Target type: biologicalprocess
The directed movement of glycine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. [GO_REF:0000075, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:23895341]
Glycine import across the plasma membrane is a crucial process for cellular metabolism and function. It is mediated by a family of membrane-bound transporters known as glycine transporters (GlyTs). These transporters are responsible for the uptake of glycine from the extracellular environment into the cytosol.
The GlyTs are classified into two major types: GlyT1 and GlyT2. GlyT1 is primarily expressed in the central nervous system, while GlyT2 is found in various tissues including the kidneys, liver, and intestines. Both GlyTs are sodium-dependent transporters, meaning they require the presence of sodium ions (Na+) for their activity.
The import process begins with the binding of glycine to the transporter protein on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane. This binding event triggers a conformational change in the transporter, exposing the glycine-binding site to the intracellular environment. Simultaneously, Na+ ions bind to the transporter, providing the driving force for glycine translocation.
Once glycine and Na+ ions are bound, the transporter undergoes another conformational change, transporting both molecules across the membrane and into the cytosol. This process is facilitated by the electrochemical gradient of Na+, which drives the movement of glycine against its concentration gradient.
The imported glycine can then be utilized in various cellular processes, including protein synthesis, the synthesis of purines and porphyrins, and the detoxification of reactive oxygen species.
The precise mechanism of glycine transport across the plasma membrane is still under investigation, but it is believed to involve a series of conformational changes in the transporter protein, driven by the binding of glycine and Na+ ions. These changes allow for the movement of glycine across the membrane and into the cytosol, where it can be utilized for various cellular functions.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2 | A sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9Y345] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1 | A sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P48067] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| glycine | alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid | EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical | |
| sarcosine | cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis | N-alkylglycine; N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines | Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| hinokinin | hinokinin : A lignan that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (gamma-butyrolactone) substituted by a 3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl group at positions 3 and 4 (the 3R,4R-diastereoisomer). hinokinin: suppresses expression of both HBsAg and HBeAg | benzodioxoles; gamma-lactone; lignan | trypanocidal drug |
| n-arachidonylglycine | N-arachidonoylglycine : Biologically active derivative of anandamide N-arachidonylglycine: structure in first source | fatty amide; N-acylglycine | |
| org 24598 | org 24598: structure in first source | ||
| n-oleoylglycine | N-oleoylglycine : A fatty acid derivative that is the 9Z-octadecenoyl derivative of glycine. It is believed to be an intermediate in oleamide biosynthesis. oleoylglycine: long chain fatty acyl glycine | fatty amide; N-acylglycine 18:1 | metabolite |
| alx 5407 | biphenyls | ||
| palmitoylcarnitine | O-palmitoyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl). Palmitoylcarnitine: A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids. | O-palmitoylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine | EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| alx 1393 | ALX 1393: a GlyT2 inhibitor | ||
| rg 1678 | (4-(3-fluoro-5-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)(5-methanesulfonyl-2-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-methylethoxy)phenyl)methanone: a GlyT1 inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| n-arachidonoylalanine | N-arachidonoyl-L-alanine : An N-acyl-L-alanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-alanine with the carboxy group of arachidonic acid. N-arachidonoylalanine: inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase; structure in first source | N-(fatty acyl)-L-alpha-amino acid; N-acyl-L-alanine | mammalian metabolite |
| oleoylcarnitine | (R)-oleoylcarnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as oleoyl. oleoylcarnitine: adenine nucleotide translocase antagonist; RN given refers to (Z)-(+-)-isomer | monounsaturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine | glycine transporter 2 inhibitor; human metabolite |