response to lipopolysaccharide

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. [GOC:add, ISBN:0721601464]

Response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a complex process that involves a cascade of events triggered by the recognition of LPS, a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, by the immune system. The process begins when LPS binds to a complex of proteins known as the LPS-binding protein (LBP) in the blood. LBP delivers LPS to CD14, a transmembrane protein present on macrophages and other immune cells. This interaction leads to the activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway. TLR4, in complex with MD2 and CD14, recognizes and binds LPS, initiating downstream signaling events. Activation of TLR4 leads to the recruitment of adaptor proteins, including myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and TIR domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-beta (TRIF). The MyD88-dependent pathway activates the transcription factor NF-κB, leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. These cytokines contribute to the inflammatory response and play a role in the recruitment of other immune cells to the site of infection. The TRIF-dependent pathway activates interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), leading to the production of type I interferons (IFNs). Type I IFNs have antiviral activity and contribute to the control of bacterial infection. In addition to the activation of signaling pathways, LPS also stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other inflammatory mediators. Overall, the response to LPS involves a complex interplay of signaling pathways and cellular responses, culminating in the activation of the immune system and the clearance of bacterial infection. However, uncontrolled LPS-induced inflammation can contribute to the development of sepsis, a life-threatening condition characterized by widespread inflammation and organ dysfunction.'
```
"

Proteins (67)

Compounds (2,614)