swertiamarin profile

swertiamarin: seco-iridoid glucoside from Swertia japonica; [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Related Flora

Flora	Rank	Flora Definition	Family	Family Definition
Swertia	genus	A plant genus of the family GENTIANACEAE. It is a source of swertiapuniside and IRIDOID GLYCOSIDES.[MeSH]	Gentianaceae	A plant family of the order Gentianales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida.[MeSH]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	442435
CHEMBL ID	456138
CHEBI ID	9370
SCHEMBL ID	422560
MeSH ID	M0060884

Synonym
MEGXP0_000871
swertiamarine
1h,3h-pyrano(3,4-c)pyran-1-one, 5-ethenyl-6-(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-4a-hydroxy-, (4ar-(4aalpha,5beta,6alpha))-
brn 0055278
1h,3h-pyrano(3,4-c)pyran-1-one, 5-ethenyl-6-(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-4a-hydroxy-, (4ar,5r,6s)-
swertiamarin
17388-39-5
C09800
ACON1_000546
NCGC00168975-01
BRD-K15387485-001-01-1
smr001397340
MLS002473253 ,
(3s,4r,4ar)-4-ethenyl-4a-hydroxy-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyran-8-one
AC1L9CTK ,
CHEMBL456138 ,
chebi:9370 ,
A811580
(3s,4r,4ar)-4a-hydroxy-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-4-vinyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyran-8-one;swertiamarine
iridiod monoterpenoid
HMS2205K13
4-19-00-02723 (beilstein handbook reference)
unii-4038595t7y
4038595t7y ,
S3927
AKOS015965365
swertiamarin [who-dd]
swertiamarin [mi]
swertamarin
1h,3h-pyrano(3,4-c)pyran-1-one, 5-ethenyl-6-(.beta.-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-4a-hydroxy-, (4ar,5r,6s)-
SCHEMBL422560
(3s,4r,4ar)-4a-hydroxy-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydropyran-2-yl]oxy-4-vinyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyran-8-one
Q-100208
surecn422560
DTXSID50169676 ,
mfcd07783984
swertiamarin, analytical standard
AC-8039
swertiamarin, >=95% (lc/ms-elsd)
NCGC00168975-03
F0001-0632
HY-N0807
CS-0009812
(4ar,5r,6s)-4a-hydroxy-6-(((2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2h-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-5-vinyl-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-c]pyran-1(3h)-one
BS-16249
Q27108363
1h,3h-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-1-one, 5-ethenyl-6-(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-4a-hydroxy-, (4ar,5r,6s)-
CCG-268346
dtxcid5092167

Research Excerpts

Overview

Swertiamarin is a secoiridoid glycoside found in Enicostema axillare (Lam) A. It has been reported to cure many diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, arthritis, malaria and abdominal ulcers.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Swertiamarin is a lead, biologically active compound obtained from "	( Synthesis, molecular docking and ADMET prediction of novel swertiamarin analogues for the restoration of type-2 diabetes: an enzyme inhibition assay. Bhat, V; Chauhan, N; Jairaj, V; Jinagal, S; Kumar, S; Niguram, P, 2022)	2.41
"Swertiamarin is a secoiridoid glycoside that has been reported to ameliorate diabetes and NAFLD in animal models."	( Swertiamarin supplementation prevents obesity-related chronic inflammation and insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet. Cai, S; Ding, C; Jin, S; Li, D; Liang, X; Tang, Y; Xu, L; Zhu, Y, 2021)	2.79
"Swertiamarin is a secoiridoid glycoside found in Enicostema axillare (Lam) A."	( Swertiamarin ameliorates inflammation and osteoclastogenesis intermediates in IL-1β induced rat fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Ignacimuthu, S; Islam, VI; Paulraj, MG; Pazhanivel, N; Raghuraman, N; Saravanan, S; Thirugnanasambantham, K, 2014)	2.57
"Swertiamarin is a secoiridoid glycoside that is used as an anti-inflammatory compound, mainly found in Enicostema axillare (Lam) A."	( Swertiamarin attenuates inflammation mediators via modulating NF-κB/I κB and JAK2/STAT3 transcription factors in adjuvant induced arthritis. Babu, NP; Chellappandian, M; Ignacimuthu, S; Islam, VI; Pandikumar, P; Paulraj, MG; Raj, CS; Saravanan, S; Thirugnanasambantham, K, 2014)	2.57
"Swertiamarin is a secoiridoid glycoside found in Enicostema axillare (Lam) A. "	( In vivo and in vitro immunomodulatory potential of swertiamarin isolated from Enicostema axillare (Lam.) A. Raynal that acts as an anti-inflammatory agent. Balakrishna, K; Gabriel Paulraj, M; Hairul Islam, VI; Ignacimuthu, S; Pandikumar, P; Prakash Babu, N; Saravanan, S; Thirugnanasambantham, K, 2014)	2.1
"Swertiamarin, is a secoiridoid glycoside found in genera of Enicostemma Species (Enicostemma littorale and Enicostemma axillare) belonging to the family of gentianaceae, which has been reported to cure many diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, arthritis, malaria and abdominal ulcers. "	( A systematic review of the protective role of swertiamarin in cardiac and metabolic diseases. Leong, XY; Pandey, M; Ramamurthy, S; Thanikachalam, PV, 2016)	2.14

Effects

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Swertiamarin has similar pharmacological actions as 5-HT2 antagonist and 5-HT2C selective agonist."	( Role of 5-HT2 receptors in diabetes: Swertiamarin seco-iridoid glycoside might be a possible 5-HT2 receptor modulator. Deore, VB; Goyal, RK; Patil, CR; Patil, SD; Sonawane, RD; Surana, SJ, 2015)	1.41

Treatment

The treatment with swertiamarin at 100 and 200mg/kg body weight when administered orally for 8 days prior to d-GalN caused a significant restoration of all the altered biochemical parameters. This indicates the potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective nature of swERTiamarin.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The swertiamarin treatment decreased the expression of TRAP, RANKL, and RANK levels and increased the levels of OPG levels significantly in both in vitro and in vivo models."	( Swertiamarin, a natural steroid, prevent bone erosion by modulating RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling. Chellappandian, M; Gabriel Paulraj, M; Hairul-Islam, MI; Ignacimuthu, S; Karikalan, K; Saravanan, S; Simon Durai Raj, C; Thirugnanasambantham, K, 2017)	2.38
"The swertiamarin treatment significantly (P⩽0.05) inhibited the release of NF-κB p65, p-IκBα, p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 signaling proteins levels on both experimental animals and LPS induced cells."	( Swertiamarin attenuates inflammation mediators via modulating NF-κB/I κB and JAK2/STAT3 transcription factors in adjuvant induced arthritis. Babu, NP; Chellappandian, M; Ignacimuthu, S; Islam, VI; Pandikumar, P; Paulraj, MG; Raj, CS; Saravanan, S; Thirugnanasambantham, K, 2014)	2.33
"Swertiamarin treatment had no significant effect on adipogenesis, or the mRNA expression of PPAR-γ and GLUT-4; however, there was a significant increase in the mRNA expression of adiponectin."	( Anti-diabetic activity of swertiamarin is due to an active metabolite, gentianine, that upregulates PPAR-γ gene expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Cheema, SK; Goyal, RK; Vaidya, H, 2013)	1.41
"Treatment with swertiamarin inhibited the levels of p38 MAPKα in a dose-dependent manner and also significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated the release of the same in time dependent mode."	( Swertiamarin ameliorates inflammation and osteoclastogenesis intermediates in IL-1β induced rat fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Ignacimuthu, S; Islam, VI; Paulraj, MG; Pazhanivel, N; Raghuraman, N; Saravanan, S; Thirugnanasambantham, K, 2014)	2.18
"The treatment with swertiamarin at 100 and 200mg/kg body weight when administered orally for 8 days prior to d-GalN caused a significant restoration of all the altered biochemical parameters due to d-GalN towards the normal, indicating the potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective nature of swertiamarin."	( Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of swertiamarin from Enicostemma axillare against D-galactosamine induced acute liver damage in rats. Badami, S; Jaishree, V, 2010)	0.94

Pharmacokinetics

The data indicate that oleanolic acid and the other ingredients present in QYDT could affect the pharmacokinetic behaviour of swertiamarin in rats. The method was successfully applied in a pharmacokinetics study after intravenous and oral administration to rats.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The quantitation method was successfully applied to generate pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of markers as well as to detect other components in plasma after intravenous dose administration of herbal preparation in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats."	( Simultaneous estimation of mangiferin and four secoiridoid glycosides in rat plasma using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic study of herbal preparation. Asthana, RK; Gupta, RC; Suryawanshi, S, 2007)	0.34
" This method was successfully applied to determination of the pharmacokinetic properties of swertiamarin in rats after oral administration at a dose of 20 mg/kg."	( Development and validation of a LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the determination of swertiamarin in rat plasma and its application in pharmacokinetics. Feng, EF; He, JC; Li, HL; Peng, XJ; Rao, GX; Xu, GL, 2011)	0.82
" The method was successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic study of swertiamarin after intravenous and oral administration to rats."	( Determination of the plasma pharmacokinetic and tissue distributions of swertiamarin in rats by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Bai, M; Feng, EF; He, JC; Li, HL; Rao, GX; Song, QY; Xu, GL, 2012)	0.85
"The results showed that the pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, AUC0-∞, Vz/F and CLz/F were significantly different (P<0."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of swertiamarin in rats after oral administration of swertiamarin alone, Qing Ye Dan tablets and co-administration of swertiamarin and oleanolic acid. Feng, EF; He, JC; Li, HL; Liu, CX; Liu, YQ; Shi, PP; Xu, GL, 2013)	0.67
"The data indicate that oleanolic acid and the other ingredients present in QYDT could affect the pharmacokinetic behaviour of swertiamarin in rats."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of swertiamarin in rats after oral administration of swertiamarin alone, Qing Ye Dan tablets and co-administration of swertiamarin and oleanolic acid. Feng, EF; He, JC; Li, HL; Liu, CX; Liu, YQ; Shi, PP; Xu, GL, 2013)	0.88
" The method was fully validated and applied to a pharmacokinetic study involving oral administration of a Radix Gentianae extract to groups of male and female rats."	( A rapid and sensitive UFLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of gentiopicroside and swertiamarin in rat plasma and its application in pharmacokinetics. Fawcett, JP; Feng, B; Gu, J; Guan, J; Liu, W; Yin, L; Zhao, L; Zhu, H, 2014)	0.62
"There were remarkable differences in pharmacokinetic properties of gentiopicroside and swertiamarin between male and female rats."	( A rapid and sensitive UFLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of gentiopicroside and swertiamarin in rat plasma and its application in pharmacokinetics. Fawcett, JP; Feng, B; Gu, J; Guan, J; Liu, W; Yin, L; Zhao, L; Zhu, H, 2014)	0.84
" The pharmacokinetic data demonstrated that the area under concentration-time curve (AUC) values of gentiopicroside, geniposide, baicalin, and swertiamarin were 1417 ± 83."	( Determination and pharmacokinetic study of gentiopicroside, geniposide, baicalin, and swertiamarin in Chinese herbal formulae after oral administration in rats by LC-MS/MS. Lin, LC; Lu, CM; Tsai, TH, 2014)	0.83
" The aim was to conduct pharmacokinetic studies of swertiamarin in vivo of rats."	( Pharmacokinetics and metabolic profiles of swertiamarin in rats by liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Han, H; Shi, M; Xiong, K; Zhang, T, 2020)	1.07

Bioavailability

Swertiamarin showed rapid absorption and elimination, and its absolute bioavailability was low at 10. The half-time of swertiamarin was 1 h, while the oral bio availability was between 5 and 10.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The pharmacokinetics of swertiamarin showed rapid absorption and elimination, and its absolute bioavailability was low at 10."	( Determination of the plasma pharmacokinetic and tissue distributions of swertiamarin in rats by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Bai, M; Feng, EF; He, JC; Li, HL; Rao, GX; Song, QY; Xu, GL, 2012)	0.91
"Results showed that in female rats, both compounds were absorbed to a greater extent and eliminated more slowly than in male rats, although the rate of absorption was similar in the two groups."	( A rapid and sensitive UFLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of gentiopicroside and swertiamarin in rat plasma and its application in pharmacokinetics. Fawcett, JP; Feng, B; Gu, J; Guan, J; Liu, W; Yin, L; Zhao, L; Zhu, H, 2014)	0.62
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51

Dosage Studied

In jejunum the constant of absorption rate (Ka) of gentiopicroside and swertiamarin increased with the raised dosage of Gentianae Radix et Rhizoma (P < 0.0). oral administration of swertiumarin at a dosage of 15, 25, 50 mg/kg bw for 28 days resulted in a significant (p < 0.0) increase in absorption rate.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The results will provide helpful information for the development of suitable dosage forms and clinical references on rational administration."	( A rapid and sensitive UFLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of gentiopicroside and swertiamarin in rat plasma and its application in pharmacokinetics. Fawcett, JP; Feng, B; Gu, J; Guan, J; Liu, W; Yin, L; Zhao, L; Zhu, H, 2014)	0.62
" The pharmacokinetic profiles provide constructive information for the dosage regimen of herbal medicine and also contribute to elucidate the absorption mechanism in herbal applications and pharmacological experiments."	( Determination and pharmacokinetic study of gentiopicroside, geniposide, baicalin, and swertiamarin in Chinese herbal formulae after oral administration in rats by LC-MS/MS. Lin, LC; Lu, CM; Tsai, TH, 2014)	0.63
"Our study results showed that oral administration of swertiamarin at a dosage of 15, 25, 50 mg/kg bw for 28 days resulted in a significant (p < 0."	( Immunohistochemistry, histopathology, and biomarker studies of swertiamarin, a secoiridoid glycoside, prevents and protects streptozotocin-induced β-cell damage in Wistar rat pancreas. Dhanavathy, G, 2015)	0.91

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Class	Description
glycoside	A glycosyl compound resulting from the attachment of a glycosyl group to a non-acyl group RO-, RS-, RSe-, etc. The bond between the glycosyl group and the non-acyl group is called a glycosidic bond. By extension, the terms N-glycosides and C-glycosides are used as class names for glycosylamines and for compounds having a glycosyl group attached to a hydrocarbyl group respectively. These terms are misnomers and should not be used. The preferred terms are glycosylamines and C-glycosyl compounds, respectively.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
geminin	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	23.1093	0.0046	11.3741	33.4983	AID624297
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347160	Primary screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347159	Primary screen GU Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504810	Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID504812	Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID390344	Antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum W2 by FACS	2008	Journal of natural products, Dec, Volume: 71, Issue:12	Fagraldehyde, a secoiridoid isolated from Fagraea fragrans.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	9 (6.72)	18.7374
1990's	2 (1.49)	18.2507
2000's	19 (14.18)	29.6817
2010's	67 (50.00)	24.3611
2020's	37 (27.61)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	5 (3.70%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	130 (96.30%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.05	1	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
choline [no description available]	2.1	1	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.25	1	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.05	1	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	2.05	1	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	2.31	1	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.11	1	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.05	1	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.07	1	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
phenytoin [no description available]	1.95	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	2.05	1	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	1.95	1	primary amine
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	2.05	1	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	2.11	1	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	1.95	1	barbiturates
itopride [no description available]	2.06	1	benzamides
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	2.6	1	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	7.15	1	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	7.8	3	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	2.31	1	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	2.1	1	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.36	2	xanthene
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	2.05	1	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
oleanolic acid [no description available]	8.15	5	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	2.84	3	dialdehyde	biomarker
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.	2.41	1	isothiocyanate	insecticide
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	7.05	1	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.07	1	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	2.05	1	benzenes; phenyl acetates
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	5.9	32	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
baicalin [no description available]	7.1	1	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
isocoumarins Isocoumarins: Compounds that differ from COUMARINS in having the positions of the ring and ketone oxygens reversed so the keto oxygen is at the 1-position of the molecule.. isocoumarin : The simplest member of the class of isocoumarins that is 1H-isochromene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1.	2.77	3	isocoumarins
gentiopicroside gentiopicroside: a secoiridoid in Gentiana with rearrangement to two pyran rings	6.1	37	glycoside
loganic acid loganic acid: structure. loganic acid : A cyclopentapyran that is 1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic acid substituted at positions 1, 6 and 7 by beta-D-glucosyloxy, hydroxy and methyl groups respectively	3.73	9	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclopentapyran; glucoside	plant metabolite
geniposide [no description available]	7.51	2	terpene glycoside
homoorientin homoorientin: isolated from Swertia japonica; structure given in first source	2.96	4	flavone C-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; radical scavenger
amarogentin amarogentin: secoiridoid glycoside. amarogentin : A secoiridoid glycoside that consists of (4aS,5R,6R)-5-ethenyl-6-hydroxy-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-1H,3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-1-one having a 2-O-[(3,3',5-trihydroxybiphenyl-2-yl)carbonyl]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl group attached at position 6 via a glycosidic linkage.	3.36	6	monosaccharide derivative; secoiridoid glycoside	EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; metabolite
swertisin swertisin: from Wilbrandia ebracteata; structure in first source. swertisin : A flavone C-glycoside that is 7-O-methylapigenin in which the hydrogen at position 6 has been replaced by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.	2.79	3	dihydroxyflavone; flavone C-glycoside; monomethoxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; polyphenol	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
sweroside [no description available]	4.64	25	glycoside
isovitexin [no description available]	2.04	1	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	7.13	1	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	2.06	1
kutkoside kutkoside: structure in first source	2.03	1
erythrocentaurin erythrocentaurin: isolated from Centaurium umbellatum Gilib, Enicostemma hyssopifolium & Swertia lawii; structure	7.77	3
lupeol [no description available]	7.15	1	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
gentianine gentianine: from Gentiana macrophylla	7.48	2	lactone; pyranopyridine; pyridine alkaloid
genipin [no description available]	2.11	1	iridoid monoterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	2.07	1	tripeptide
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.07	1	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	7.13	1	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	6.39	51
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2.13	1	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
glycosides [no description available]	4.87	11
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.66	2	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.08	1
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	2.48	2
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine: structure. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine : A C-nitro compound that is phenylhydrazine substituted at the 2- and 4-positions by nitro groups.	2.11	1	C-nitro compound; phenylhydrazines	reagent
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	2.15	1	long-chain fatty acid
quercetin [no description available]	7.25	1	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	2.49	2	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.1	1	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	3	4	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	3.27	6	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
isogentisin isogentisin: found in plants such as Guttiferae & Gentianaceae.; structure. isogentisin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 3 and a methoxy group at position 7.	2.11	1	aromatic ether; polyphenol; xanthones	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
mangiferin shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source	3.54	8	C-glycosyl compound; xanthones	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
1,8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone 1,8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone: isolated from Gentianopsis paludosa. 2-O-methylswertianin : A member of the class of xanthones that is swertianin in which the hydroxy group at position 2 has been replaced by a methoxy group.	2.02	1	aromatic ether; polyphenol; xanthones	plant metabolite
norswertianolin norswertianolin: RN given refers to beta-D-isomer; from Swertia randaiensis; shows depressant acitivity on cental nervous system. norswertianolin : A beta-D-glucoside that is bellidin in which a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue is attached at position O-8. A natural product found particularly in Gentiana campestris and Gentiana germanica.	2.05	1	beta-D-glucoside; xanthones	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
swerchirin swerchirin: from Swertia tetrapetala Pall; structure given in first source. swerchirin : A member of the class of xanthones that is the 5-O-methyl derivative of bellidifolin. Isolated from Centaurium erythraea and Swertia chirayita, it exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.38	2	aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones	hypoglycemic agent; metabolite
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	1.95	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
1-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethoxyxanthene 1-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethoxyxanthene: from Swertia tetrapetala Pall; structure given in first source	1.96	1
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.13	1	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.31	1
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	2.15	1
lyoniside lyoniside: see also eleutherosides & syringin for eleutheroside B: 118-34-3; RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer	2.48	2
argpyrimidine argpyrimidine: structure given in first source. argpyrimidine : A member of the class of hydroxypyrimidines obtained by cyclocondensation of L-arginine and methylglyoxal; a methyl glyoxal-derived advanced glycation end-product (AGE) in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy and human cancers.	2.31	1	hydroxypyrimidine; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	epitope
chitosan [no description available]	2.25	1
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	2.05	1
gibberellins [no description available]	2.6	1
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2.21	1	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	3.59	7
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	3.59	7
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	3.97	4
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.25	1
Enteric Fever [description not available]	2.9	2
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	2.9	2
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	2.41	1
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	7.41	1
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	2.6	1
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	7.6	1
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	3.3	5
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	8.3	5
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	2.98	3
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	2.6	1
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	2.6	1
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	3.19	2
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	3.14	1
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	8.19	2
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	2.61	2
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	7.63	2
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	2.61	2
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.21	1
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	7.21	1
Absence Seizure [description not available]	2.59	2
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	7.59	2
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	2.25	1
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	2.25	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.25	1
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	3.35	6
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	4.01	4
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	2.25	1
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	2.51	2
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	4.01	4
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	7.25	1
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	2.51	2
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	7.25	1
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	2.25	1
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.25	1
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	2.25	1
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.31	1
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	2.31	1
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	7.85	3
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	2.85	3
Tetraploid [description not available]	2.31	1
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.82	3
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	2.82	3
Chronic Illness [description not available]	2.31	1
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.31	1
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	2.8	3
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	2.15	1
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	3.09	1
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	3.09	1
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.21	1
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	2.21	1
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	2.21	1
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	2.21	1
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	2.21	1
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	7.21	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.49	2
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	3.03	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	3.03	1
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	2.13	1
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	2.13	1
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	2.13	1
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	2.13	1
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	3.04	1
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	3.04	1
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	8.04	1
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	2.15	1
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	7.15	1
Anasarca [description not available]	2.05	1
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	7.05	1
Ache [description not available]	2.05	1
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	2.05	1
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	2.05	1
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	2.05	1
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	2.05	1
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.05	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	2.05	1
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	2.05	1
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	2.05	1
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	2.07	1
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	2.07	1

swertiamarin

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (49)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (1)

Potency Measurements

Bioassays (22)

Research

Studies (134)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 38.32

Study Types

swertiamarin

Description

Related Flora

Cross-References

Synonyms (49)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (1)

Potency Measurements

Bioassays (22)

Research

Studies (134)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 38.32

Study Types

Related Drugs (79)

Related Conditions (84)