glycine:sodium symporter activity
Definition
Target type: molecularfunction
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: glycine(out) + Na+(out) = glycine(in) + Na+(in). [GOC:ai]
Glycine:sodium symporter activity describes the transport of both glycine and sodium ions across a cell membrane. This process is driven by the electrochemical gradient of sodium ions, which are moving down their concentration gradient from a region of high concentration outside the cell to a region of lower concentration inside the cell. As sodium ions move down their gradient, they provide the energy for the co-transport of glycine against its concentration gradient, moving glycine from a region of low concentration to a region of higher concentration. This type of transport is known as secondary active transport, as it relies on the pre-existing electrochemical gradient of another molecule (in this case, sodium) to drive the transport of glycine.
The glycine:sodium symporter is a membrane protein that facilitates this coupled transport. It binds both sodium and glycine molecules, and the binding of sodium triggers a conformational change in the protein that allows glycine to be transported across the membrane. The symporter can operate in both directions, depending on the relative concentrations of sodium and glycine on either side of the membrane.
This activity is crucial for various biological processes, including:
* **Neurotransmission:** Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Glycine:sodium symporters are responsible for reuptake of glycine from the synaptic cleft, ensuring proper termination of glycine-mediated synaptic transmission.
* **Amino acid transport:** Glycine is an essential amino acid used for protein synthesis. Glycine:sodium symporters play a vital role in the uptake of glycine from the gut and its transport into cells for various metabolic processes.
* **Renal function:** Glycine:sodium symporters are involved in the reabsorption of glycine from the urine, contributing to the maintenance of amino acid balance in the body.
Mutations in the genes encoding glycine:sodium symporters can lead to various diseases, including glycine encephalopathy, a severe neurological disorder characterized by seizures, mental retardation, and other developmental problems.'
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Proteins (4)
| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2 | A sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9Y345] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1 | A sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P48067] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2 | A sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9Y345] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1 | A sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P48067] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compounds (12)
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| glycine | alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid | EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical | |
| sarcosine | cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis | N-alkylglycine; N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines | Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| hinokinin | hinokinin : A lignan that is dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (gamma-butyrolactone) substituted by a 3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl group at positions 3 and 4 (the 3R,4R-diastereoisomer). hinokinin: suppresses expression of both HBsAg and HBeAg | benzodioxoles; gamma-lactone; lignan | trypanocidal drug |
| n-arachidonylglycine | N-arachidonoylglycine : Biologically active derivative of anandamide N-arachidonylglycine: structure in first source | fatty amide; N-acylglycine | |
| org 24598 | org 24598: structure in first source | ||
| n-oleoylglycine | N-oleoylglycine : A fatty acid derivative that is the 9Z-octadecenoyl derivative of glycine. It is believed to be an intermediate in oleamide biosynthesis. oleoylglycine: long chain fatty acyl glycine | fatty amide; N-acylglycine 18:1 | metabolite |
| alx 5407 | biphenyls | ||
| palmitoylcarnitine | O-palmitoyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl). Palmitoylcarnitine: A long-chain fatty acid ester of carnitine which facilitates the transfer of long-chain fatty acids from cytoplasm into mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids. | O-palmitoylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine | EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| alx 1393 | ALX 1393: a GlyT2 inhibitor | ||
| rg 1678 | (4-(3-fluoro-5-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)(5-methanesulfonyl-2-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-methylethoxy)phenyl)methanone: a GlyT1 inhibitor; structure in first source | ||
| n-arachidonoylalanine | N-arachidonoyl-L-alanine : An N-acyl-L-alanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-alanine with the carboxy group of arachidonic acid. N-arachidonoylalanine: inhibits fatty acid amide hydrolase; structure in first source | N-(fatty acyl)-L-alpha-amino acid; N-acyl-L-alanine | mammalian metabolite |
| oleoylcarnitine | (R)-oleoylcarnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine in which the acyl group is specified as oleoyl. oleoylcarnitine: adenine nucleotide translocase antagonist; RN given refers to (Z)-(+-)-isomer | monounsaturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine | glycine transporter 2 inhibitor; human metabolite |