Target type: biologicalprocess
The directed movement of proline, pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. [GOC:ai]
Proline transport is a crucial biological process that enables cells to acquire proline, an essential amino acid required for various cellular functions. Proline plays a vital role in protein synthesis, collagen formation, and cell signaling. The transport process involves specialized membrane proteins called proline transporters, which facilitate the movement of proline across cell membranes.
There are two main types of proline transport systems:
1. **Active transport:** This mechanism utilizes energy to move proline against its concentration gradient, from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration. Active transport systems typically involve specialized membrane proteins that bind proline and use energy from ATP hydrolysis to drive its translocation across the membrane.
2. **Passive transport:** This mechanism does not require energy and relies on the concentration gradient of proline. Proline moves from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, following the principles of diffusion. This type of transport is often facilitated by membrane proteins that act as channels or carriers, increasing the rate of proline movement.
**Specific examples of proline transporters include:**
* **Proline permease (PutP):** This transporter is found in bacteria and is responsible for the uptake of proline. PutP is a secondary active transporter that uses the proton motive force to drive proline transport.
* **SLC6A20:** This transporter is found in humans and other mammals. It is responsible for the uptake of proline into the brain and other tissues. SLC6A20 is a sodium-dependent transporter that utilizes the electrochemical gradient of sodium ions to drive proline transport.
**The importance of proline transport:**
Proline transport is essential for:
* **Protein synthesis:** Proline is an essential amino acid, meaning that it cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet. Proline transport ensures that cells have a sufficient supply of proline for protein synthesis.
* **Collagen formation:** Proline is a major component of collagen, a structural protein found in connective tissues. Proline transport is necessary for the production and maintenance of collagen, which provides structural support to cells and tissues.
* **Cell signaling:** Proline can act as a signaling molecule, regulating various cellular processes. Proline transport ensures that cells can acquire and respond to proline-mediated signals.
**Regulation of proline transport:**
Proline transport is tightly regulated to ensure that cells maintain the optimal concentration of proline. This regulation can occur at the level of transporter expression, activity, and localization. For example, the expression of proline transporters can be induced by the presence of proline or other nutrients. The activity of proline transporters can be regulated by factors such as pH, temperature, and the presence of inhibitors. The localization of proline transporters can also be regulated, ensuring that they are targeted to the appropriate cellular compartments.
In conclusion, proline transport is a complex and essential biological process that ensures the proper uptake and utilization of proline, an essential amino acid, by cells. The process involves specialized membrane proteins that utilize various mechanisms to facilitate proline movement across cell membranes, playing a crucial role in protein synthesis, collagen formation, and cell signaling.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT2 | A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter B(0)AT2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9H2J7] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 | A proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q7Z2H8] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1 | A large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q01650] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Neutral amino acid transporter A | A neutral amino acid transporter A that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P43007] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| gamma-aminobutyric acid | gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. | amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid | human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule |
| beta-alanine | amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid | agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter | |
| betaine | glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine. | amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative | fundamental metabolite |
| aminocaproic acid | 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator. Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties. | amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid | antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite |
| creatine | glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical | |
| glycine | alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid | EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical | |
| glycocyamine | glycocyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure guanidinoacetate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of guanidinoacetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group. guanidinoacetic acid : The N-amidino derivative of glycine. | guanidinoacetic acids; zwitterion | bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite |
| picolinic acid | picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan. picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206 | pyridinemonocarboxylic acid | human metabolite; MALDI matrix material |
| sarcosine | cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis | N-alkylglycine; N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines | Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| taurine | amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion | antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite | |
| tramiprosate | 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the 3-amino derivative of propanesulfonic acid. tramiprosate: GABA receptor agonist and a glycosaminoglycan mimetic; has nootropic acitivity; structure; a sulfonate analog of GABA | amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion | algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; GABA agonist; nootropic agent |
| isoguvacine | isoguvacine: A GABA agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | tetrahydropyridine | |
| 4-piperidinecarboxylic acid | 4-piperidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source | ||
| loratadine | loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders. Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness. | benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide | anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist |
| hydroxyproline | hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group. Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. | 4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite |
| cysteine | cysteine; cysteine zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid | EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flour treatment agent; human metabolite | |
| alanine | alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2. Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. | alanine; alanine zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid | EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite |
| serine | serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids. | L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| glutamine | glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4. Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration. | amino acid zwitterion; glutamine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| levodopa | L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system. | amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug |
| tyrosine | tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring. Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin. | amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine | EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical |
| leucine | leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group. Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. | amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 2-aminoisobutyric acid | 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays. 2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd | 2,2-dialkylglycine; 2,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion | |
| methionine | methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4. Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions. | aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine; methionine zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| phenylalanine | L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group. Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE. | amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| cycloserine | Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis). | 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion | antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist |
| asparagine | asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group. Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed) | amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| histidine | histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine. | amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| valine | L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group. Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. | L-alpha-amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| tryptophan | tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3. Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals. | erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan; tryptophan zwitterion | antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| isoleucine | isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration. Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine. | aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 3-aminobenzoic acid | 3-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid carrying an amino group at position 3. 3-aminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd | aminobenzoic acid | |
| piperidine | azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine | base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent | |
| D-proline | D-alpha-amino acid; D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; proline | mouse metabolite | |
| D-tryptophan | D-alpha-amino acid; tryptophan; tryptophan zwitterion | bacterial metabolite | |
| 4-hydroxybutyric acid | 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group. 4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98) | 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid | general anaesthetic; GHB receptor agonist; neurotoxin; sedative |
| thiazolidines | Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES. | thiazolidine | |
| azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid | (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position. azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae | azetidine-2-carboxylic acid | |
| pyrrolidine | azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent | ||
| 4-hydroxyphenylglycine, (s)-isomer | L-4-hydroxyphenylglycine : The L-enantiomer of 4-hydroxyphenylglycine. | 4-hydroxyphenylglycine | |
| sch 37370 | N-acetyldesloratadine: dual antagonist of platelet-activating factor and histamine | ||
| norvaline | L-2-aminopentanoic acid : A 2-aminopentanoic acid that has S-configuration. norvaline: differs from valine in being 1 carbon longer instead of branched; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure | 2-aminopentanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion | bacterial metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent |
| guanidinopropionic acid | 3-guanidinopropanoic acid : A guanidine compound bearing an N-(2-carboxyethyl) substituent. It is a creatine analogue that has been found to decreases plasma glucose levels guanidinopropionic acid: alters creatine metabolism; structure | guanidines; zwitterion | hypoglycemic agent |
| D-serine | D-alpha-amino acid; serine; serine zwitterion | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist | |
| D-alanine | alanine; alanine zwitterion; D-alpha-amino acid | EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite | |
| copper histidine | D-alpha-amino acid; histidine; polar amino acid zwitterion | Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite | |
| D-tyrosine | D-alpha-amino acid; D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; tyrosine | Escherichia coli metabolite | |
| D-valine | D-valine : The D-enantiomer of valine. | D-alpha-amino acid; D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; valine | |
| phenylalanine | D-alpha-amino acid; D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; phenylalanine | ||
| 2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid | alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is isobutyric acid in which the alpha-hydrogen has been replaced by a methylamino group. | alanine derivative; alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound | human urinary metabolite |
| gamma-glutamine-4-nitroanilide | gamma-glutamine-4-nitroanilide: substrate for glutaminase B.; RN given refers to (L)-isomer | ||
| 1-methylhistidine | 1-methylhistidine : A methylhistidine in which the methyl group is located at N-1. 1-methylhistidine: found in muscle proteins; RN given refers to (L)-isomer N(tele)-methyl-L-histidine : A L-histidine derivative in which the methyl group is at N(tele)-position. | L-histidine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; zwitterion | human metabolite |
| thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, (r)-isomer | l-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source L-thioproline : An optically active version of thioproline having L-configuration. thioproline : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is proline in which the methylene group at position 4 is replaced by a sulfur atom. | thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid; thioproline | geroprotector; metabolite |
| 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid | 2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid: amino acid analog; releases insulin; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation | monoterpenoid | |
| desloratadine | desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness. desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine | benzocycloheptapyridine | anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist |
| rupatadine | rupatadine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to trihydrochloride | benzocycloheptapyridine | |
| proline | proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2. Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. | amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| D-leucine | D-alpha-amino acid; D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; leucine | bacterial metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite | |
| L-cycloserine | L-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has S configuration. An antibiotic isolated from Erwinia uredovora. | 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one | anti-HIV agent; anticonvulsant; EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor |
| prolinol | prolinol : An amino alcohol formed by reduction of the amino acid proline. prolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure | ||
| n-methylalanine | methyl-L-alanine : Any alanine derivative that is L-alanine having one or more methyl groups attached to the amino group. N-methyl-L-alanine : A methyl-L-alanine in which one of the the amino hydrogen of L-alanine is replaced by a methyl group. N-methylalanine: RN given refers to parent cpd(DL-Ala)-isomer | amino acid zwitterion; methyl-L-alanine | |
| 3-tyrosine | 3-tyrosine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation L-m-tyrosine : A hydroxyphenylalanine that is L-phenylalanine with a substituent hydroxy group at position 3. | hydroxyphenylalanine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; phenols | plant metabolite |