Compounds > eslicarbazepine
Page last updated: 2024-12-11

eslicarbazepine

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID9881504
CHEMBL ID315985
CHEBI ID174358
SCHEMBL ID418933
MeSH IDM0572254

Synonyms (62)

Synonym
cgp-13751
bia-2-194
bia 2-194
eslicarbazepine
(s)-licarbazepine
CHEMBL315985
licarbazepine, (s)-
(5s)-5-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrobenzo[b][1]benzazepine-11-carboxamide
(s)-mhd
CHEBI:174358
104746-04-5
eslicarbazepine (usan/inn)
D09215
s-(+)-10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-5h-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide
(10s)-10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-5h-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide
(10s)-10-hydroxy-10,11-dihydro-5h-dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5 carboxamide
(s)-(+)-10-hydroxy-10,11-dihydro-5h-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide
BMPDWHIDQYTSHX-AWEZNQCLSA-N
(s)-(+)-10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-5h-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide
(10s)-10-hydroxy-10,11-dihydro-5h-dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide
(10s)-10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-5h-dibenz(b,f)azepine-5-carboxamide
(10s)-10-hydroxy-10,11-dihydro-5h-dibenzo(b,f)azepin-5-carboxamide
s(+)-liscarbazepine
ec 810-248-9
eslicarbazepine [usan:inn:ban]
unii-s5vxa428r4
s5vxa428r4 ,
(10s)-10-hydroxy-10,11-dihydro-5h-dibenzo[b,f]azepin-5-carboxamide
(s)-(+)-10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-5h-dibenz(b,f)azepine-5-carboxamide
5h-dibenz(b,f)azepine-5-carboxamide, 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-, (10s)-
eslicarbazepine [who-dd]
eslicarbazepine [mi]
eslicarbazepine [usan]
eslicarbazepine [mart.]
eslicarbazepine [vandf]
eslicarbazepine [inn]
bia-2194
s-10-monohydroxy-dihydro-carbamazepin
gtpl7350
s-licarbazepine
SCHEMBL418933
AKOS016844866
(s)-10-hydroxy-10,11-dihydro-5h-dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide
5h-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide,10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-,(10s)-
J-001242
HY-114703
CS-0064132
DB14575
Q27077226
monohydroxy carbamazepine
(s)-licarbazepine; (10s)-10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-5h-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide; s-(+)-10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy-5h-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide
eslicarbazepine (bia 2-194)
MS-23581
(eslicarbazepine)
(s)-10-monohydroxy-10,11-dihydro carbamazepine
DTXSID901316900
EN300-18686811
(9s)-9-hydroxy-2-azatricyclo[9.4.0.0,3,8]pentadeca-1(15),3,5,7,11,13-hexaene-2-carboxamide
eslicarbazepinum
eslicarbazepina
eslicarbazepine (mart.)
n03af04

Research Excerpts

Overview

Eslicarbazepine is a novel anti-epileptic agent indicated for the treatment of partial-onset seizures. It is chemically related to carbamazepine but with a more favorable safety profile.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Eslicarbazepine is a novel anti-epileptic agent indicated for the treatment of partial-onset seizures. "( Intentional overdose of the novel anti-epileptic drug eslicarbazepine presenting with recurrent seizures and ventricular dysrhythmias.
Ovakim, DH; Powell, JD; Thompson, J, 2018)		2.17
"Eslicarbazepine is a new anti-epileptic drug, chemically related to carbamazepine but with a more favorable safety profile."( Patch testing in a case of eslicarbazepine and carbamazepine induced cutaneous reaction.
Custódio, P; Finelli, E; Leiria-Pinto, P; Porovska, O; Prates, S, 2018)		1.5
"Eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) is a new antiepileptic drug (AED) and an analogue to carbamazepine (CBZ) and oxcarbazepine (OXC). "( Post-authorisation study of eslicarbazepine as treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy: preliminary results.
Massot, A; Principe, A; Rocamora, R; Roquer, J; Vivanco, R, 2014)		2.14
"Eslicarbazepine acetate is a recently approved antiepileptic drug that is rapidly metabolized to (S)-licarbazepine."( Oxcarbazepine and its active metabolite, (S)-licarbazepine, exacerbate seizures in a mouse model of genetic generalized epilepsy.
Kim, TH; Petrou, S; Reid, CA, 2015)		1.14
"Eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) is a new antiepileptic drug whose mechanism of action is blockade of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC). "( Clinical utility of eslicarbazepine: current evidence.
Carelli, A; Cincotta, M; Giovannelli, F; Verrotti, A; Zaccara, G, 2015)		2.18

Treatment

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Eslicarbazepine- and LCM-treated fast-inactivated channels recovered similarly to control conditions, whereas CBZ- and OXC-treated channels required longer pulses to recover."( Eslicarbazepine and the enhancement of slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels: a comparison with carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine and lacosamide.
Bonifácio, MJ; Hebeisen, S; Loureiro, AI; Palma, N; Pires, N; Soares-da-Silva, P; Spanswick, D; Whyment, A, 2015)		2.58

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" This study evaluated the effect of multiple-dose ESL on the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of a single dose of rosuvastatin in healthy subjects."( Evidence for a pharmacokinetic interaction between eslicarbazepine and rosuvastatin: Potential effects on xenobiotic transporters.
Blum, D; Gidal, BE; Grinnell, T; Kharidia, J; Mintzer, S; Schutz, R; Schwab, M; Sunkaraneni, S, 2017)		0.71

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" This study was performed to characterize the disposition of the two enantiomers of MHD after oral and intravenous administration and to estimate the bioavailability of MHD after a single oral dose administration of OXC compared to a single intravenous administration of MHD."( Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
Czendlik, C; Flesch, G; Lloyd, P; Renard, D, 2011)		0.37
"Rosuvastatin exposure was 36-39% lower with steady-state administration of ESL, potentially due to reduced oral bioavailability of rosuvastatin."( Evidence for a pharmacokinetic interaction between eslicarbazepine and rosuvastatin: Potential effects on xenobiotic transporters.
Blum, D; Gidal, BE; Grinnell, T; Kharidia, J; Mintzer, S; Schutz, R; Schwab, M; Sunkaraneni, S, 2017)		0.71

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Five groups of each of 12 female rats were orally dosed daily for 8 weeks with either carbamazepine (CBZ) (60 mg/kg), eslicarbazepine (ESL) (80 mg/kg), valproic acid (VPA) (300 mg/kg), levetiracetam (LEV) (50 mg/kg) or saline (control (CTL))."( Effects of carbamazepine, eslicarbazepine, valproic acid and levetiracetam on bone microarchitecture in rats.
Andersen, NB; Diemar, SS; Ding, M; Eiken, P; Ellegaard, M; Jørgensen, NR; Sejling, AS, 2020)		1.07
" Furthermore, most preclinical antiepileptogenic studies lack information needed for translation, such as dose-blood level relationship, brain target engagement, and dose-response, and many use treatment parameters that cannot be applied clinically, for example, treatment initiation before or at the time of injury and dosing higher than tolerated human equivalent dosing."( Repurposed molecules for antiepileptogenesis: Missing an opportunity to prevent epilepsy?
Bar-Klein, G; Friedman, A; Hameed, MQ; Jozwiak, S; Kaminski, RM; Klein, P; Klitgaard, H; Koepp, M; Löscher, W; Prince, DA; Rotenberg, A; Twyman, R; Vezzani, A; Wong, M, 2020)		0.56
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
dibenzooxazepineAn organic heterotricyclic compound consisting of two benzene rings fused to a seven-membered ring containing one oxygen and one nitrogen atom.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (27)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1220847Cmax in human treated with oxcarbazepine at 300 mg, po administered as one-film coated tablet by high-performance liquid chromatography2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220850AUC (0 to 32/48 hrs) in human treated with oxcarbazepine at 300 mg, po administered as one-film coated tablet by high-performance liquid chromatography2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220837Drug excretion in human urine assessed as total amount of drug eliminated treated with monohydroxy derivative of OXC at 250 mg, iv administered as infusion over 30 mins by high-performance liquid chromatography2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220829Total plasma clearance in human treated with monohydroxy derivative of OXC at 250 mg, iv administered as single dose by high-performance liquid chromatography2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220817AUC (0 to 72 hrs) in human treated with monohydroxy derivative of OXC at 200 mg, iv administered as single dose by high-performance liquid chromatography2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID195317Compound was tested for anticonvulsant activity against MES-induced seizures in rat1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 42, Issue:14
Anticonvulsant and sodium channel-blocking properties of novel 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide derivatives.
AID1220825Total plasma clearance in human treated with monohydroxy derivative of OXC at 150 mg, iv administered as single dose by high-performance liquid chromatography2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220854Terminal half life in human urine treated with oxcarbazepine at 300 mg, po administered as one-film coated tablet by high-performance liquid chromatography2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220846Tmax in human treated with oxcarbazepine at 300 mg, po administered as one-film coated tablet by high-performance liquid chromatography2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220851Drug excretion in human urine assessed as total amount of drug eliminated treated with oxcarbazepine at 300 mg, po administered as one-film coated tablet by high-performance liquid chromatography2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID190110Compound was tested intraperitoneally for anticonvulsant activity by rotarod test1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 42, Issue:14
Anticonvulsant and sodium channel-blocking properties of novel 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide derivatives.
AID1220836AUC in human treated with monohydroxy derivative of OXC at 250 mg, iv administered as infusion over 30 mins by high-performance liquid chromatography2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220815AUC (0 to 72 hrs) in human treated with monohydroxy derivative of OXC at 150 mg, iv administered as single dose by high-performance liquid chromatography2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220852Renal clearance in human treated with oxcarbazepine at 300 mg, po administered as one-film coated tablet by high-performance liquid chromatography2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220835AUC (0 to 48 hrs) in human treated with monohydroxy derivative of OXC at 250 mg, iv administered as infusion over 30 mins by high-performance liquid chromatography2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220838Total plasma clearance in human treated with monohydroxy derivative of OXC at 250 mg, iv administered as infusion over 30 mins by high-performance liquid chromatography2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220842Terminal half life in human urine treated with monohydroxy derivative of OXC at 250 mg, iv administered as infusion over 30 mins by high-performance liquid chromatography2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220827Total plasma clearance in human treated with monohydroxy derivative of OXC at 200 mg, iv administered as single dose by high-performance liquid chromatography2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220840Apparent terminal half life in human plasma treated with monohydroxy derivative of OXC at 250 mg, iv administered as infusion over 30 mins by high-performance liquid chromatography2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220821Drug excretion in human urine assessed as total amount of drug eliminated treated with monohydroxy derivative of OXC at 150 mg, iv administered as single dose measured for 72 hrs post-dose by high-performance liquid chromatography2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID226935Protective index value of the compound, given by intraperitoneally (TD50/ED50)1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 42, Issue:14
Anticonvulsant and sodium channel-blocking properties of novel 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide derivatives.
AID176347Compound was tested intraperitoneally for anticonvulsant activity against MES-induced seizures in rat by MES test1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 42, Issue:14
Anticonvulsant and sodium channel-blocking properties of novel 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide derivatives.
AID1220839Renal clearance in human treated with monohydroxy derivative of OXC at 250 mg, iv administered as infusion over 30 mins by high-performance liquid chromatography2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220853Apparent terminal half life in human plasma treated with oxcarbazepine at 300 mg, po administered as one-film coated tablet by high-performance liquid chromatography2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID1220841Volume of distribution at steady state in human treated with monohydroxy derivative of OXC at 250 mg, iv administered as infusion over 30 mins by high-performance liquid chromatography2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
AID196513t max for anticonvulsant activity was tested in rats intraperitoneally1999Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-15, Volume: 42, Issue:14
Anticonvulsant and sodium channel-blocking properties of novel 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide derivatives.
AID1220819AUC (0 to 72 hrs) in human treated with monohydroxy derivative of OXC at 250 mg, iv administered as single dose by high-performance liquid chromatography2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jun, Volume: 39, Issue:6
Pharmacokinetics of the monohydroxy derivative of oxcarbazepine and its enantiomers after a single intravenous dose given as racemate compared with a single oral dose of oxcarbazepine.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (41)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's1 (2.44)18.2507
2000's0 (0.00)29.6817
2010's28 (68.29)24.3611
2020's12 (29.27)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 68.78

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index68.78 (24.57)
Research Supply Index3.83 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.39 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index115.12 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (68.78)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials3 (7.14%)5.53%
Reviews9 (21.43%)6.00%
Case Studies10 (23.81%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other20 (47.62%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.110amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.1310monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
carbamates
[no description available]		3.2110amino-acid anion
glycine
[no description available]		2.110alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
taurine
[no description available]		2.110amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenytoin
[no description available]		2.2510imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		3.98120dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.11101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		7.5720branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		4.0330gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		3.3510organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		2.1710benzodiazepine
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		3.3510biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.2510barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		4.1520organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
vigabatrin
[no description available]		3.3510gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		3.59201,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		2.6320pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.110aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.1310aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
diethylamine
[no description available]		2.1310secondary aliphatic amine
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		2.3110adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		3.5920isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		2.110thiazolidine
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		3.3510acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.110glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		2.25102-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		5.27111cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
atorvastatin
[no description available]		3.3510aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
fingolimod hydrochloride
Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).		3.3510hydrochlorideimmunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
10-hydroxycarbamazepine
10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine: main metabolite of oxcarbazepine; structure given in first source. licarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine, reduced across the C-10,11 positions and carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen and a hydroxy function at C-10. A voltage-gated sodium channel blocker with anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing effects, it is related to oxcarbazepine and is an active metabolite of oxcarbazepine.		4.5651carboxamide;
dibenzoazepine;
ureas		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker
ezogabine
ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.		3.2110carbamate ester;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anticonvulsant;
potassium channel modulator
eslicarbazepine acetate
eslicarbazepine acetate : The acetate ester, with S configuration, of licarbazepine. An anticonvulsant, it is approved for use in Europe and the United States as an adjunctive therapy for epilepsy.		2.7430acetate ester;
carboxamide;
dibenzoazepine;
ureas		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		5.7270N-acyl-amino acid
latrunculin a
latrunculin A: 16-membered macrolide attached to 2-thiazolidinone moiety; from Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica; see also latrunculin B; structure given in first source. latrunculin A : A bicyclic macrolide natural product consisting of a 16-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica and from the Fiji Islands sponge Cacospongia mycofijiensis. Latrunculin A inhibits actin polymerisation, microfilament organsation and microfilament-mediated processes.		7.110cyclic hemiketal;
macrolide;
oxabicycloalkane;
thiazolidinone		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
toxin
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		10.0440pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		3.3510antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		3.3510cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		3.3510gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
iem 1460
IEM 1460: structure in first source		2.3110
ucb 34714
brivaracetam: A pyrrolidinone compound that is used to treat partial onset seizures in adult patients; structure in first source.. brivaracetam : A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative that is butanamide in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (4R)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl. Used for treatment of partial onset seizures related to epilepsy.		5.0640gamma-lactam;
non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative		anticonvulsant
perampanel
perampanel : A member of the class of bipyridines that is 2,3'-bipyridin-6'-one substituted at positions 1' and 5' by phenyl and 2-cyanophenyl groups respectively. Used as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients with epilepsy.		4.9940bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		AMPA receptor antagonist;
anticonvulsant
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		3.3510
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		2.1310glycoside
ro13-9904
Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.		3.3510
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		04.150
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		04.150
Aura
[description not available]		05.69110
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		17.69110
DRESS Syndrome
[description not available]		02.6620
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		03.2650
Apoplexy
[description not available]		03.1710
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		03.1710
Concussive Convulsion
[description not available]		03.1710
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		03.1710
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		03.1710
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		03.1710
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		03.1710
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		02.3110
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		02.3110
Abdominal Epilepsy
[description not available]		04.6350
Acute Porphyria
[description not available]		02.2510
Epilepsies, Partial
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)		04.6350
Porphyria, Acute Intermittent
An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE SYNTHASE in the LIVER, the third enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features are recurrent and life-threatening neurologic disturbances, ABDOMINAL PAIN, and elevated level of AMINOLEVULINIC ACID and PORPHOBILINOGEN in the urine.		02.2510
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		03.4820
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		03.4820
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		02.2510
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.2510
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.2510
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		02.2510
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		02.2510
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.2510
Epilepsy Syndromes
[description not available]		02.3110
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy
[description not available]		02.3110
Epileptic Syndromes
EPILEPTIC SEIZURES that are of similar type and age of onset and have other similar features (e.g., clinical course, EEG findings, genetic association and neuropathology).		02.3110
Epilepsies, Myoclonic
A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.		02.3110
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.1710
Asystole
[description not available]		02.5820
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.1710
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.1710
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		02.5820
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		02.1710
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		02.1710
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.1710
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		02.1710
Eosinophilia, Tropical
[description not available]		02.1710
Exanthem
[description not available]		02.1710
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		02.1710
Eosinophilia
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.		02.1710
Exanthema
Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.		02.1710
Atrioventricular Conduction Block
[description not available]		02.1710
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		02.1710
Epileptiform Neuralgia
[description not available]		02.1710
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		02.1710
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)		02.1710
Atrioventricular Block
Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.		02.1710
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		02.1110
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		02.110
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		02.110
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.110
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		02.1110
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		02.1110
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.1110
Adenoma Sebaceum
Facial ANGIOFIBROMA in tuberous sclerosis		02.1110
Acquired Language Disorders
[description not available]		02.1110
Language Disorders
Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders.		02.1110
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		02.1110
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.1110
Tuberous Sclerosis
Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.		02.1110
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1110
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		03.0310
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		03.0310
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		03.0310
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1310
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.		02.1310
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		02.1310
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		02.1310
Facial Spasm, Unilateral
[description not available]		02.2110
Entrapment Neuropathies
[description not available]		02.2110
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo
[description not available]		02.2110
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.2110
Vertigo
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)		02.2110
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