pivaloylcarnitine

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth

Description

O-pivaloylcarnitine : A C5-acylcarnitine in which the acyl group specified is pivaloyl. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	91825716
CHEBI ID	86049
MeSH ID	M0152833

Synonyms (8)

Synonym
pivaloylcarnitine
pivaloyl-l-carnitine
CHEBI:86049
o-pivaloylcarnitine
Q27158863
unii-ea5ey2ngx7
1-propanaminium, 3-carboxy-2-(2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropoxy)-n,n,n-trimethyl-, inner salt, (2r)-
ea5ey2ngx7 ,

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" As carnitine conjugation is thought to be the only detoxification metabolic route in canine muscle, under certain circumstances such as carnitine deficiency, the risk of exposure with toxic pivaloyl CoA might increase and the CoASH pool in canine muscle might be exhausted, resulting in toxicity in canine muscle."	( Possible mechanism for species difference on the toxicity of pivalic acid between dogs and rats. Nakajima, Y; Nakamura, Y; Yamaguchi, T, 2006)	0.33

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Prodrugs that liberate pivalate (trimethylacetic acid) after hydrolysis have been developed to improve the bioavailability of therapeutic candidates."	( Pivalate-generating prodrugs and carnitine homeostasis in man. Brass, EP, 2002)	0.31

Dosage Studied

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" When the dosing was terminated, pivaloylcarnitine in plasma and then in urine disappeared, and the concentration of free carnitine, acyl/free carnitine ratio returned to the normal range."	( [Effect of cefditoren pivoxil on carnitine metabolism in pediatric patients]. Chiba, S; Fujii, R; Meguro, H; Mori, A; Mori, T; Numazaki, K; Satoh, Y; Sunakawa, K; Terashima, I; Toyonaga, Y, 1993)	0.29

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

Role	Description
metabolite	Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

Class	Description
C5-acylcarnitine	Any O-acylcarnitine in which the acyl group contains a total of 5 carbon atoms.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Research

Studies (26)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1 (3.85)	18.7374
1990's	10 (38.46)	18.2507
2000's	6 (23.08)	29.6817
2010's	9 (34.62)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	1 (3.85%)	5.53%
Reviews	1 (3.85%)	6.00%
Case Studies	4 (15.38%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	20 (76.92%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	2.68	3	0	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	1.98	1	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
carnitine [no description available]	7.1	26	1	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
gamma-butyrobetaine 4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate : An amino-acid betaine gamma-aminobutyric acid zwitterion in which all of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.	1.98	1	0	amino-acid betaine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
glycine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	6.98	1	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	7.44	2	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	6.97	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
pivalic acid pivalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pivalic acid : A branched, short-chain fatty acid composed of propanoic acid having two methyl substituents at the 2-position.	11.74	18	1	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; methyl-branched fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	1.98	1	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
isovaleric acid isovaleric acid: structure. isovaleric acid : A C5, branched-chain saturated fatty acid.	6.99	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; methylbutyric acid; short-chain fatty acid	mammalian metabolite; plant metabolite
pivampicillin Pivampicillin: Pivalate ester analog of AMPICILLIN.. pivampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the pivaloyloxymethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a prodrug of ampicillin.	7.67	3	0	penicillanic acid ester; pivaloyloxymethyl ester	prodrug
s-adenosylmethionine acylcarnitine: structure in first source. S-adenosyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-adenosyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.	3.35	6	0	sulfonium betaine	human metabolite
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	4.47	5	1	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
sivelestat sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source	7.11	1	0	N-acylglycine; pivalate ester
valproylcarnitine [no description available]	7.44	2	0
sulbactam [no description available]	1.99	1	0	penicillanic acids
isobutyryl-1-carnitine O-isobutyryl-L-carnitine : An optically active form of O-isobutyrylcarnitine having (R)-configuration.	2.05	1	0	methyl-branched fatty acyl-L-carnitine; O-isobutyrylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine	human metabolite
butyrylcarnitine butyrylcarnitine: structure in first source. O-butanoyl-L-carnitine : An optically active form of O-butanoylcarnitine having L-configuration.. O-butanoylcarnitine : A C4-acylcarnitine that is the O-butanoyl derivative of carnitine.	2.05	1	0	O-butanoylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine	metabolite
s 1108 S 1108: structure given in first source; an oral cephem antibiotic and prodrug of S-1006	4.06	3	1
cefteram pivoxil cefteram pivoxil: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephams; oxime O-ether; pivaloyloxymethyl ester; tetrazoles
3-methylbutyrylcarnitine 3-methylbutyrylcarnitine: affects 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase activity in intact mitochondria of rat muscle; RN given refers to (R)-isomer. O-isovalerylcarnitine : A C5-acylcarnitine having isovaleryl as the acyl substituent.	2.43	2	0	C5-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
s 1006 S 1006: structure given in first source. cefcapene : A cephalosporin compound having (carbamoyloxy)methyl and N-[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)pent-2-enoyl]amino side-groups. It is used (generally as the corresponnding pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug) as an oral antibacterial.	3.77	2	1	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; enamide; secondary carboxamide	antibacterial drug
cefmenoxime Cefmenoxime: A cephalosporin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is active against most common gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, is a potent inhibitor of Enterobacteriaceae, and is highly resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. The drug has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmenoxime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, bearing a 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino group at the 7beta-position and a [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the 3-position.	1.98	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	3.21	5
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	2.55	2
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	2.17	1
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	2.55	2
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	2.17	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	2.11	1
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	2.11	1
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	2.11	1
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	2.11	1
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	2.11	1
Hyperammonemia Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.	2.11	1
Brain Disorders [description not available]	2.13	1
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	2.13	1
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	1.98	1
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	1.98	1
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	1.99	1
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	1.99	1
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	2.39	2
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	1.98	1

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