3-n-butylphthalide profile

3-n-butylphthalide is a synthetic compound that has been studied for its potential therapeutic effects. It exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, making it a promising candidate for treating conditions such as pain, inflammation, and arthritis. Its synthesis involves a multi-step process, typically starting with phthalic anhydride and n-butanol. Research focuses on its pharmacological properties, its mechanism of action, and its potential as a drug candidate.'

3-n-butylphthalide: isolated from phenolic part of Ligusticum wallichii Franch; structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Related Flora

Flora	Rank	Flora Definition	Family	Family Definition
Ligusticum	genus	A plant genus of the family APIACEAE.[MeSH]	Apiaceae	A large plant family in the order Apiales, also known as Umbelliferae. Most are aromatic herbs with alternate, feather-divided leaves that are sheathed at the base. The flowers often form a conspicuous flat-topped umbel. Each small individual flower is usually bisexual, with five sepals, five petals, and an enlarged disk at the base of the style. The fruits are ridged and are composed of two parts that split open at maturity.[MeSH]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	61361
CHEMBL ID	248594
CHEBI ID	177504
SCHEMBL ID	716879
MeSH ID	M0088431

Synonym
CHEBI:177504
3-butyl-3h-2-benzouran-1-one
butylphthalide
3-butylphthalide
3-n-butylphthalide
3-butyl-1(3h)-isobenzofuranone
n-butylphthalide
1(3h)-isobenzofuranone, 3-butyl-
ccris 7107
einecs 228-000-8
fema no. 3334
phthalide, 3-butyl-
6066-49-5
rac-3-n-butylphthalide
CHEMBL248594
3-butyl-3h-2-benzofuran-1-one
AKOS005362658
C17854
dl-3-n-butylphthalide
S9263
822q956kgm ,
unii-822q956kgm
butylphthalide [inn]
3-butyl-3h-isobenzofuran-1-one
3-n-butylphthalide [fhfi]
(+/-)-3-butylphthalide
butylphthalide [who-dd]
dl-nbp
(+/-)-butylphthalide
SCHEMBL716879
CS-3609
3-butylisobenzofuran-1(3h)-one
AC-35096
3-n-butylphathlide
HY-B0647
FT-0698673
(s)-3-butyl-1(3h)-isobenzofuranone
3-butyl-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-one
mfcd01704513
3-n-butylphthalide, >=98% (hplc)
DB12749
DTXSID50863687
Q5003180
dibutyl2,2-thiobisacetate
3-butylphthalide pound>>3-n-butylphthalide
BCP30933
HMS3886B22
CCG-266504
3-n-butylphthalide;3-butylphthalide
AS-56990
3-butyl-2-benzofuran-1(3h)-one
A868915
SY231947
butilftalida
butylphthalidum

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Adverse events were elevation of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (P > ."	( The efficacy and safety of Dl-3n-butylphthalide on progressive cerebral infarction: A randomized controlled STROBE study. Feng, S; Gu, F; Hu, L; Mao, S; Zang, Y; Zhang, C; Zhao, S, 2017)	0.46
" The primary safety outcome is the percentage of serious adverse events during the 90 days of treatment."	( Efficacy and safety of butylphthalide for patients who had acute ischaemic stroke receiving intravenous thrombolysis or endovascular treatment (BAST trial): study protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Huo, X; Jia, B; Miao, Z; Tian, X; Wang, A; Wang, Y; Zhang, JY; Zhang, X; Zuo, Y, 2021)	0.62
" Many randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trials suggest that NBP is a safe and effective treatment for ischemic stroke."	( Efficacy and safety of butylphthalide in secondary prevention of stroke: study protocol for a multicenter, real world trial based on Internet. Lv, J; Xie, Z; Zhao, D; Zhao, G, 2022)	0.72
"), and adverse events of patients in groups."	( Efficacy and safety of butylphthalide in secondary prevention of stroke: study protocol for a multicenter, real world trial based on Internet. Lv, J; Xie, Z; Zhao, D; Zhao, G, 2022)	0.72
" There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events between both groups."	( Efficacy and safety of 3-n-butylphthalide for the treatment of cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chi, X; Han, C; Hu, J; Huang, J; Kou, L; Li, Y; Sun, Y; Wan, F; Wang, T; Wu, J; Xia, Y; Yin, S; Zhou, Q; Zou, W, 2022)	1.03
"The NBP is effective and safe in improving cognitive impairment; however, more high-quality RCTs are needed to confirm these findings."	( Efficacy and safety of 3-n-butylphthalide for the treatment of cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chi, X; Han, C; Hu, J; Huang, J; Kou, L; Li, Y; Sun, Y; Wan, F; Wang, T; Wu, J; Xia, Y; Yin, S; Zhou, Q; Zou, W, 2022)	1.03
" The safety was monitored by recording adverse events."	( Efficacy and Safety of Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide Combined With Human Urinary Kallidinogenase in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Lei, J; Li, G; Li, H; Mo, Z; Wang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhou, F, )	0.43
" No serious adverse events occurred in both the combined therapy and monotherapy."	( Efficacy and Safety of Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide Combined With Human Urinary Kallidinogenase in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Lei, J; Li, G; Li, H; Mo, Z; Wang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhou, F, )	0.43
"Dl-3-n-butylphthalide combined with HUK is safe to treat AIS patients."	( Efficacy and Safety of Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide Combined With Human Urinary Kallidinogenase in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Lei, J; Li, G; Li, H; Mo, Z; Wang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhou, F, )	1.05
" Serious adverse events within 90 days occurred in 61 patients (10."	( Efficacy and Safety of Butylphthalide in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Cai, Y; Cao, X; Chen, H; Chen, J; Chen, Y; Deng, J; Deng, W; Gao, L; Gui, L; Guo, Z; Han, Y; He, L; Huo, X; Jia, B; Jing, P; Li, C; Li, T; Li, X; Liu, Y; Miao, Z; Peng, Z; Shao, H; Shi, W; Song, C; Sun, H; Sun, Z; Wang, A; Wang, F; Wang, Y; Yang, H; Yang, J; Yang, Y; Yuan, H; Zhang, H; Zhang, P; Zhang, X; Zhao, H; Zhou, Z, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Finally, the method was successfully used to support a preclinical pharmacokinetic study of 3-n-butylphthalide in rats following intravenous administration."	( High-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of 3-n-butylphthalide in rat plasma by tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Chen, D; Chen, F; He, Z; Liu, X; Niu, Z; Sun, J; Wang, Y, 2008)	0.8
" The pharmacokinetic profiles in both rats and dogs brought useful information in the pharmacokinetics prediction in human."	( Pharmacokinetics in Sprague-Dawley rats and Beagle dogs and in vitro metabolism of ZJM-289, a novel nitric dioxide donor. Chen, X; Ji, H; Li, N; Li, T; Lu, Y; Qiu, Z; Wang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, D, 2014)	0.4

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Here we analyzed the clinical outcomes of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients treated with human urinary kallidinogenase (HUK) or edaravone (Eda) combined with butylphthalide (NBP)."	( Human urinary kallidinogenase or edaravone combined with butylphthalide in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Jiang, M; Lu, S; Lyu, Y; Nie, T; Qian, Y; Tang, B, 2019)	0.51
"Human urinary kallidinogenase combined with NBP can enhance AIS patients' long-term independency rate, and the effectiveness of HUK combined therapy is better than Eda."	( Human urinary kallidinogenase or edaravone combined with butylphthalide in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Jiang, M; Lu, S; Lyu, Y; Nie, T; Qian, Y; Tang, B, 2019)	0.51
"To determinate the clinical effect of butyphthalide combined with idebenone in the treatment of vascular dementia (VD) and the influence on inflammatory cytokines and vascular endothelial functions."	( Effects of Butyphthalide Combined with Idebenone on Inflammatory Cytokines and Vascular Endothelial Functions of Patients with Vascular Dementia. Gao, TC; Hu, Y; Kang, LJ; Li, P; Qi, FX; Zhang, X, 2020)	0.56
" Idebenone was given to the control group, and butyphthalide combined with idebenone was given to the observation group for 12 weeks."	( Effects of Butyphthalide Combined with Idebenone on Inflammatory Cytokines and Vascular Endothelial Functions of Patients with Vascular Dementia. Gao, TC; Hu, Y; Kang, LJ; Li, P; Qi, FX; Zhang, X, 2020)	0.56
"Butyphthalide combined with idebenone can effectively reduce serum inflammatory factor level of VD patients, regulate vascular endothelial functions, relieve dementia degree, and improve cognitive function and daily activity ability."	( Effects of Butyphthalide Combined with Idebenone on Inflammatory Cytokines and Vascular Endothelial Functions of Patients with Vascular Dementia. Gao, TC; Hu, Y; Kang, LJ; Li, P; Qi, FX; Zhang, X, 2020)	0.56
" This study was performed to assess the efficacy of N-butylphthalide (NBP) and dexamethasone (DXM) combined with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) in patients with DEACMP."	( The Efficacy of N-Butylphthalide and Dexamethasone Combined with Hyperbaric Oxygen on Delayed Encephalopathy After Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Chen, Y; Guo, Y; Li, G; Li, W; Zhang, J, 2020)	0.56
"These results indicated that NBP and DXM combined with HBO for the treatment of DEACMP can significantly improve the cognitive and motor functions of patients and is very safe."	( The Efficacy of N-Butylphthalide and Dexamethasone Combined with Hyperbaric Oxygen on Delayed Encephalopathy After Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Chen, Y; Guo, Y; Li, G; Li, W; Zhang, J, 2020)	0.56
"This experiment was aimed to investigate the effect of Dengzhan Shengmai capsule combined with butylphthalide soft capsule on oxidative stress indexes and serum homocysteine (Hcy) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in patients with vascular dementia (VD)."	( Effects of Dengzhan Shengmai Capsule combined with butylphthalide soft capsule on oxidative stress indexes and serum Hcy and CRP levels in patients with vascular dementia. Ma, Y; Sun, W, 2020)	0.56
"For investigating an influence on butylphthalide sodium chloride injection combined with edaravone dexborneol on neurological function and serum inflammatory factor levels in sufferers having acute ischemic stroke, 120 sufferers having acute ischemic stroke from September 2020 to September 2021 are chosen for the study subjects."	( Effects of Butylphthalide Sodium Chloride Injection Combined with Edaravone Dexborneol on Neurological Function and Serum Inflammatory Factor Levels in Sufferers Having Acute Ischemic Stroke. Li, K; Lu, X; Yao, S; Zhang, Q, 2022)	0.72
" This study aimed to evaluate whether NBP combined with endovascular treatment (EVT) can improve the clinical outcome and safety in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to large vessel occlusion (LVO)."	( Efficacy and safety of 3-n-butylphthalide combined with endovascular treatment in acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion. Gong, Z; Hu, J; Huang, J; Li, F; Li, L; Liu, S; Luo, W; Song, J; Xie, D; Yang, J; Yang, Q; Yue, C; Zhao, C; Zi, W, 2022)	1.03
"Among patients with AIS due to LVO, NBP combined with EVT is associated with better functional outcomes and reduced mortality risk without increasing the risk of sICH."	( Efficacy and safety of 3-n-butylphthalide combined with endovascular treatment in acute ischemic stroke due to large vessel occlusion. Gong, Z; Hu, J; Huang, J; Li, F; Li, L; Liu, S; Luo, W; Song, J; Xie, D; Yang, J; Yang, Q; Yue, C; Zhao, C; Zi, W, 2022)	1.03
"This study observed the effects of edaravone combined with Dl-3-N-butylphthalide (NBP) on the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and its therapeutic effect in patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI)."	( The effect of edaravone combined with DL-3-N-butylphthalide on the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-10, neuron-specific enolase and effect in patients with acute cerebral infarction. Shen, QQ; Tong, XW; Wang, W; Wu, H, 2022)	1.23
"The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of alteplase intravenous thrombolysis combined with butylphthalide in patients with severe cerebral infarction."	( Effectiveness of alteplase intravenous thrombolysis combined with butylphthalide in patients with acute severe cerebral infarction. Che, J; Wang, Z, 2022)	0.72
", alteplase intravenous thrombolysis treatment group and alteplase intravenous thrombolysis combined with butylphthalide treatment group."	( Effectiveness of alteplase intravenous thrombolysis combined with butylphthalide in patients with acute severe cerebral infarction. Che, J; Wang, Z, 2022)	0.72
"The therapeutic effect and quality of life in the alteplase intravenous thrombolysis combined with the butylphthalide group were better compared with patients in the alteplase intravenous thrombolysis group."	( Effectiveness of alteplase intravenous thrombolysis combined with butylphthalide in patients with acute severe cerebral infarction. Che, J; Wang, Z, 2022)	0.72
"Alteplase intravenous thrombolysis combined with butylphthalide in the treatment of severe cerebral infarction is safe, and may significantly improve patient's neurological function and quality of life without adverse reactions."	( Effectiveness of alteplase intravenous thrombolysis combined with butylphthalide in patients with acute severe cerebral infarction. Che, J; Wang, Z, 2022)	0.72
" This research aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of NBP combined with HUK in the treatment of ischemic stroke patients."	( Efficacy and Safety of Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide Combined With Human Urinary Kallidinogenase in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Lei, J; Li, G; Li, H; Mo, Z; Wang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhou, F, )	0.43
" Among them, 65 patients received NBP sodium chloride injection treatment, 55 patients received HUK treatment, and 95 patients received NBP sodium chloride injection combined with HUK treatment."	( Efficacy and Safety of Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide Combined With Human Urinary Kallidinogenase in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Lei, J; Li, G; Li, H; Mo, Z; Wang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhou, F, )	0.43
"Dl-3-n-butylphthalide combined with HUK is safe to treat AIS patients."	( Efficacy and Safety of Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide Combined With Human Urinary Kallidinogenase in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Lei, J; Li, G; Li, H; Mo, Z; Wang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhou, F, )	1.05
"To investigate the clinical effect of butylphthalide combined with urinary kallidinogenase in the treatment of chronic cerebral circulatory insufficiency (CCCI)."	( Clinical efficacy analysis of butylphthalide combined with urinary kallidinogenase in treating chronic cerebral circulatory insufficiency. Hu, B; Hu, F; Qiao, Y, 2023)	0.91
" According to the different therapeutic strategy, the patients were divided into combined group (treated with butylphthalide combined with urinary kallidinogenase, n = 51) and butylphthalide group (treated with butylphthalide, n = 51)."	( Clinical efficacy analysis of butylphthalide combined with urinary kallidinogenase in treating chronic cerebral circulatory insufficiency. Hu, B; Hu, F; Qiao, Y, 2023)	0.91
"Butylphthalide combined with urinary kallidinogenase can improve the clinical symptoms of CCCI patients, and the effect is promising, which is worthy of clinical application."	( Clinical efficacy analysis of butylphthalide combined with urinary kallidinogenase in treating chronic cerebral circulatory insufficiency. Hu, B; Hu, F; Qiao, Y, 2023)	0.91
"To investigate the efficacy of butylphthalide combined with edaravone in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke and the effect on serum inflammatory factors."	( Efficacy of Butylphthalide in Combination with Edaravone in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke and the Effect on Serum Inflammatory Factors. Hong, Z; Li, S; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Wang, J; Xie, S, 2023)	0.91
" The control group was treated with edaravone injection, while the experimental group was treated with butylphthalide combined with edaravone."	( Efficacy of Butylphthalide in Combination with Edaravone in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke and the Effect on Serum Inflammatory Factors. Hong, Z; Li, S; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Wang, J; Xie, S, 2023)	0.91
"The treatment of acute ischemic stroke with butylphthalide combined with edaravone has positive significance in improving blood circulation regulation and serum inflammatory factor levels and is reliable and worthy of clinical promotion."	( Efficacy of Butylphthalide in Combination with Edaravone in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke and the Effect on Serum Inflammatory Factors. Hong, Z; Li, S; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Wang, J; Xie, S, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Overall, our study demonstrated that NBP was well absorbed and extensively metabolized by multiple enzymes to various metabolites prior to urinary excretion."	( Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of 3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) in humans: the role of cytochrome P450s and alcohol dehydrogenase in biotransformation. Chen, X; Deng, P; Diao, X; Li, X; Xie, C; Zhang, Y; Zhong, D, 2013)	0.67
" Most importantly, 3d possessed a very high absolute bioavailability and was rapidly distributed in brain tissue to keep high plasma drug concentration for the treatment of ischemic strokes."	( Discovery of 3-n-butyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one as a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent. Lan, Z; Lei, M; Li, J; Liang, Z; Xu, W; Xu, X; Zhang, X; Zhao, C, 2015)	0.42
"5-fold brain accumulation increase compared with NBP, leading to much higher bioavailability and stronger therapeutic effects."	( Novel brain-targeting 3-n-butylphthalide prodrugs for ischemic stroke treatment. Han, Y; Liu, Q; Xiang, H; Yang, L; Zhang, L; Zhang, Q; Zhang, Y; Zhang, Z, 2021)	0.94

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" And the optimum of reaction time, velocity of agitation, dosage of Novozyme 435 and acetic anhydride to 3-n-butylphtrhalide molar ratio were 48 hours, 150 rpm, 8 mg/mL and 8:1, respectively."	( Novozyme 435-catalyzed efficient acylation of 3-n-butylphthalide in organic medium. He, L; Sun, J; Sun, Z; Xu, Y; Zheng, C, 2008)	0.6
"4% (v/v) water content, temperature of 30 °C, 8 mg/mL dosage of Novozyme 435, 8:1 (0."	( An efficient system for the asymmetric acylation of (R,S)-3-n-butylphthalide catalyzed by novozyme 435. Gao, B; He, L; Li, C; Qiu, B, 2010)	0.6
" The in vitro inhibition effect of butylphthalide on 6 main liver microsomal CYP450 isoenzymes was evaluated by using probe drugs; the induction and inhibition activities in vivo of butylphthalide on CYP450 isoenzymes were evaluated by NBP ig dosing (160 mg x kg(-1)) and iv dosing (20 mg x kg(-1)) in rats."	( [Interaction of butylphthalide with rat and human liver CYP450 isoenzymes]. Hu, JP; Hu, P; Jiang, J; Li, Y; Zhao, Q, 2015)	0.42
" BP in distilled non-genetically modified Soybean oil was administered intragastrically three times a day at a dosage of 15 mg/(kg day) beginning at 20 min after I/R in Sprague-Dawley rats."	( Butylphthalide Suppresses Neuronal Cells Apoptosis and Inhibits JNK-Caspase3 Signaling Pathway After Brain Ischemia /Reperfusion in Rats. Guo, JQ; Huang, XJ; Liu, HZ; Liu, Y; Qi, DS; Song, YJ; Tang, M; Wang, SL; Wang, YL; Wang, YW; Wen, XR; Wu, J; Zhang, F; Zhang, XB, 2016)	0.43
" In the perihemorrhagic zone, the numeric density of blood vessels immunolabeled by CD34, an angiogenic marker, was greater in the ICH + NBP10 and ICH + NBP25 than ICH groups, more so in the higher dosage group, at 1, 3, 7 and 15d."	( Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide promotes neovascularization and neurological recovery in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage. Chen, Q; Tan, L; Tu, E; Wang, Y, 2020)	1.18

Class	Description
benzofurans
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0148	0.0003	0.8666	6.6900	AID1876638
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0148	0.0003	0.6805	6.6900	AID1876638
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0148	0.0003	0.7071	6.6900	AID1876638
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0148	0.0003	0.8196	6.6900	AID1876638
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0148	0.0003	0.7072	6.6900	AID1876638
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0148	0.0003	0.7072	6.6900	AID1876638
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0148	0.0003	0.7072	6.6900	AID1876638
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (90)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1348576	Increase in neurological function in Sprague-Dawley rat middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion model assessed as decrease in behavior deficit at 80 mg/kg administered via oral gavage as qd for 7 days measured on day 7 post reperfusion by Zea Lon	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143	Pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole alkaloids as effective agents against ischemic stroke in vitro and in vivo.
AID1657149	Inhibition of Electrophorus electricus AChE at 50 uM using acetylcholine iodide as substrate incubated for 15 mins by Ellman's method relative to control	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-15, Volume: 28, Issue:8	Design, synthesis and evaluation of phthalide alkyl tertiary amine derivatives as promising acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with high potency and selectivity against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1902820	Antineuroinflammatory activity in mouse BV-2 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha production at 10 uM after 24 hrs by ELISA	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 58	Discovery of novel 3-butyl-6-benzyloxyphthalide Mannich base derivatives as multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID607420	Antiplatelet activity in rabbit platelet rich plasma assessed as inhibition of ADP-induced aggregation at 1 mM treated for 5 mins before ADP challenge by turbidimetry	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 21, Issue:14	Synthesis and evaluation of nitric oxide-releasing derivatives of 3-n-butylphthalide as anti-platelet agents.
AID1657141	Inhibition of recombinant human MAO-A expressed in baculovirus infected BTI insect cells at 10 uM using kynuramine as substrate measured after 30 mins by fluorescence based assay relative to control	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-15, Volume: 28, Issue:8	Design, synthesis and evaluation of phthalide alkyl tertiary amine derivatives as promising acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with high potency and selectivity against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1876637	Neuroprotective activity against NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat hippocampal neurons assessed as increase in cell viability at 10 uM incubated for 18 hrs followed by NMDA addition and measured after 0.5 hrs by MTT assay	2022	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 227	Discovery of novel brain-penetrant GluN2B NMDAR antagonists via pharmacophore-merging strategy as anti-stroke therapeutic agents.
AID1873140	Neuroprotective activity against Rotenone-induced rat model assessed as increase in dopaminergic neurons administered for 2 weeks	2022	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237	Discovery of small-molecule compounds and natural products against Parkinson's disease: Pathological mechanism and structural modification.
AID1854721	Antiinflammatory activity in LPS-induced neuroinflammatory model of SPF male mouse assessed as IL1-beta level at 20 mg/kg, iv administered once 6 hrs after LPS administration and measured by ELISA	2022	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 241	Design and synthesis of novel indole and indazole-piperazine pyrimidine derivatives with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities for ischemic stroke treatment.
AID1240296	Antiplatelet activity in rabbit platelet rich plasma assessed as inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation at 0.1 mM preincubated for 5 mins followed by ADP addition measured after 5 mins by Born's turbidimetric method relative to control	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17	Novel hybrids of 3-n-butylphthalide and edaravone: Design, synthesis and evaluations as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents.
AID1902817	Antineuroinflammatory activity in mouse BV-2 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production at 10 uM after 24 hrs by Griess reagent based assay	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 58	Discovery of novel 3-butyl-6-benzyloxyphthalide Mannich base derivatives as multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1709256	Inhibition of Electrophorus electricus AChE at 10 uM using acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate incubated for 15 mins by Ellman's method relative to control	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-01, Volume: 35	Novel 3-benzylidene/benzylphthalide Mannich base derivatives as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1437173	Antioxidant activity assessed as trolox equivalent of AAPH radical scavenging activity at 1 uM preincubated for 15 mins followed by AAPH addition measured every min for 90 mins by ORAC-FL assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 27, Issue:4	DL-3-n-butylphthalide-Edaravone hybrids as novel dual inhibitors of amyloid-β aggregation and monoamine oxidases with high antioxidant potency for Alzheimer's therapy.
AID1657142	Inhibition of recombinant human MAO-B expressed in baculovirus infected BTI insect cells at 10 uM using kynuramine as substrate measured after 30 mins by fluorescence based assay relative to control	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-15, Volume: 28, Issue:8	Design, synthesis and evaluation of phthalide alkyl tertiary amine derivatives as promising acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with high potency and selectivity against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1240309	Antioxidant activity in rat PC12 cells assessed as reduction of H2O2/Fe2+-mediated hydroxyl radical formation at 10 uM preincubated for 1 hr followed by H2O2/Fe2+ addition by Griess assay in presence of edaravone	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17	Novel hybrids of 3-n-butylphthalide and edaravone: Design, synthesis and evaluations as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents.
AID1709263	Inhibition of recombinant human MAOB at 10 uM using kynuramine as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by fluorescence assay relative to control	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-01, Volume: 35	Novel 3-benzylidene/benzylphthalide Mannich base derivatives as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID698780	Antithrombotic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat arteriovenous shunt model assessed as reduction of thrombus wet weight at 80 mg/kg, po qd for 5 consecutive days	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16	Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID1709266	Inhibition of Cu2+-induced amyloid beta (1 to 42 residues) aggregation at 25 uM after 24 hrs by thioflavin T-based fluorescence assay relative to control	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-01, Volume: 35	Novel 3-benzylidene/benzylphthalide Mannich base derivatives as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1348580	Anti-cerebral ischemia in Sprague-Dawley rat middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion model assessed as decrease in brain infract volume at 80 mg/kg administered via oral gavage as qd for 7 days measured on day 7 post reperfusion by TTC staining-b	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143	Pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole alkaloids as effective agents against ischemic stroke in vitro and in vivo.
AID1240299	Antiplatelet activity in rabbit platelet rich plasma assessed as inhibition of arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation at 0.1 mM preincubated for 5 mins followed by arachidonic acid addition measured after 5 mins by Born's turbidimetric method relat	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17	Novel hybrids of 3-n-butylphthalide and edaravone: Design, synthesis and evaluations as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents.
AID1315173	Neuroprotective activity in transgenic mouse amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model harboring SOD1 G93A mutant assessed as increase in survival rate at 60 mg/kg, administered via oral gavage started from first day of symptomatic onset until disease end stage	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-04, Volume: 121	Recent progress towards an effective treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using the SOD1 mouse model in a preclinical setting.
AID1294398	Antiplatelet activity in rabbit platelet-rich plasma assessed as inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation at 0.1 mM preincubated for 5 mins followed by addition of ADP measured within 5 mins by Borns turbidimetric method	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-10, Volume: 115	Discovery of a ring-opened derivative of 3-n-butylphthalide bearing NO/H2S-donating moieties as a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent.
AID1294412	Antioxidant activity in Sprague-Dawley rat brain tissue model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model assessed as increase in superoxide dismutase levels per mg of protein at 80 mg/kg administered via oral gavage for 7 days after ischem	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-10, Volume: 115	Discovery of a ring-opened derivative of 3-n-butylphthalide bearing NO/H2S-donating moieties as a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent.
AID1876635	Neuroprotective activity against NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat hippocampal neurons assessed as increase in cell viability at 0.1 uM incubated for 18 hrs followed by NMDA addition and measured after 0.5 hrs by MTT assay	2022	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 227	Discovery of novel brain-penetrant GluN2B NMDAR antagonists via pharmacophore-merging strategy as anti-stroke therapeutic agents.
AID1657139	Antioxidant activity assessed as trolox equivalent of AAPH-induced radical scavenging activity at 5 uM preincubated for 15 mins followed by AAPH addition measured every min for 90 mins by ORAC-FL assay	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-15, Volume: 28, Issue:8	Design, synthesis and evaluation of phthalide alkyl tertiary amine derivatives as promising acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with high potency and selectivity against Alzheimer's disease.
AID698742	Anticoagulant activity in rabbit plasma assessed as length of activated partial thromboplastin time	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16	Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID1854730	Neuroprotective activity in SPF Sprague-Dawley rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury assessed as decrease in neurological deficit score at 20 mg/kg, iv administered once a day	2022	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 241	Design and synthesis of novel indole and indazole-piperazine pyrimidine derivatives with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities for ischemic stroke treatment.
AID1240302	Neuroprotective activity against H2O2-induce cell damage in rat PC12 cells assessed as cell viability at 10 uM preincubated for 1 hr followed by H2O2 induction measured after 3 hrs by MTT assay (Rvb = 50.85%)	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17	Novel hybrids of 3-n-butylphthalide and edaravone: Design, synthesis and evaluations as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents.
AID1876644	Neuroprotective activity in Sprague-Dawley rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury assessed as decrease in cerebral infarction rate at 20 mg/kg, po measured 24 hrs post injury by TTC staining based histological an	2022	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 227	Discovery of novel brain-penetrant GluN2B NMDAR antagonists via pharmacophore-merging strategy as anti-stroke therapeutic agents.
AID698767	Antioxidant activity in rat PC12 cells assessed as inhibition of hydroxyl radical-induced cytotoxicity at 10 uM treated for 2 hrs prior to H2O2/Fe+ challenge measured after 1 hr by MTT assay (Rvb = 61.95%)	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16	Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID1709280	Neuroprotective activity against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in rat PC12 cells assessed as increase in cell viability at 10 uM preincubated for 2 hrs followed by H2O2 addition and measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-01, Volume: 35	Novel 3-benzylidene/benzylphthalide Mannich base derivatives as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1294414	Antioxidant activity in Sprague-Dawley rat brain tissue model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model assessed as increase in glutathione peroxidase levels per mg of protein at 80 mg/kg administered via oral gavage for 7 days after isch	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-10, Volume: 115	Discovery of a ring-opened derivative of 3-n-butylphthalide bearing NO/H2S-donating moieties as a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent.
AID698768	Antioxidant activity in rat PC12 cells assessed as inhibition of hydrogen peroxide induced cytotoxicity at 10 uM treated for 2 hrs prior to H2O2 challenge measured after 1 hr by MTT assay (Rvb = 52.45%)	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16	Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID698743	Inhibition of adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation in rabbit platelet rich plasma at 0.1 mM by Born's turbidimetric method	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16	Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID308997	Antiplatelet activity in human platelet rich plasma assessed as inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 17, Issue:18	Synthesis, resolution, and antiplatelet activity of 3-substituted 1(3H)-isobenzofuranone.
AID1657140	Inhibition of HFIP-pretreated self-induced amyloid beta (1 to 42) (unknown origin) aggregation at 25 uM measured after 24 hrs by ThT fluorescence assay relative to control	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-15, Volume: 28, Issue:8	Design, synthesis and evaluation of phthalide alkyl tertiary amine derivatives as promising acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with high potency and selectivity against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1240307	Antioxidant activity in rat PC12 cells assessed as reduction of H2O2/Fe2+-mediated hydroxyl radical formation at 10 uM preincubated for 1 hr followed by H2O2/Fe2+ addition by Griess assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17	Novel hybrids of 3-n-butylphthalide and edaravone: Design, synthesis and evaluations as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents.
AID1240301	Antiplatelet activity in rabbit platelet rich plasma assessed as inhibition of arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation at 0.1 mM preincubated for 5 mins followed by arachidonic acid addition measured after 5 mins by Born's turbidimetric method in pr	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17	Novel hybrids of 3-n-butylphthalide and edaravone: Design, synthesis and evaluations as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents.
AID739044	Antiplatelet activity in rabbit platelet rich plasma assessed as inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation at 0.1 mM incubated for 5 mins prior to ADP challenge measured after 5 mins by Born's turbidimetric method relative to control	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 23, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of nitric oxide releasing derivatives of 6-amino-3-n-butylphthalide as potential antiplatelet agents.
AID1753653	Neuroprotective activity in Sprague-Dawley rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model assessed as reduction in neurobehavioral defects at 5 mg/kg, ip after 24 hrs by TTC staining based assay	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 218	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of brain penetrant benzazepine-based histone deacetylase 6 inhibitors for alleviating stroke-induced brain infarction.
AID698744	Inhibition of arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation in rabbit platelet rich plasma at 0.1 mM by Born's turbidimetric method	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16	Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID1348572	Reversal of middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion-induced decrease in body weight in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as body weight at 80 mg/kg administered via oral gavage as qd for 7 days measured on day 7 post reperfusion (Rvb = 82%)	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143	Pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole alkaloids as effective agents against ischemic stroke in vitro and in vivo.
AID698771	Antithrombotic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat arteriovenous shunt model assessed as reduction of thrombus dry weight at 80 mg/kg, po qd for 5 consecutive days	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16	Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID1294399	Antiplatelet activity in rabbit platelet-rich plasma assessed as inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation preincubated for 5 mins followed by addition of ADP measured within 5 mins by Borns turbidimetric method	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-10, Volume: 115	Discovery of a ring-opened derivative of 3-n-butylphthalide bearing NO/H2S-donating moieties as a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent.
AID1294404	Neuroprotective activity in Sprague-Dawley rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model assessed as neurological deficit at 80 mg/kg administered via oral gavage for 7 days after ischemia onset measured 24 hrs after middle cerebral	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-10, Volume: 115	Discovery of a ring-opened derivative of 3-n-butylphthalide bearing NO/H2S-donating moieties as a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent.
AID698753	Antioxidant activity in Sprague-Dawley rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model assessed as increase in glutathione level in brain at 80 mg/kg, ig for 7 consecutive days	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16	Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID1240312	Antioxidant activity in rat PC12 cells assessed as reduction of NADH-mediated superoxide anion radical formation at 10 uM preincubated for 1 hr followed by NADH addition by NBT assay in presence of edaravone	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17	Novel hybrids of 3-n-butylphthalide and edaravone: Design, synthesis and evaluations as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents.
AID1876638	Displacement of [3H] ifenprodil from Wistar rat glutamate NMDA receptor incubated for 2 hrs by scintillation counting method	2022	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 227	Discovery of novel brain-penetrant GluN2B NMDAR antagonists via pharmacophore-merging strategy as anti-stroke therapeutic agents.
AID1876639	Neuroprotective activity in Sprague-Dawley rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury assessed as decrease in neurological score at 20 mg/kg, po measured 24 hrs post injury by TTC staining based histological analysis	2022	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 227	Discovery of novel brain-penetrant GluN2B NMDAR antagonists via pharmacophore-merging strategy as anti-stroke therapeutic agents.
AID1240304	Neuroprotective activity against H2O2-induce cell damage in rat PC12 cells assessed as cell viability at 10 uM preincubated for 1 hr followed by H2O2 induction measured after 3 hrs by MTT assay in presence of edaravone (Rvb = 50.85%)	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17	Novel hybrids of 3-n-butylphthalide and edaravone: Design, synthesis and evaluations as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents.
AID698760	Anticerebral ischemic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model assessed as reduction in infarct size in brain at 80 mg/kg, ig for 7 consecutive days by TTC assay	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16	Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID739039	Aqueous solubility of the compound in methanol after 5 hrs by UV-spectrophotometric analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 23, Issue:7	Synthesis and biological evaluation of nitric oxide releasing derivatives of 6-amino-3-n-butylphthalide as potential antiplatelet agents.
AID698750	Antioxidant activity in Sprague-Dawley rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model assessed as increase in superoxide dismutase activity at 80 mg/kg, ig for 7 consecutive days	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16	Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID1240310	Antioxidant activity in rat PC12 cells assessed as reduction of NADH-mediated superoxide anion radical formation at 10 uM preincubated for 1 hr followed by NADH addition by NBT assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17	Novel hybrids of 3-n-butylphthalide and edaravone: Design, synthesis and evaluations as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents.
AID698778	Inhibition of arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation in rabbit platelet rich plasma by Born's turbidimetric method	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16	Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID1709257	Inhibition of human AChE at 10 uM using acetylthiocholine iodide as substrate incubated for 15 mins by Ellman's method relative to control	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-01, Volume: 35	Novel 3-benzylidene/benzylphthalide Mannich base derivatives as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1437167	Inhibition of self-induced Amyloid beta (1 to 42) (unknown origin) aggregation at 25 uM after 24 hrs by thioflavin T-based fluorometric assay relative to control	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 27, Issue:4	DL-3-n-butylphthalide-Edaravone hybrids as novel dual inhibitors of amyloid-β aggregation and monoamine oxidases with high antioxidant potency for Alzheimer's therapy.
AID1902802	Inhibition of human MAO-B at 10 uM by fluorescence assay	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 58	Discovery of novel 3-butyl-6-benzyloxyphthalide Mannich base derivatives as multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID698764	Anticerebral ischemic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model assessed as reduction in neurological deficit score at 80 mg/kg, ig for 7 consecutive days by Longa's method	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16	Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID1348574	Reversal of middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion-induced death in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as survival rate at 80 mg/kg administered via oral gavage as qd for 7 days measured on day 7 post reperfusion (Rvb = 50%)	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143	Pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole alkaloids as effective agents against ischemic stroke in vitro and in vivo.
AID1240298	Antiplatelet activity in rabbit platelet rich plasma assessed as inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation at 0.1 mM preincubated for 5 mins followed by ADP addition measured after 5 mins by Born's turbidimetric method in presence of edaravone relati	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17	Novel hybrids of 3-n-butylphthalide and edaravone: Design, synthesis and evaluations as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents.
AID698779	Inhibition of adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation in rabbit platelet rich plasma by Born's turbidimetric method	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16	Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID698746	Antioxidant activity in Sprague-Dawley rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model assessed as decrease in malondialdehyde level in brain at 80 mg/kg, ig for 7 consecutive days	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16	Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID1709264	Antioxidant activity assessed as trolox equivalent of AAPH radical scavenging activity measured every min for 90 mins by ORAC-FL assay	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-01, Volume: 35	Novel 3-benzylidene/benzylphthalide Mannich base derivatives as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1657138	Inhibition of BuChE in rat serum at 50 uM using S-butylthiocholine iodide as substrate by Ellman's method relative to control	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-15, Volume: 28, Issue:8	Design, synthesis and evaluation of phthalide alkyl tertiary amine derivatives as promising acetylcholinesterase inhibitors with high potency and selectivity against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1437172	Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for recombinant human MAO-A to IC50 for recombinant human MAO-B	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 27, Issue:4	DL-3-n-butylphthalide-Edaravone hybrids as novel dual inhibitors of amyloid-β aggregation and monoamine oxidases with high antioxidant potency for Alzheimer's therapy.
AID1437170	Inhibition of recombinant human MAO-B at 10 uM using kynuramine as substrate after 30 mins by fluorescence assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 27, Issue:4	DL-3-n-butylphthalide-Edaravone hybrids as novel dual inhibitors of amyloid-β aggregation and monoamine oxidases with high antioxidant potency for Alzheimer's therapy.
AID1753652	Neuroprotective activity in Sprague-Dawley rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model assessed as reduction in cerebral infarction at 5 mg/kg, ip after 24 hrs by TTC staining based assay (Rvb = 21.22%)	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 218	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of brain penetrant benzazepine-based histone deacetylase 6 inhibitors for alleviating stroke-induced brain infarction.
AID1709267	Disaggregation of self-induced amyloid beta (1 to 42) (unknown origin) preformed fibrils at 25 uM measured after 24 hrs by thioflavin-T fluorescence assay relative to control	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-01, Volume: 35	Novel 3-benzylidene/benzylphthalide Mannich base derivatives as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1709268	Antiplatelet activity in rat platelet-rich plasma assessed as inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation at 33 uM preincubated for 30 mins followed by ADP addition measured within 5 mins by aggregometry relative to control	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-01, Volume: 35	Novel 3-benzylidene/benzylphthalide Mannich base derivatives as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1902796	Inhibition of Electric eel AChE at 10 uM by Ellman's method	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 58	Discovery of novel 3-butyl-6-benzyloxyphthalide Mannich base derivatives as multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1902819	Antineuroinflammatory activity in mouse BV-2 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha production at 2.5 uM after 24 hrs by ELISA	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 58	Discovery of novel 3-butyl-6-benzyloxyphthalide Mannich base derivatives as multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1902799	Inhibition of Rat BuChE at 10 uM by Ellman's method	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 58	Discovery of novel 3-butyl-6-benzyloxyphthalide Mannich base derivatives as multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1709258	Inhibition of rat serum BuChE at 10 uM using butyrylthiocholine iodide as substrate incubated for 15 mins by Ellman's method relative to control	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-01, Volume: 35	Novel 3-benzylidene/benzylphthalide Mannich base derivatives as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1709262	Inhibition of recombinant human MAOA at 10 uM using kynuramine as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by fluorescence assay relative to control	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-01, Volume: 35	Novel 3-benzylidene/benzylphthalide Mannich base derivatives as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID1854719	Antiinflammatory activity in LPS-induced neuroinflammatory model of SPF male mouse assessed as TNF-alpha level at 20 mg/kg, iv administered once 6 hrs after LPS administration and measured by ELISA	2022	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 241	Design and synthesis of novel indole and indazole-piperazine pyrimidine derivatives with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities for ischemic stroke treatment.
AID1902818	Antineuroinflammatory activity in mouse BV-2 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced TNF-alpha production at 0.5 uM after 24 hrs by ELISA	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 58	Discovery of novel 3-butyl-6-benzyloxyphthalide Mannich base derivatives as multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1902798	Inhibition of Human AChE at 10 uM by Ellman's method	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 58	Discovery of novel 3-butyl-6-benzyloxyphthalide Mannich base derivatives as multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID478488	Vasorelaxant activity in rat thoracic aorta assessed as inhibition of norepinephrine-induced contractions Ca2+-free medium	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 45, Issue:5	Synthesis and biological activity of n-butylphthalide derivatives.
AID1902794	Antineuroinflammatory activity in mouse BV-2 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production at 0.5 uM after 24 hrs by Griess reagent based assay	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 58	Discovery of novel 3-butyl-6-benzyloxyphthalide Mannich base derivatives as multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1902814	Inhibition of LPS-induced ROS production in mouse BV-2 cells at 10 uM by DCFH-DA staining based fluorescence analysis	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 58	Discovery of novel 3-butyl-6-benzyloxyphthalide Mannich base derivatives as multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1437171	Inhibition of recombinant human MAO-A at 10 uM using kynuramine as substrate after 30 mins by fluorescence assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 27, Issue:4	DL-3-n-butylphthalide-Edaravone hybrids as novel dual inhibitors of amyloid-β aggregation and monoamine oxidases with high antioxidant potency for Alzheimer's therapy.
AID308998	Antiplatelet activity in human platelet rich plasma assessed as inhibition of arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 17, Issue:18	Synthesis, resolution, and antiplatelet activity of 3-substituted 1(3H)-isobenzofuranone.
AID1709265	Inhibition of amyloid beta (1 to 42) (unknown origin) self aggregation at 25 uM after 24 hrs by thioflavin-T fluorescence method relative to control	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-01, Volume: 35	Novel 3-benzylidene/benzylphthalide Mannich base derivatives as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID698740	Anticerebral ischemic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model assessed as reduction of water content in brain at 80 mg/kg, ig for 7 consecutive days	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16	Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID1902816	Antineuroinflammatory activity in mouse BV-2 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NO production at 2.5 uM after 24 hrs by Griess reagent based assay	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 58	Discovery of novel 3-butyl-6-benzyloxyphthalide Mannich base derivatives as multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1902809	Neuroprotective against H2O2-induced rat PC-12 cell injury assessed as cell viability at 10 uM by MTT assay (Rvb = 48.0%)	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 58	Discovery of novel 3-butyl-6-benzyloxyphthalide Mannich base derivatives as multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease.
AID1876636	Neuroprotective activity against NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in Sprague-Dawley rat hippocampal neurons assessed as increase in cell viability at 1 uM incubated for 18 hrs followed by NMDA addition and measured after 0.5 hrs by MTT assay	2022	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 227	Discovery of novel brain-penetrant GluN2B NMDAR antagonists via pharmacophore-merging strategy as anti-stroke therapeutic agents.
AID1873139	Neuroprotective activity against Rotenone-induced rat model assessed as reduction on rotational movement administered for 2 weeks	2022	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 237	Discovery of small-molecule compounds and natural products against Parkinson's disease: Pathological mechanism and structural modification.
AID478489	Toxicity in ip dosed mouse	2010	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 45, Issue:5	Synthesis and biological activity of n-butylphthalide derivatives.
AID1902804	Antioxidant activity assessed as trolox equivalent of ORAC radical scavenging activity by ORAC-FL assay	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-15, Volume: 58	Discovery of novel 3-butyl-6-benzyloxyphthalide Mannich base derivatives as multifunctional agents against Alzheimer's disease.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	4 (1.15)	18.7374
1990's	21 (6.05)	18.2507
2000's	27 (7.78)	29.6817
2010's	167 (48.13)	24.3611
2020's	128 (36.89)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	23 (6.57%)	5.53%
Reviews	19 (5.43%)	6.00%
Case Studies	5 (1.43%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	303 (86.57%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
The Efficacy of DL-3-n-butylphthalide (DL-NBP) on the Cognitive Function and Vascular Regulation in Patients With Mild Vascular Dementia (VaD) Caused by Subcortical Ischemic Vascular Disease (SIVD) [NCT03906123]		64 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-11-18	Recruiting
A Multi-center, Randomized, Single-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of Dl-3-n-butylphthalide in Patients With Moyamoya Disease of High Risk for Ischemic Cerebrovascular Events After Extracranial-to-intracranial Revascularization Surgery [NCT04205578]	Phase 3	450 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-01-31	Not yet recruiting
A Real-world Retrospective Study on the Effectiveness and Safety of Butylphthalide in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke [NCT05086874]		10,000 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2022-05-07	Recruiting
A Multi-center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Dl-3-Butylphthalide on the Treatment of Small Cerebral Vessel Disease [NCT04078204]		300 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-04-25	Recruiting
A Multi-center, Random, Double Blind and Placebo Control Phase III Clinical Study on the Efficacy and Safety of Butylphthalide Soft Capsule for the Treatment of Vascular Dementia [NCT03804229]	Phase 3	700 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-10-29	Active, not recruiting
Effect of Butyphthalide on Cognitive Level Change After Cerebral Vascular Event-a Randomized Control Trial (Be-CLEVER) [NCT05976152]	Phase 3	3,200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-08-31	Not yet recruiting
Study of Collateral Circulation and Related Gene Polymorphism in Patients With Symptomatic Intracranial Anterior Circulation Aortic Occlusion [NCT04091412]	Phase 4	500 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-05-05	Recruiting
The Effectiveness and Safety of Butylphthalide Soft Capsules in Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke Trial [NCT00724724]	Phase 4	1,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-08-31	Recruiting
Butylphthalide for Preventing Restenosis After Intracranial and Extracranial Artery Stenting [NCT01405248]	Phase 3	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-07-31	Completed
DL-3-n-butylphthalide Treatment in Patients With Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease Already Receiving Donepezil : A Multi Center, Prospective Cohort Stud [NCT02711683]		92 participants (Actual)	Observational	2016-03-31	Completed
Effectiveness of Butylphthalide on Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation in Patients With Large-artery Atherosclerosis Acute Ischemic Stroke(EBCAS) [NCT03413202]	Phase 4	99 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-02-28	Completed
A Real-world Study on the Effectiveness and Safety of Butylphthalide in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke. [NCT05068349]	Phase 4	300 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-05-07	Recruiting
The Efficacy of Butylphthalide Soft Capsules in Patents With VCIND:A Randomized, Double-blind,and Neuroimaging Study [NCT02993367]	Phase 2/Phase 3	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-01-31	Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Butylphthalide for Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Receiving Intravenous Thrombolysis or Endovascular Treatment: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo Parallel Controlled, Multiple-center Trial. [NCT03539445]	Phase 3	1,216 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-07-01	Completed
A Comparison of Safety and Efficacy of Dl-3-n-butylphthalide and Cerebrolysin on Neurological and Behavioral Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke: a Randomized, Double-blind Study. [NCT02149875]	Phase 1/Phase 2	84 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial	Outcome
NCT02149875 (2) [back to overview]	Barthel Index Score
NCT02149875 (2) [back to overview]	National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Score

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Day 11	Day 21
Cerebrolysin	36.00	53.75
Dl-3-n-butylphthalide	35.25	54.00
Placebo	31.00	43.75

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Day 11	Day 21
Cerebrolysin	7.80	5.90
Dl-3-n-butylphthalide	8.78	5.48
Placebo	8.85	7.30

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.41	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
adenine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.6	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.15	1	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.6	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	7.52	2	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	1.99	1	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
glycine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	2.25	1	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	7.41	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2.77	3	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
huperzine a huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.	3.12	1	0	quinolone
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.74	3	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
phenytoin [no description available]	7.21	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
theophylline [no description available]	2.15	1	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	4.49	6	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	10.18	10	1	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
berberine [no description available]	3.12	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	2.05	1	0
caffeine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
celecoxib [no description available]	2.41	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cilostazol [no description available]	2.31	1	0	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	2.15	1	0	clonidine; imidazoline
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	2.15	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	7.98	3	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	2.15	1	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	2.21	1	0
idebenone [no description available]	3.64	1	1	1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor
ifenprodil ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist	2.41	1	0	piperidines
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.15	1	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iproniazid [no description available]	2.91	3	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	2.08	1	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	2.11	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
edaravone [no description available]	7.56	19	2	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	2.21	1	0	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	2.91	3	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	2.68	3	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2.15	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	2.15	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.25	1	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	2.21	1	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	1.99	1	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	2.31	1	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	2.5	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	2.6	1	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	2.78	3	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2.13	1	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	2.57	2	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	7.07	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
phthalide 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one : A gamma-lactone that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran in which the hydrogens at position 1 are replaced by an oxo group.. isobenzofuranone : A 2-benzofuran containing one or more oxo groups.	2.05	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.76	3	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
propargyl alcohol propargyl alcohol: irreversibly inactivates alcohol oxidase; RN given refers to parent cpd. prop-2-yn-1-ol : A terminal acetylenic compound that is prop-2-yne substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.06	1	0	propynol; terminal acetylenic compound; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.05	1	0	alkane
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2.78	3	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.05	1	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
di-tert-butyl peroxide tert-butyl peroxide: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	3.95	3	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
triphenyltetrazolium triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.	2.07	1	0	organic cation
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	2.41	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
cuprizone [no description available]	7.21	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	7.13	1	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	3.02	4	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	7.57	2	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
isosorbide Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.	7.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	4.22	4	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	7.1	1	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.03	1	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	1.99	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	7.87	3	0	titanium group element atom
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.08	1	0	dihydrogen
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	2.25	1	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.55	2	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.47	2	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.31	1	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
zileuton [no description available]	2.41	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; ureas	anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	9.28	2	1	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
atorvastatin [no description available]	2.76	2	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	1.99	1	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	2.04	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	2.13	1	0	1,2,3-triazole
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	7.31	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
rivastigmine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
2,3,6-trimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone 2,3,6-trimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone: isolated from tobacco; structure in first source	3.51	1	0
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	2.59	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
triptolide [no description available]	3.12	1	0	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
clausenamide clausenamide: Chinese drug isolated from leaves of Clausena lansium (Lour) Skeels; used in treatment of viral hepatitis; structure given in first source	3.12	1	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.15	1	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-n-butyl-4,5-dihydrophthalide 3-N-butyl-4,5-dihydrophthalide: from seeds of Apium graveolens Linn.; RN given refers to (-)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.71	3	0
sch 58261 [no description available]	3.51	1	0	triazolopyrimidines
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.31	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	15.92	296	19
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	3.23	1	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
calcein am calcein AM: a non-fluorescent compound cleaved to a fluorescent compound by non-specific intracellular esterases. calcein am : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is calcein in which all four carboxy group hydrogens have been substituted by (acetyloxy)methoxy groups and the hyrodgens of the two hydroxy groups have been substituted by acetyl groups. It is a a non-fluorescent probe cleaved to a fluorescent probe by non-specific intracellular esterases.	2.21	1	0	2-benzofurans; acetate ester; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	3.12	1	0
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.31	1	0	cyclodextrin
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.13	1	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.05	1	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
wr-142,490 (+)-(11R,2'S)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (+)-(11R,2'S)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	3.51	1	0	[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol	antimalarial
butylidenephthalide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	3.12	1	0
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	2.13	1	0	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
n-(3-chlorophenyl)picolinamide N-(3-chlorophenyl)picolinamide: a metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGlu4) positive allosteric modulator; structure in first source	3.51	1	0
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	2.91	3	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
ucf 101 UCF 101: an Omi/HtrA2 inhibitor with cardioprotective activity; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
rasagiline [no description available]	2.91	3	0	indanes; secondary amine; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.57	2	0
2-phenoxy-N-[5-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]acetamide [no description available]	3.51	1	0	tetralins
quercetin [no description available]	3.25	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone 7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone: isolated from Astragali radix; structure in first source. calycosin : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at the 3' position and a methoxy group at the 4' position.	2.03	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antioxidant; metabolite
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.13	1	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	2.11	1	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	2.69	3	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
hyperoside quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.	3.25	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
morin morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.	3.25	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	3.23	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	2.4	2	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.1	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
ligustilide ligustilide: found in Umbelliferae plants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source	7.76	3	0	butenolide	metabolite
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	2.13	1	0
butylidenephthalide butylidenephthalide: structure in first source. (Z)-3-butylidenephthalide : A gamma-lactone that is phthalide substituted by a butylidene group at position 3. Isolated from Ligusticum porteri, it exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.13	1	0	isobenzofuranone
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	2.11	1	0
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	2.1	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
guanabenz Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.	3.23	1	0	dichlorobenzene
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	1.98	1	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
beta-escin [no description available]	3.35	1	0
stepholidine stepholidine: protoberberine alkaloid isolated from opium; dual D1 receptor agonist and D2 receptor antagonist	3.12	1	0
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	1.98	1	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sr26334 SR26334: carboxylic acid derivative clopidogrel metabolite; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2	1	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	4.4	5	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	2.13	1	0
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	2.06	1	0
mw-151 2-(4-(4-methyl-6-phenylpyridazin-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine: attenuates proinflammatory cytokine production	2.41	1	0
tozadenant tozadenant: an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist	3.51	1	0	benzothiazoles
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.01	1	0
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	4.74	6	1
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	3.64	1	1
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	7	1	0
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	3.47	1	1
tubastatin a [no description available]	2.31	1	0	hydroxamic acid; pyridoindole; tertiary amino compound	EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
acy-1215 ricolinostat: an HDAC6 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	pyrimidinecarboxylic acid
piroxicam [no description available]	2.15	1	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.41	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acy-738 [no description available]	2.31	1	0
2-((1-(3-fluorophenyl)cyclohexyl)amino)-n-hydroxypyrimidine-5-carboxamide [no description available]	2.31	1	0
claulansine f claulansine F: a free radical scavenger isolated from the stem of Clausena lansium; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
(Z)-6,6',7,3'a-Diligustilide levistilide A: isolated from Angelica sinensis, inhibits hepatic stellate cell proliferation; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	butenolide	metabolite
coriaria lactone coriaria lactone: induces convulsions in rats	2.37	2	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.45	2	0
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	1.99	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.12	1	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	0	4.62	5	1
Apoplexy [description not available]	0	12.71	63	17
Brain Swelling [description not available]	0	4.37	7	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	0	12.18	75	14
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	0	4.75	27	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	0	4.37	7	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	0	17.18	75	14
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	0	4.75	27	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	0	4.62	5	1
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	1	14.71	63	17
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	0	5.34	4	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	6.41	57	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	0	5.34	4	1
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	0	4.53	21	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	0	9.53	21	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	2.69	2	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	0	4.37	3	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	5.52	8	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	0	10.52	8	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	0	9.37	3	0
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	0	9.02	34	5
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	1	11.02	34	5
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	4.31	17	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	0	4.31	17	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	0	3.7	1	1
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	0	3.7	1	1
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	2.76	2	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	0	7.76	2	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	0	3.38	6	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	0	3.38	6	0
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	0	2.41	1	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	0	5.48	12	1
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	1	7.48	12	1
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	0	2.6	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	0	8.97	26	5
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	0	8.97	26	5
Atherogenesis [description not available]	0	4.6	3	1
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	0	9.6	3	1
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	6.96	14	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	6.96	14	1
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	6.2	9	3
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	0	3.09	4	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	2.41	1	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	0	6.32	7	1
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	0	6.32	7	1
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	0	7.41	1	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	0	9.31	25	11
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	0	6.81	8	1
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	1	11.31	25	11
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	0	4.33	3	1
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	0	2.61	2	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	0	2.41	1	0
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	0	2.41	1	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	0	3.79	3	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	0	3.45	2	0
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	0	2.82	2	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	0	4.19	14	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	0	9.19	14	0
Postoperative Cognitive Complications COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT or functional decline after a surgical procedure.	0	2.6	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	3.96	4	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	0	2.72	2	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	0	2.72	2	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	0	2.81	3	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	0	2.81	3	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	0	2.6	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	0	2.6	1	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	0	4.24	5	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	0	4.24	5	0
Aura [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	0	2.94	4	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	2.6	1	0
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.	0	6.54	8	2
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	0	2.69	2	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	0	3.53	6	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	0	3.53	6	0
Cerebral Concussion [description not available]	0	3.64	2	0
Brain Concussion A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)	0	3.64	2	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	0	3.59	8	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	3.09	4	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	0	3.09	4	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	0	2.87	3	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	0	2.87	3	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	0	6.15	5	2
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	0	6.15	5	2
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	0	5.01	9	1
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	0	5.01	9	1
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	0	2.25	1	0
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	0	2.25	1	0
Amaurosis [description not available]	0	3.51	2	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	0	3.51	2	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	0	2.25	1	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	0	3.3	5	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	0	3.3	5	0
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	0	3.64	1	1
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	0	3.64	1	1
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	0	2.99	4	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	0	2.99	4	0
Agrammatic Broca Aphasia [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Devic Disease [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Neuromyelitis Optica A syndrome characterized by acute OPTIC NEURITIS; MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE; demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions in the OPTIC NERVES and SPINAL CORD; and presence of specific autoantibodies to AQUAPORIN 4.	0	2.25	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	2.31	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	2.66	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	0	2.66	2	0
Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.	0	2.31	1	0
Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.	0	2.31	1	0
Suffocation [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Asystole [description not available]	0	2.91	3	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	0	7.31	1	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	0	2.91	3	0
Hemorrhagic Stroke Stroke due to rupture of a weakened blood vessel in the brain (e.g., CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES; CEREBELLUM; SUBARACHNOID SPACE).	0	2.31	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	0	2.31	1	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	7.31	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	3.04	4	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	3.04	4	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	0	3.46	2	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	8.46	2	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	3.93	2	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	2.98	4	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	3.19	5	0
Infarct [description not available]	0	7.15	1	0
Abnormal Movements [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	0	2.78	3	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	0	2.78	3	0
Atrial Remodeling Long-term changes in the electrophysiological parameters and/or anatomical structures of the HEART ATRIA that result from prolonged changes in atrial rate, often associated with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION or long periods of intense EXERCISE.	0	2.17	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	0	2.17	1	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	0	2.59	2	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	0	2.59	2	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	0	7.17	1	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	0	2.17	1	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	0	2.17	1	0
Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	2.21	1	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	0	2.21	1	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.55	2	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	0	2.55	2	0
Cerebral Microangiopathies [description not available]	0	4.87	2	1
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	0	2.21	1	0
Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases Pathological processes or diseases where cerebral MICROVESSELS show abnormalities. They are often associated with aging, hypertension and risk factors for lacunar infarcts (see LACUNAR INFARCTION); LEUKOARAIOSIS; and CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE.	0	4.87	2	1
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	0	2.21	1	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	0	7.21	1	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	0	2.21	1	0
Amentia [description not available]	0	3.43	2	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	0	8.43	2	0
Anasarca [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	0	7.21	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	2.47	2	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	0	2.47	2	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	2.46	2	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	0	7.1	1	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	0	2.1	1	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	0	2.47	2	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	0	2.11	1	0
Atheroma [description not available]	0	3.5	1	1
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	0	2.11	1	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	0	2.11	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	0	2.75	3	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	0	2.07	1	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	0	2.07	1	0
Alcohol Problem [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Alcohol-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.	0	2.07	1	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	0	2.08	1	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	0	2.03	1	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	0	2.04	1	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	0	1.99	1	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	0	1.99	1	0
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	0	2.69	3	0
Closed Head Injuries [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	0	1.99	1	0
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	0	6.99	1	0

3-n-butylphthalide

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (55)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (7)

Inhibition Measurements

Ceullar Components (2)

Bioassays (90)

Research

Studies (347)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 41.78

Study Types

Clinical Trials (15)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Barthel Index Score

National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Score

3-n-butylphthalide

Description

Related Flora

Cross-References

Synonyms (55)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (7)

Inhibition Measurements

Ceullar Components (2)

Bioassays (90)

Research

Studies (347)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 41.78

Study Types

Clinical Trials (15)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Barthel Index Score

National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Score

Related Drugs (158)

Related Conditions (204)