transmembrane signaling receptor activity

Definition

Target type: molecularfunction

Combining with an extracellular or intracellular signal and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity or state as part of signal transduction. [GOC:go_curators, Wikipedia:Transmembrane_receptor]

Transmembrane signaling receptor activity is a fundamental molecular process that allows cells to respond to external stimuli and communicate with their environment. It involves a series of events that begin with the binding of a signaling molecule, known as a ligand, to a specific receptor protein embedded in the cell membrane. This binding event triggers a cascade of intracellular events that ultimately lead to a cellular response. The molecular function of transmembrane signaling receptor activity can be broken down into several key steps:

1. **Ligand binding:** The process begins with the specific interaction between a ligand and its cognate receptor. Ligands can be diverse molecules, including hormones, neurotransmitters, growth factors, cytokines, and even physical stimuli such as light or mechanical force. The binding event is typically characterized by high affinity and specificity, ensuring that the receptor responds only to its intended signal.
2. **Conformational change:** Upon ligand binding, the receptor protein undergoes a conformational change. This change in shape alters the receptor's structure and exposes or masks specific binding sites for downstream signaling molecules.
3. **Signal transduction:** The conformational change in the receptor initiates a chain of intracellular events known as signal transduction. This involves the activation of a series of signaling molecules, such as kinases, phosphatases, and GTP-binding proteins. These molecules act as messengers, amplifying and relaying the signal from the receptor to intracellular targets.
4. **Cellular response:** The ultimate outcome of transmembrane signaling receptor activity is a cellular response. This response can be diverse, ranging from changes in gene expression and protein synthesis to alterations in cell morphology, metabolism, and behavior. The specific response is determined by the nature of the signaling pathway activated by the receptor and the cellular context.

In summary, transmembrane signaling receptor activity is a complex and highly regulated process that allows cells to respond to external stimuli and maintain homeostasis. It involves a series of molecular events that begin with ligand binding, leading to conformational changes in the receptor protein, activation of intracellular signaling pathways, and ultimately a cellular response.'
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Proteins (29)

Compounds (678)