Compounds > emerin
Page last updated: 2024-11-11

emerin

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Description

emerin: a serine-rich protein; responsible for Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID6442625
SCHEMBL ID13060202
MeSH IDM0244663

Synonyms (7)

Synonym
(2z,3z)-2,3-bis[(4-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]butanedinitrile
emerin
emerin (aspergillus)
epurpurin c dimethyl ether
butanedinitrile, bis((4-methoxyphenyl)methylene)-, (z,z)-
40581-18-8
SCHEMBL13060202

Research Excerpts

Overview

Emerin is an inner nuclear envelope protein encoded by the EMD gene. mutations in which cause Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy type 1 (EDMD1). Emerin is a major NE protein that regulates multiple nuclear processes.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Emerin is an integral nuclear envelope protein that participates in the maintenance of nuclear shape. "( Emerin self-assembly and nucleoskeletal coupling regulate nuclear envelope mechanics against stress.
Bautista, M; Fernandez, A; Pinaud, F; Wu, L, 2022)		3.61
"Emerin is an inner nuclear envelope protein encoded by the EMD gene, mutations in which cause Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy type 1 (EDMD1). "( A novel mutation in human EMD gene and mitochondrial dysfunction in emerin knockdown cardiomyocytes.
Bao, Y; Du, Z; Li, Q; Lin, M; Lv, G; Qiao, J; Quan, J; Wang, L; Wang, S; Wu, L; Xie, Y; Xu, C; Yang, W; Yin, T; Zhu, T, 2022)		2.4
"Emerin is a major NE protein that regulates multiple nuclear processes and whose deficiency results in Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD)."( The Molecular Basis and Biologic Significance of the β-Dystroglycan-Emerin Interaction.
Alamillo-Iniesta, A; Arguello-García, R; Azuara-Medina, PM; Brancaccio, A; Cisneros, B; García-Aguirre, I; Garrido, E; Gómez-Monsivais, WL; Hernández-Méndez, JME; Holaska, JM; Huerta-Cantillo, J; Magaña, JJ; Martínez-Vieyra, I; Mondragon-Gonzalez, R; Monterrubio-Ledezma, F; Navarro-Garcia, F; Rivera-Monroy, JE; Winder, SJ, 2020)		1.51
"Emerin is a type II integral membrane protein of the inner nuclear membrane that has a characteristic staining pattern in PTC."( Evaluation of the diagnostic value of emerin and CD56 in papillary thyroid carcinoma - an immunohistochemical study.
Abdelwahed, M; Abdou, AG; Fahmy, S; Said, A; Taie, DM, 2018)		1.47
"Emerin is an inner nuclear membrane protein often mutated in Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. "( Emerin induces nuclear breakage in
Chen, P; Dilsaver, MR; Levy, DL; Mukherjee, RN; Oakey, J; Reusser, T; Thompson, TA, 2018)		3.37
"Emerin is a nuclear envelope protein that contributes to genome organization and cell mechanics. "( An Emerin LEM-Domain Mutation Impairs Cell Response to Mechanical Stress.
Arteni, AA; Bigot, A; Coirault, C; Essawy, N; Herrada, I; Marcelot, A; Moog, S; Petitalot, A; Samson, C; Zinn-Justin, S, 2019)		2.58
"Emerin is a well-conserved, ubiquitously expressed protein of the inner nuclear membrane."( Emerin in health and disease.
Holaska, JM; Koch, AJ, 2014)		2.57
"Emerin is a conserved membrane component of nuclear lamina structure. "( The molecular basis of emerin-emerin and emerin-BAF interactions.
Berk, JM; Carlson, CR; Grønning-Wang, LM; Jenkins-Houk, CR; Simon, DN; Westerbeck, JW; Wilson, KL, 2014)		2.16
"Emerin is a short inner nuclear membrane protein with an LEM-domain at the N-terminal end and a transmembrane domain at the C-terminal end. "( Role of structural flexibility in the evolution of emerin.
Xue, B; Yuan, J, 2015)		2.11
"Emerin is a tail-anchored protein that is found predominantly at the inner nuclear membrane (INM), where it associates with components of the nuclear lamina. "( Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy mutations impair TRC40-mediated targeting of emerin to the inner nuclear membrane.
Jamieson, C; Kehlenbach, RH; Pfaff, J; Rajanala, K; Rivera Monroy, J; Schwappach, B; Vilardi, F, 2016)		2.1
"The emerin protein is a nuclear membrane protein and has important functions in muscle development, regeneration, and cell signal transduction. "( Molecular characterization and expression patterns of emerin (EMD) gene in skeletal muscle between Meishan and Large White pigs.
Wang, L; Wang, Y; Xiao, X, 2016)		1.24
"Emerin is an inner nuclear membrane protein that is involved in maintaining the mechanical integrity of the nuclear membrane. "( Emerin suppresses Notch signaling by restricting the Notch intracellular domain to the nuclear membrane.
Lee, B; Lee, TH; Shim, J, 2017)		3.34
"Emerin is an essential actor of the nuclear response to a mechanical signal."( Emerin self-assembly mechanism: role of the LEM domain.
Alpha-Bazin, B; Armengaud, J; Arteni, AA; Celli, F; Coirault, C; Essawy, N; Hendriks, K; Herrada, I; Lange, A; Samson, C; Theillet, FX; Zinke, M; Zinn-Justin, S, 2017)		2.62
"Emerin is an integral inner nuclear membrane protein and a component of the nuclear lamina."( MAPK signaling pathways and HDAC3 activity are disrupted during differentiation of emerin-null myogenic progenitor cells.
Collins, CM; Ellis, JA; Holaska, JM, 2017)		1.4
"Emerin is a nuclear envelope protein that contributes to nuclear architecture, chromatin structure, and gene expression through its interaction with various nuclear proteins. "( Emerin-prelamin A interplay in human fibroblasts.
Camozzi, D; Capanni, C; Columbaro, M; Del Coco, R; Lattanzi, G; Maraldi, NM; Mattioli, E; Merlini, L; Schena, E; Squarzoni, S, 2009)		3.24
"Emerin is an integral membrane protein of the inner nuclear membrane. "( Loss of emerin alters myogenic signaling and miRNA expression in mouse myogenic progenitors.
Holaska, JM; Koch, AJ, 2012)		2.26
"Emerin is a nuclear envelope protein whose biological function remains to be elucidated. "( Association of emerin with nuclear and cytoplasmic actin is regulated in differentiating myoblasts.
Capanni, C; Cenni, V; Lattanzi, G; Maraldi, NM; Marmiroli, S; Mattioli, E; Merlini, L; Squarzoni, S, 2003)		2.11
"Emerin is a nuclear membrane protein that interacts with lamin A/C at the nuclear envelope. "( Emerin interacts in vitro with the splicing-associated factor, YT521-B.
Holaska, JM; Holt, I; Manilal, S; Morris, GE; Sharma, A; Stamm, S; Wilkinson, FL; Wilson, KL; Zhang, Z, 2003)		3.2
"Emerin is an integral protein of the nuclear inner membrane. "( Multiple and surprising new functions for emerin, a nuclear membrane protein.
Bengtsson, L; Wilson, KL, 2004)		2.03
"Emerin is an inner nuclear membrane protein that is mutated or not expressed in patients with X-linked Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (X-EDMD/EMD). "( Emerin expression in tubular aggregates.
Kontou, C; Manta, P; Papadimitriou, C; Terzis, G; Vassilopoulos, D, 2004)		3.21
"Emerin is an integral protein of the inner nuclear membrane in the majority of differentiated vertebrate cells. "( Emerin expression in early development of Xenopus laevis.
Böhm, C; Dabauvalle, MC; Eberhardt, K; Gareiss, M; Kandert, S; Krüger, E; Müller, CR; Zentgraf, H, 2005)		3.21
"Emerin is a type II inner nuclear membrane (INM) protein of unknown function. "( The inner nuclear membrane protein emerin regulates beta-catenin activity by restricting its accumulation in the nucleus.
Barker, N; Blankesteijn, WM; Broers, JL; Clevers, H; Dorobek, M; Ellis, JA; Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz, I; Hutchison, CJ; Markiewicz, E; Ramaekers, FC; Salpingidou, G; Tilgner, K; van de Wetering, M; Wilson, RG, 2006)		2.05
"Emerin is a ubiquitously expressed inner nuclear membrane protein of unknown function. "( The Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy associated-protein emerin is phosphorylated on serine 49 by protein kinase A.
Ellis, JA; Emerson, LJ; Jensen, ON; Kendrick-Jones, J; Roberts, RC; Spiliotis, II; Sutherland-Smith, AJ; Tate, CG; Wheeler, MA, 2006)		2.02
"Emerin is a nuclear membrane protein which is affected by mutation in X-linked Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. "( Colocalization of emerin and lamins in interphase nuclei and changes during mitosis.
Manilal, S; Morris, GE; Nguyen, TM, 1998)		2.08
"Emerin is a nuclear membrane protein which is missing or defective in Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD). "( Distribution of emerin and lamins in the heart and implications for Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy.
Gobbi, P; Hawkes, S; Love, DR; Man, N; Manilal, S; Morris, GE; Pereboev, A; Sewry, CA, 1999)		2.09
"Emerin is an integral protein of the inner nuclear membrane that is mutated or not expressed in patients with Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. "( Intracellular trafficking of emerin, the Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy protein.
Ellenberg, J; Hallberg, E; Lippincott-Schwartz, J; Ostlund, C; Worman, HJ, 1999)		2.04
"Emerin is a 34 kDa, predominantly hydrophilic protein with a single hydrophobic region supposed to serve as a transmembrane domain."( Emerin.
Tews, DS, 1999)		2.47
"Emerin is an almost ubiquitous protein which is abnormal in X-linked Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EMD), a syndrome characterized by muscle weakness, joint contractures and cardiac arrhythmia. "( Emerin presence in platelets.
Baracca, A; Bassini, A; Capanni, C; Cobianchi, F; Guarnieri, C; Maraldi, NM; Merlini, L; Ognibene, A; Petrini, S; Sabatelli, P; Squarzoni, S; Toniolo, D; Zauli, G, 2000)		3.19
"Emerin is an inner nuclear membrane protein that is involved in X-linked recessive Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (X-EDMD). "( Interaction between emerin and nuclear lamins.
Arahata, K; Ishiura, S; Koike, H; Sakaki, M; Sasagawa, N; Takahashi, N; Tomioka, S, 2001)		2.08
"Emerin is an ubiquitous protein localized at the nuclear membrane of most cell types including muscle cells. "( Emerin expression at the early stages of myogenic differentiation.
Capanni, C; Columbaro, M; Lattanzi, G; Maraldi, NM; Merlini, L; Ognibene, A; Riccio, M; Sabatelli, P; Santi, S; Squarzoni, S; Toniolo, D, 2000)		3.19
"Emerin (34 kDa) is a 254 amino acid protein located on the cytoplasmic surface of the inner nuclear membrane in cardiac muscle. "( Nuclear membrane proteins in failing human dilated cardiomyopathy.
Berry, DA; dos Remedios, CG; Keogh, A, 2001)		1.75
"Emerin is a nuclear membrane-anchored protein which is absent or mutated in patients affected by Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. "( Staurosporine treatment and serum starvation promote the cleavage of emerin in cultured mouse myoblasts: involvement of a caspase-dependent mechanism.
Columbaro, M; Lattanzi, G; Maraldi, NM; Mattioli, E; Ognibene, A; Rutigliano, C; Squarzoni, S, 2001)		1.99

Effects

Emerin has been shown to have diverse functions, including the regulation of gene expression, cell signaling, nuclear structure and chromatin architecture. Emerin has a LEM-domain and therefore binds barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF), a conserved chromatin protein essential for cell division.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Emerin has a LEM-domain and therefore binds barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF), a conserved chromatin protein essential for cell division."( Nuclear membrane protein emerin: roles in gene regulation, actin dynamics and human disease.
Bengtsson, L; Holaska, JM; Mansharamani, M; Montes de Oca, R; Segura-Totten, M; Tifft, K; Wilson, KL; Zastrow, M, 2005)		1.35
"Emerin has been shown to have diverse functions, including the regulation of gene expression, cell signaling, nuclear structure and chromatin architecture."( Emerin in health and disease.
Holaska, JM; Koch, AJ, 2014)		2.57
"Emerin has a LEM-domain and therefore binds barrier-to-autointegration factor (BAF), a conserved chromatin protein essential for cell division."( Nuclear membrane protein emerin: roles in gene regulation, actin dynamics and human disease.
Bengtsson, L; Holaska, JM; Mansharamani, M; Montes de Oca, R; Segura-Totten, M; Tifft, K; Wilson, KL; Zastrow, M, 2005)		1.35
"Emerin has proposed roles in nuclear architecture and gene regulation, but direct molecular links to disease were unknown."( Lmo7 is an emerin-binding protein that regulates the transcription of emerin and many other muscle-relevant genes.
Holaska, JM; Rais-Bahrami, S; Wilson, KL, 2006)		1.45
"The emerin gene has been mapped to Xq28 and encodes a 34-kDa serine-rich protein, emerin, which has been localized to the nuclear envelope in a wide variety of tissues, including skeletal and cardiac muscle."( Changes at P183 of emerin weaken its protein-protein interactions resulting in X-linked Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy.
Brown, CA; Ellis, JA; Kendrick-Jones, J; Yates, JR, 1999)		1.11
"Emerin has two distinct functional domains: the LEM-domain at the N-terminus, which mediates binding to BAF, and a second functional domain in the central region, which mediates binding to lamin A."( Distinct functional domains in emerin bind lamin A and DNA-bridging protein BAF.
Haraguchi, T; Hiraoka, Y; Koujin, T; Lee, KK; Lee, RS; Wilson, KL, 2001)		1.32

Actions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Emerin (EMD) plays diverse roles in cellular polarity organization, nuclear stability, and cell motility, however, the biological role of EMD relevant to the migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells has not yet been illustrated. "( Emerin knockdown induces the migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by up-regulating the cytoplasmic p21.
Ding, YB; Li, ZX; Shen, WG; Shi, L; Tian, Z; Wu, KY; Xie, H; Zeng, J; Zhang, Y; Zhang, ZL; Zhou, W, 2022)		3.61
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (363)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's45 (12.40)18.2507
2000's173 (47.66)29.6817
2010's113 (31.13)24.3611
2020's32 (8.82)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 41.01

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index41.01 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.94 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.76 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index61.70 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (41.01)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials1 (0.27%)5.53%
Reviews44 (11.67%)6.00%
Case Studies39 (10.34%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other293 (77.72%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
phosphoserine
Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.		2.110non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
O-phosphoamino acid;
serine derivative		human metabolite
adenine
[no description available]		2.04106-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.0410alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.1310isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		2.1510dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.3110aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
kojic acid
[no description available]		2.02104-pyranones;
enol;
primary alcohol		Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
skin lightening agent
nocodazole
[no description available]		2.1710aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
thiophenes		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.1510aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		2.2510benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		8.1450L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		2.520aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.1510phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.7730amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		210amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		2.1510xanthene
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		2.0210cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
c.i. 42510
Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.		2.2110
acetylglucosamine
Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		7.0810N-acetyl-D-glucosamineepitope
phosphotyrosine
Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.		2.0510L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
O(4)-phosphotyrosine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
immunogen
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.0310glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
loceryl
amorolfine: RN given refers to parent cpd. amorolfine : A member of the class of morpholines that is cis-2,6-dimethylmorpholine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a racemic 2-methyl-3-[p-(2-methylbutan-2-yl)phenyl]propyl group. An inhibitor of the action of squalene monooxygenase, Delta(14) reductase and D7-D8 isomerase and an antifungal agent, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) for the topical treatment of fungal nail and skin infections.		2.0710morpholine antifungal drug;
tertiary amino compound		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.70 (Delta(14)-sterol reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.420amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		2.1510amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.1510imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
aflatoxin b1
Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.		2.0210aflatoxin;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite
leupeptins
Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.		2.0510
trichostatin a
trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES		2.110antibiotic antifungal agent;
hydroxamic acid;
trichostatin		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		7.5520benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.110N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.		2.0510amino aldehyde;
carbamate ester;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
varitriol
varitriol: from marine-derived strain of the fungus Emericella variecolor; structure in first source		2.0210
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.1510aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
alpha-chymotrypsin
Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.		2.0210
sterigmatocystin
[no description available]		2.0210sterigmatocystinsmetabolite
n-palmitoylsphingosine
N-palmitoylsphingosine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (R*,S*-(E))-isomer. N-hexadecanoylsphingosine : A N-acylsphingosine in which the ceramide N-acyl group is specified as hexadecanoyl (palmitoyl).		2.110Cer(d34:1);
N-acylsphingosine;
N-palmitoyl-sphingoid base		human blood serum metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		2.2110antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		2.0210dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
terrein
terrein: from culture solution of fungus, Pestilotiopsis microspora;structure in first source		2.0210polyol
asteltoxin
asteltoxin: polyenic alpha-pyrone mycotoxin closely related to aurovertins isolated from Aspergillus stellatus; structure given in first source		2.0210furofuran
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		7.4420ammonium ion derivative
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		2.0210organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.0310
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		2.1510
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		2.4620
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		2.0510
digitonin
Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.		2.1310
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		07.7220
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		02.7220
Autosomal Recessive Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		011.051331
Metastase
[description not available]		03.6420
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.2310
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		03.6420
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		03.2310
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		07.4110
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.4110
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.4110
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.4110
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.4110
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		02.4110
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		02.4110
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		07.4110
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		02.4110
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		07.9630
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		03.2350
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.9630
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		03.2350
Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		09.22610
Benign Scapuloperoneal Muscular Dystrophy with Early Contractures
[description not available]		02.7220
Muscular Dystrophies
A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.		09.22610
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		04.4340
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		03.1750
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.2110
Breathlessness
[description not available]		02.2110
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy
[description not available]		02.2110
Spinal Curvatures
Deformities of the SPINE characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. They may be bending forward (KYPHOSIS), backward (LORDOSIS), or sideway (SCOLIOSIS).		02.2110
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		08.1750
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		02.2110
Contracture
Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.		04.3470
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		02.2110
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal
A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		02.2110
Rupture, Spontaneous
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.		02.2110
Asymptomatic Conditions
[description not available]		02.2110
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		03.4270
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		03.4270
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		03.77100
Cardiac Conduction Defect
[description not available]		02.9330
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		04.2260
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		02.7430
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		02.7430
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		04.2260
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.2510
Genetic Diseases
[description not available]		04.1330
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		04.5590
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		07.86161
Sick Sinus Node Syndrome
[description not available]		02.5520
Isolated Non-compaction of the Ventricular Myocardium
[description not available]		02.2510
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		07.86161
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		02.2510
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		07.2510
Genetic Diseases, Inborn
Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.		04.1330
Cytomegalovirus
A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.		02.8330
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling
[description not available]		02.3110
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		02.4920
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		02.4920
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		02.3110
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		02.3110
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		02.3110
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		02.3110
Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome
[description not available]		04.690
Progeria
An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.		04.690
Genome Instability
[description not available]		02.1710
Chromosome Shattering
[description not available]		02.1710
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer
[description not available]		02.5420
Carcinoma, Papillary
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.8130
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		03.4570
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		08.4570
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		04.5990
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.2110
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).		02.2110
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		02.0810
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		03.6330
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		03.6330
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		02.0810
Hyperoxia
An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.		02.0810
Atrial Remodeling
Long-term changes in the electrophysiological parameters and/or anatomical structures of the HEART ATRIA that result from prolonged changes in atrial rate, often associated with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION or long periods of intense EXERCISE.		02.5220
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		04.82120
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		04.82120
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.1110
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.1110
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.1110
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		07.1110
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.4820
Muscle Disorders
[description not available]		02.7130
Muscular Diseases
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.7130
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		02.1110
Protein Folding Diseases
[description not available]		02.1110
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		02.1110
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		02.1110
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		02.1510
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		02.1510
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.1510
Aging, Premature
Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.		03.3620
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		03.6230
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		08.6230
Lipodystrophy
A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.		04.9180
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4620
Thyroid Diseases
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.		02.0510
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies
[description not available]		02.7430
Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle
A heterogenous group of inherited muscular dystrophy that can be autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. There are many forms (called LGMDs) involving genes encoding muscle membrane proteins such as the sarcoglycan (SARCOGLYCANS) complex that interacts with DYSTROPHIN. The disease is characterized by progressing wasting and weakness of the proximal muscles of arms and legs around the HIPS and SHOULDERS (the pelvic and shoulder girdles).		02.7430
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.7230
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked
[description not available]		04.260
Chromosomal Instability
An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.		02.0510
Aneuploid
[description not available]		02.0510
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		02.0510
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		02.0510
Polyploid
[description not available]		02.0510
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		02.0510
Inclusion Body Myopathy, Sporadic
[description not available]		02.7230
Distal Muscular Dystrophies
[description not available]		02.0410
Myositis, Inclusion Body
Progressive myopathies characterized by the presence of inclusion bodies on muscle biopsy. Sporadic and hereditary forms have been described. The sporadic form is an acquired, adult-onset inflammatory vacuolar myopathy affecting proximal and distal muscles. Familial forms usually begin in childhood and lack inflammatory changes. Both forms feature intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions in muscle tissue. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1409-10)		02.7230
Distal Myopathies
A heterogeneous group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive MUSCULAR ATROPHY and MUSCLE WEAKNESS beginning in the hands, the legs, or the feet. Most are adult-onset autosomal dominant forms. Others are autosomal recessive.		02.0410
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		03.1250
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		03.1250
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
[description not available]		02.0610
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
A congenital cardiomyopathy that is characterized by infiltration of adipose and fibrous tissue into the RIGHT VENTRICLE wall and loss of myocardial cells. Primary injuries usually are at the free wall of right ventricular and right atria resulting in ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		02.0610
Dunnigan Syndrome
[description not available]		03.8840
Lipodystrophy, Familial Partial
Inherited conditions characterized by the partial loss of ADIPOSE TISSUE, either confined to the extremities with normal or increased fat deposits on the face, neck and trunk (type 1), or confined to the loss of SUBCUTANEOUS FAT from the limbs and trunk (type 2). Type 3 is associated with mutation in the gene encoding PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA.		03.8840
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.0710
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.0710
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		02.0710
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.0710
Atrophy, Muscular, Peroneal
[description not available]		02.0710
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)		02.0710
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)		02.0710
Diastema
An abnormal opening or fissure between two adjacent teeth.		02.0710
Acro-Osteolysis
A condition with congenital and acquired forms causing recurrent ulcers in the fingers and toes. The congenital form exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance; the acquired form is found in workers who handle VINYL CHLORIDE. When acro-osteolysis is accompanied by generalized OSTEOPOROSIS and skull deformations, it is called HAJDU-CHENEY SYNDROME.		02.0710
Abnormalities, Skin
[description not available]		02.0710
Skin Abnormalities
Congenital structural abnormalities of the skin.		02.0710
Amyotonia Congenita
[description not available]		02.9310
Neuromuscular Diseases
A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		02.9310
Autosomal Dominant Myotubular Myopathy
[description not available]		02.0210
Exertional Heat Illness
[description not available]		02.0210
HIV Lipodystrophy Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0210
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome
Defective metabolism leading to fat maldistribution in patients infected with HIV. The etiology appears to be multifactorial and probably involves some combination of infection-induced alterations in metabolism, direct effects of antiretroviral therapy, and patient-related factors.		02.0210
Diabetes Mellitus, Lipoatrophic
A type of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by severe INSULIN RESISTANCE and LIPODYSTROPHY. The latter may be generalized, partial, acquired, or congenital (LIPODYSTROPHY, CONGENITAL GENERALIZED).		02.4320
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		02.0310
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		02.0310
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.0310
Acanthosis Nigricans
A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder.		02.0310
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		02.0310
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		02.0310
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		02.0310
Chromosome Instability Syndromes
[description not available]		02.0310
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		02.0310
Congenital Myasthenia
[description not available]		02.0310
Myasthenic Syndromes, Congenital
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a congenital defect in neuromuscular transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. This includes presynaptic, synaptic, and postsynaptic disorders (that are not of autoimmune origin). The majority of these diseases are caused by mutations of various subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC) on the postsynaptic surface of the junction. (From Arch Neurol 1999 Feb;56(2):163-7)		02.0310
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders
[description not available]		02.0310
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		02.0310
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		02.0310
Facio-Scapulo-Humeral Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.0310
Rhabdomyosarcoma
A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)		02.0310
Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral
An autosomal dominant degenerative muscle disease characterized by slowly progressive weakness of the muscles of the face, upper-arm, and shoulder girdle. The onset of symptoms usually occurs in the first or second decade of life. Affected individuals usually present with impairment of upper extremity elevation. This tends to be followed by facial weakness, primarily involving the orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi muscles. (Neuromuscul Disord 1997;7(1):55-62; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1420)		02.0310
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.0310
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		07.0310
Infections, Retroviridae
[description not available]		02.0410
Retroviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.		02.0410
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.		01.9910
Chromosome Inversion
An aberration in which a chromosomal segment is deleted and reinserted in the same place but turned 180 degrees from its original orientation, so that the gene sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to that of the rest of the chromosome.		07.6830
Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome
[description not available]		03.3220
Spinal Diseases
Diseases involving the SPINE.		01.9910
Palsy
[description not available]		0210
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		0210
Chromosome Deletion
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.		0210
Myositis, Multiple
[description not available]		0210
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy
[description not available]		0210
Myotonic Dystrophy
Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.		0710
Polymyositis
Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)		0210
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		02.9110
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		02.9210
Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular
A thyroid neoplasm of mixed papillary and follicular arrangement. Its biological behavior and prognosis is the same as that of a papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1271)		0210
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.		0210
Carcinoma, Oat Cell
[description not available]		0210
African Lymphoma
[description not available]		0210
Adrenal Cortex Cancer
[description not available]		0210
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.		0210
Burkitt Lymphoma
A form of undifferentiated malignant LYMPHOMA usually found in central Africa, but also reported in other parts of the world. It is commonly manifested as a large osteolytic lesion in the jaw or as an abdominal mass. B-cell antigens are expressed on the immature cells that make up the tumor in virtually all cases of Burkitt lymphoma. The Epstein-Barr virus (HERPESVIRUS 4, HUMAN) has been isolated from Burkitt lymphoma cases in Africa and it is implicated as the causative agent in these cases; however, most non-African cases are EBV-negative.		0210
Carcinoma, Small Cell
An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)		0210
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.		0210