perikaryon

Definition

Target type: cellularcomponent

The portion of the cell soma (neuronal cell body) that excludes the nucleus. [GOC:jl]

The perikaryon, also known as the soma or cell body, is the central region of a neuron. It contains the nucleus and most of the cell's organelles, which are essential for the neuron's function. Here's a breakdown of its key cellular components:

**Nucleus:**
- The nucleus is the control center of the neuron, containing the cell's genetic material (DNA) and directing protein synthesis.
- It's responsible for the neuron's identity and the production of essential molecules.

**Cytoplasm:**
- The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance that fills the perikaryon, providing a medium for organelles to function.
- It contains various enzymes and molecules involved in cellular processes.

**Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):**
- The ER is a network of interconnected membranes that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and folding.
- Rough ER (RER) is studded with ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs.
- Smooth ER (SER) is involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.

**Golgi Apparatus:**
- The Golgi apparatus is a stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs that process and package proteins synthesized by the ER.
- It modifies proteins, sorts them, and packages them into vesicles for transport to other parts of the neuron or for secretion.

**Mitochondria:**
- These are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for producing ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy source for cellular functions.
- They play a vital role in neuronal metabolism and energy production.

**Ribosomes:**
- Ribosomes are small, granular organelles that are the sites of protein synthesis.
- They are found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the RER.

**Lysosomes:**
- Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes that break down cellular waste, foreign substances, and worn-out organelles.

**Microtubules and Neurofilaments:**
- These are structural components of the cytoskeleton, providing shape, support, and transport pathways for molecules within the perikaryon.

**Other Structures:**
- The perikaryon also contains other structures like the centrosome (involved in cell division), the Nissl bodies (granules containing RNA and ribosomes), and pigment granules (e.g., melanin).

The perikaryon is a complex and highly specialized structure that plays a central role in the function of neurons. It's the site of protein synthesis, energy production, and other essential cellular processes that support neuronal communication and survival.'
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Proteins (52)

Compounds (1,462)