAN CONSTANT REGION AND MOUSE VARIABLE REGION0011
Chain B, CHIMERA OF IG GAMMA-1 CHAIN: HUMAN CONSTANT REGION AND MOUSE VARIABLE REGION0011
Chain H, Fab M82G2, Heavy chain0011
Chain L, Fab M82G2, Light chain0011
Chain H, Fab M82g2, Heavy Chain0011
Chain L, Fab M82g2, Light Chain0011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi0202
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta0202
Amyloid-beta precursor protein0101
Fatty acid-binding protein, heart0101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M20101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M10202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C0202
Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 10101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0303
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10314
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20314
Liver carboxylesterase 10001
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter0202
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4A0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-30314
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0303
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 60101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-50213
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0405
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30213
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5B0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 0102
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A0101
Lysosomal Pro-X carboxypeptidase0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-20213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40213
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A 0102
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B0102
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C0102
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B0101
cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D0101
Leukotriene B4 receptor 10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-60213
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter0202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D0102
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-10202
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B0102
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-30202
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B0101
Leukotriene B4 receptor 20101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A0102
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta0202
Transporter0303
Luciferase2002
Solute carrier family 22 member 1 0404
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 20022
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A0202
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B0101
Delta-type opioid receptor0304
Delta-type opioid receptor0517
Mu-type opioid receptor05210
Kappa-type opioid receptor0416
Histamine H1 receptor0101
Mu-type opioid receptor0327
Mu-type opioid receptor0505
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10202
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10101
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 32002
Chain A, HADH2 protein5005
Chain B, HADH2 protein5005
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor4004
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit4004
Glutamate receptor 24004
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-20101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-70101
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A1001
15-lipoxygenase, partial2002
WRN1001
integrase, partial0101
lens epithelium-derived growth factor p750101
pyruvate kinase1001
hexokinase-4 isoform 11001
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 1 precursor1001
glucokinase regulatory protein1001
importin subunit beta-1 isoform 12002
ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform a1001
snurportin-12002
M-phase phosphoprotein 82002
Polyphenol oxidase 20103
Carbonic anhydrase 120102
Epidermal growth factor receptor0112
Plasma kallikrein0001
Tyrosine-protein kinase Lck0112
Carbonic anhydrase 30102
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX150202
Tyrosinase0101
Carbonic anhydrase 40102
Carbonic anhydrase 60203
Adenosine receptor A10001
Adenosine receptor A2a0001
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial0102
Carbonic anhydrase0001
Carbonic anhydrase 70102
Carbonic anhydrase0001
Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 10101
SLC16A10 protein0001
Carbonic anhydrase 90102
Carbonic anhydrase 0001
Carbonic anhydrase-like protein, putative0001
Carbonic anhydrase0001
Carbonic anhydrase0001
Carbonic anhydrase 0001
Monocarboxylate transporter 100001
Carbonic anhydrase 150102
Carbonic anhydrase 130102
Carbonic anhydrase 140102
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial0102
phosphoglycerate kinase1001
IDH14004
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha0101
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 50101
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 20101
Potassium channel subfamily K member 180101
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 10101
Chain A, Ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit N-methyltransferase, chloroplast0101
Chain A, Ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit N-methyltransferase, chloroplast0101
Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial0202
Cationic amino acid transporter 30101
activating transcription factor 63003
lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 isoform I1001
TAR DNA-binding protein 433003
aryl hydrocarbon receptor3003
streptokinase A precursor0011
Beta-lactamase 0001
Beta-lactamase IMP-1 0001
Beta-lactamase 0001
nonstructural protein 13003
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B2002
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 22002
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 23003
muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 13003
Glucocorticoid receptor06112
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-10606
Glycine receptor subunit beta0606
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-20606
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-30606
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 20011
GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran isoform 11001
Thioredoxin reductase 0101
Flavodoxin0001
Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase0101
Opioid receptor, delta 1b 0101
Acetylcholinesterase0202
Opioid receptor homologue0101
Acyl-CoA desaturase 10101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M30101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M40101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M50101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M20101
Translocator protein0011
Histidine decarboxylase0011
Proteinase-activated receptor 10112
Kappa-type opioid receptor0225
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A30001
Nociceptin receptor0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 70202
Mu-type opioid receptor0101
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0101
Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X20011
Mu-type opioid receptor0101
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase2002
endonuclease IV2002
GALC protein2002
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 12002
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor2002
glp-1 receptor, partial4004
beta-2 adrenergic receptor1001
lysosomal alpha-glucosidase preproprotein1001
mu-type opioid receptor isoform MOR-10011
Vpr1001
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0011
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-41001
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-21001
Beta-lactamase 0102
Beta-lactamase 0001
luciferase0001
Fatty acid-binding protein, liver0101
Estrogen receptor0202
Progesterone receptor0203
Glucocorticoid receptor0112
Glucocorticoid receptor0011
Corticosteroid-binding globulin0101
Mineralocorticoid receptor 0213
Androgen receptor0202
Cytochrome P450 2C9 0505
Glutamine synthetase0011
Histamine H1 receptor0011
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20202
Nociceptin receptor0011
Cytochrome P450 2J20303
Estrogen receptor beta0202
Chain A, Ferritin light chain2002
pregnane X receptor1001
heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa)1001
heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha isoform 20001
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G1001
heat shock protein 90, putative0001
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain0011
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a1001
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 10101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A90001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20001
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 10202
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 10101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 20101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 30101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter0101
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 10101
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A80001
chaperonin-containing TCP-1 beta subunit homolog1001
Estrogen receptor beta0001
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta0001
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-20001
Bile salt export pump0101
Polymerase acidic protein0011
Stromelysin-10011
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase YopH0101
High mobility group protein B10011
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10101
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-10101
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 10103
Estrogen receptor0001
Acetylcholinesterase0101
Cystathionine gamma-lyase0101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-10012
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-20001
Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase0101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha-10012
Carbonic anhydrase0101
Nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase0101
Solute carrier family 22 member 200101
Solute carrier family 22 member 60101
Ubiquitin-like domain-containing CTD phosphatase 10101
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-30001
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-20012
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-10001
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 31001
Aurora kinase A0112
interleukin 82002
exodeoxyribonuclease V subunit RecD0101
exodeoxyribonuclease V subunit RecB0101
exodeoxyribonuclease V subunit RecC0101
Beta-lactamase 0101
B2 bradykinin receptor0101
Beta-lactamase0101
Beta-lactamase0101
Beta-lactamase0101
Beta-lactamase OXA-10102
Cytochrome P450 2B60202
Metallo-beta-lactamase type 20101
Angiotensin-converting enzyme0101
Metallo-beta-lactamase L1 type 30101
Beta-lactamase 0101
Beta-lactamase 0101
Translocator protein0101
cGMP-gated cation channel alpha-10011
Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-1B0011
Membrane-associated progesterone receptor component 10011
Cell division cycle 7-related protein kinase0011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK40011
ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX3X0011
Pyridoxal kinase0011
Citron Rho-interacting kinase0011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk10011
Cyclin-G-associated kinase0011
Ephrin type-B receptor 60011
Peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 30011
Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 20011
Mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine-protein kinase BUB10011
Dynamin-like 120 kDa protein, mitochondrial0011
Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK20011
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5B0011
Rho-associated protein kinase 20011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK10011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE10011
Ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-50011
U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein 200 kDa helicase0011
Ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-40011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase 160011
Cyclin-dependent kinase-like 50011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase 100011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase D30011
Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 20011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 60011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 40011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase LATS10011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 40011
Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL10011
High affinity nerve growth factor receptor0011
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-20011
ADP/ATP translocase 20011
Protein kinase C beta type0011
Insulin receptor0011
Cyclin-dependent kinase 10011
Glycogen phosphorylase, liver form0011
Tyrosine-protein kinase Fes/Fps0011
Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase0011
Tyrosine-protein kinase Yes0011
Tyrosine-protein kinase Lyn0011
Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Ret0011
Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor0011
Signal recognition particle receptor subunit alpha0011
Cytochrome c1, heme protein, mitochondrial0011
Hepatocyte growth factor receptor0011
Tyrosine-protein kinase HCK0011
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta0011
Tyrosine-protein kinase Fgr0011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase A-Raf0011
Glycogen phosphorylase, brain form0011
Breakpoint cluster region protein0011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase pim-10011
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 10011
DNA topoisomerase 2-alpha0011
Cyclin-dependent kinase 40011
ADP/ATP translocase 30011
Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 20011
Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src0011
cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-alpha regulatory subunit0011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf0011
Phosphorylase b kinase gamma catalytic chain, liver/testis isoform0011
Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone]0011
Tyrosine-protein kinase Fer0011
Protein kinase C alpha type0011
cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha0011
General transcription and DNA repair factor IIH helicase subunit XPD0011
Casein kinase II subunit alpha'0011
Ras-related protein Rab-6A0011
Ephrin type-A receptor 10011
Multifunctional protein ADE20011
cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit gamma0011
cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta0011
Ferrochelatase, mitochondrial0011
Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-10011
Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK10011
Cyclin-dependent kinase 20011
Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 10011
Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX60011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 0011
MAP/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 30011
Deoxycytidine kinase0011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 10011
Ephrin type-A receptor 20011
Ephrin type-B receptor 20011
Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK20011
UMP-CMP kinase 0011
Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 10011
Wee1-like protein kinase0011
Heme oxygenase 20011
S-adenosylmethionine synthase isoform type-20011
DnaJ homolog subfamily A member 10011
RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase0011
RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase0011
Dual specificity protein kinase TTK0011
DNA replication licensing factor MCM40011
Myosin-100011
Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 20112
Receptor-type tyrosine-protein kinase FLT30011
Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-1A0011
Activin receptor type-1B0011
TGF-beta receptor type-10011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase receptor R30011
TGF-beta receptor type-20011
Electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta0011
Tyrosine-protein kinase CSK0011
Glycine--tRNA ligase0011
Protein kinase C iota type0011
Exosome RNA helicase MTR40011
Tyrosine-protein kinase Tec0011
Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL20011
Tyrosine-protein kinase FRK0011
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 60011
Tyrosine-protein kinase SYK0011
26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6B0011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 80011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 90011
Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 40011
Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 30011
Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha0011
Casein kinase I isoform alpha0011
Casein kinase I isoform delta0011
MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 20011
Elongation factor Tu, mitochondrial0011
Choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase A0011
Cysteine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic0011
Casein kinase I isoform epsilon0011
Very long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial0011
Dual specificity protein kinase CLK10011
Dual specificity protein kinase CLK20011
Dual specificity protein kinase CLK30011
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 alpha0011
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta0011
Cyclin-dependent kinase 70011
Cyclin-dependent kinase 90011
Ras-related protein Rab-27A0011
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 10011
Ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-30011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek20011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek30011
Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 60011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK10011
LIM domain kinase 10011
LIM domain kinase 20011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 100011
Tyrosine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic0011
Ephrin type-B receptor 30011
Ephrin type-A receptor 50011
Ephrin type-B receptor 40011
Ephrin type-A receptor 40011
Adenylate kinase 2, mitochondrial0011
Adenosine kinase0011
Ras-related protein Rab-100011
Actin-related protein 30011
Actin-related protein 20011
GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran0011
Casein kinase I isoform gamma-20011
Cyclin-dependent kinase 30011
Cyclin-dependent kinase 60011
Cyclin-dependent-like kinase 5 0011
Cyclin-dependent kinase 160011
Cyclin-dependent kinase 170011
ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, platelet type0011
Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 10112
DNA topoisomerase 2-beta0011
Protein kinase C theta type0011
Activin receptor type-10011
Macrophage-stimulating protein receptor0011
Focal adhesion kinase 10011
Protein kinase C zeta type0011
Protein kinase C delta type0011
Tyrosine-protein kinase BTK0011
Cyclin-dependent kinase 180011
Activated CDC42 kinase 10011
Epithelial discoidin domain-containing receptor 10011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 20011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase 40011
Dual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 50011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 70011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 20011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase 30011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 10011
Integrin-linked protein kinase0011
Rho-associated protein kinase 10011
Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TNK10011
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit gamma0011
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit delta0011
Dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A0011
Activin receptor type-2B0011
Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-20011
Protein-tyrosine kinase 60011
cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 0011
Cyclin-dependent kinase 130011
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon0011
Protein-tyrosine kinase 2-beta0011
Maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase0011
Structural maintenance of chromosomes protein 1A0011
Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 40011
Peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 10011
Cyclin-dependent kinase 100011
Ephrin type-A receptor 70011
Delta(24)-sterol reductase0011
Ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-10011
Dual specificity testis-specific protein kinase 10011
Myosin light chain kinase, smooth muscle0011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 110011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase STK110011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase N10011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase N20011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 140011
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV0011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 110011
MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 30011
Discoidin domain-containing receptor 20011
AP2-associated protein kinase 10011
Myosin light chain kinase 30011
Uncharacterized aarF domain-containing protein kinase 50011
Putative heat shock protein HSP 90-beta 20011
Rab-like protein 30011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase MRCK alpha0011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase MRCK gamma0011
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family member 100011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase N30011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK30011
Uncharacterized protein FLJ452520011
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family member 110011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease IRE20011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase MARK20011
ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX300011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO10011
STE20-related kinase adapter protein alpha0011
Myosin-140011
AarF domain-containing protein kinase 10011
ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX420011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 30011
MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 50011
Eukaryotic peptide chain release factor GTP-binding subunit ERF3B0011
Misshapen-like kinase 10011
Atypical kinase COQ8A, mitochondrial0011
Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 gamma0011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 150011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek90011
ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX10011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 10011
Aurora kinase B0011
MAP/microtubule affinity-regulating kinase 40011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek10011
PAS domain-containing serine/threonine-protein kinase0011
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 20011
EKC/KEOPS complex subunit TP53RK0011
Dual specificity testis-specific protein kinase 20011
Membrane-associated tyrosine- and threonine-specific cdc2-inhibitory kinase0011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 50011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 30011
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 10011
Nucleolar GTP-binding protein 10011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase D20011
NUAK family SNF1-like kinase 20011
RNA cytidine acetyltransferase0011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase SIK20011
STE20-like serine/threonine-protein kinase 0011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO30011
dCTP pyrophosphatase 10011
Dual specificity protein kinase CLK40011
Casein kinase I isoform gamma-10011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 60011
Phenylalanine--tRNA ligase beta subunit0011
Isoleucine--tRNA ligase, mitochondrial0011
BMP-2-inducible protein kinase0011
Obg-like ATPase 10011
Midasin0011
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 40011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 200011
Cyclin-dependent kinase 120011
NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 130011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase pim-20011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase 260011
Succinate--CoA ligase [ADP-forming] subunit beta, mitochondrial0011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase NLK0011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK10011
Septin-90011
Ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-60011
TRAF2 and NCK-interacting protein kinase0011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase TAO20011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase ICK0011
RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase0011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase SIK30011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 20011
Thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein 30011
Dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1B0011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 50011
Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 30011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase MRCK beta0011
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 30011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase 240011
Casein kinase I isoform gamma-30011
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 40011
thioredoxin glutathione reductase1001
Smad31001
procathepsin L isoform 1 preproprotein0101
Chain A, Dihydrofolate Reductase0011
Chain A, Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Chain A, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)0101
Chain A, Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Chain A, Dihydrofolate reductase0101
67.9K protein1001
Dihydrofolate reductase 0102
Dihydrofolate reductase0202
Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Dihydrofolate reductase 0101
Dihydrofolate reductase0202
Dihydrofolate reductase0202
Dihydrofolate reductase type 10102
Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Thymidylate synthase0101
Bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase0202
Dihydrofolate reductase0101
NH(3)-dependent NAD(+) synthetase0101
Dihydrofolate reductase0202
Thymidylate synthase0101
Dihydrofolate reductase0202
Bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase0202
Dihydrofolate reductase type 1 from Tn40030101
Dipeptidyl peptidase 40101
Dihydrofolate reductase0203
Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Dipeptidyl peptidase 40101
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 50101
Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase0102
Bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase0101
Bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase0101
Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Dihydrofolate reductase0101
Trace amine-associated receptor 50011
Dihydrofolate reductase 0202
Dihydrofolate reductase 0101
Dihydrofolate reductase0102
Protein-arginine deiminase type-40101
Dihydrofolate reductase 0101
Urease subunit alpha0101
Urease subunit beta0101
Olfactory receptor 51E20011
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor0101
D-alanyl-D-alanine dipeptidase0101
Sterol 14-alpha-demethylase0011
14-alpha sterol demethylase 0011
Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, mitochondrial 0011
Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase0011
Cytochrome P450 2C190101
Cytochrome P450 1440011
Steroid C26-monooxygenase0011
Steroid C26-monooxygenase0011
Sterol 14-alpha demethylase0011
14-alpha sterol demethylase 0011
14-alpha sterol demethylase 0011
Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase0213
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor1001
Albumin0011
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 70101
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like protein 10101
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 10101
Protease 0101
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1-like protein 10101
Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 0202
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]