Compounds > 3-methoxytyrosine
Page last updated: 2024-12-04

3-methoxytyrosine

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Description

3-O-methyldopa : A L-tyrosine derivative that is the 3-methoxy derivative of L-dopa. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID1670
CHEBI ID172453
SCHEMBL ID180103
MeSH IDM0052237
PubMed CID9307
CHEMBL ID1314652
CHEBI ID82913
SCHEMBL ID180104
MeSH IDM0052237

Synonyms (89)

Synonym
AC-12961
2-amino-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid
CHEBI:172453
nsc-122476
nsc122476
7636-26-2
MAYBRIDGE1_006810
3-methoxy-dl-tyrosine
M-3582
l-3-methoxytyrosine
AKOS000190387
3-methoxytyrosine
HMS560N12
4214-13-5
FT-0660539
3-methoxy-tyrosine
so86t1ob2p ,
nsc 122476
unii-so86t1ob2p
tyrosine, 3-methoxy-
dl-3-methoxytyrosine
3-methoxy-d,l-tyrosine
3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)alanine
4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylalanine
dl-3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylalanine
FT-0616002
FT-0689432
alanine, 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-
dl-3-o-methyldopa
(2rs)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid
levodopa impurity c [ep impurity]
3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylalanine
3-o-methyldopa, dl-
SCHEMBL180103
AKOS016842492
4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylalanine #
mfcd00063077
(dl)-3-o-methyldopa (3-methoxy-dl-tyrosine)
l-3-methoxy tyrosine
(2rs)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid (3-methoxy-dl-tyrosine; (dl)-3-o-methyldopa)
DTXSID50864098
1-boc-3-([2-(2-bromo-phenyl)-ethylamino]-methyl)-pyrrolidine
AS-41988
Q23570653
2-amino-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid hcl
A865493
l-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-d3-phenyl)alanine
rac 3-o-methyl dopa
EN300-305030
PD043826
CS-0062297
3-o-methyl-dl-dopa
HY-113468
300-48-1
3-methoxy-l-tyrosine
3-methoxy-l-tyrosine monohydrate, powder
NCGC00163350-01
3-o-methyldopa
(2s)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid ,
3ym ,
AKOS012010388
CHEMBL1314652
chebi:82913 ,
v3o7j20dwn ,
unii-v3o7j20dwn
l-tyrosine, 3-methoxy-
3-o-methyldopa, l-
AM20041134
SCHEMBL180104
l-3-mto
om-dopa
3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-l-alanine
3-o-methyldopa [mi]
(-)-3-o-methyldopa
l-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-alanine
PFDUUKDQEHURQC-ZETCQYMHSA-N
3-o-methyl-l-dopa
(2s)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)propionic acid
AS-57781
HY-113468A
CS-0131977
3-o-methyl-a-methyldopa
3-o-methyl dopa
Q15410220
D95468
(s)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid
DTXSID401315157
EN300-321078
PD053041

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" High concentrations of levodopa are toxic in vitro."( Catechol-O-methyltransferase decreases levodopa toxicity in vitro.
Galili-Mosberg, R; Melamed, E; Offen, D; Panet, H, )		0.13
"Long-term treatment of L-dopa for Parkinson's disease (PD) patients induces adverse effects, including dyskinesia, on-off and wearing-off symptoms."( The role of 3-O-methyldopa in the side effects of L-dopa.
Charlton, C; Chen, H; King, J; Lee, ES, 2008)		0.35

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" administration of L-dopa, but had no effect on the half-life (t1/2) for its distribution or elimination."( Peripheral pharmacokinetic handling and metabolism of L-dopa in the rat: the effect of route of administration and carbidopa pretreatment.
Jenner, P; Marsden, CD; Rose, S, 1991)		0.28
" For comparison, the pharmacokinetic parameters of both compounds were simultaneously determined in plasma using blood collection."( In vivo pharmacokinetics of levodopa and 3-O-methyldopa in muscle. A microdialysis study.
Deleu, D; Ebinger, G; Michotte, Y; Sarre, S, 1991)		0.28
"Seventeen patients with advanced Parkinson's disease who had fluctuations in motor performance while taking standard Sinemet (STD) 25/100 underwent daylong pharmacokinetic and clinical observation studies while taking both STD and Sinemet CR, a new controlled-release formulation containing 50 mg carbidopa and 200 mg levodopa."( A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of Sinemet CR (50/200) and standard Sinemet (25/100).
Cedarbaum, JM; Kutt, H; McDowell, FH, 1989)		0.28
" These observations were consistent with the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the formulation."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of Sinemet CR: a summary of human studies.
August, TF; Bush, DF; Lasseter, KC; Musson, DG; Schwartz, S; Smith, ME; Titus, DC; Yeh, KC, 1989)		0.28
" With pharmacokinetic studies correlated to clinical ratings, plasma levodopa was less variable during Sinemet CR treatment, and clinical responses showed greater uniformity."( Controlled-release carbidopa/levodopa (Sinemet 50/200 CR4): clinical and pharmacokinetic studies.
Berchou, RC; Galloway, MP; Kareti, D; Kesaree, N; LeWitt, PA; Nelson, MV; Schlick, P, 1989)		0.28
" The pharmacokinetic variables were then compared in both tissues with noncompartmental modeling."( Simultaneous in vivo microdialysis in plasma and skeletal muscle: a study of the pharmacokinetic properties of levodopa by noncompartmental analysis.
Deleu, D; Ebinger, G; Michotte, Y; Sarre, S, 1994)		0.29
" Plasma concentrations of levodopa; its metabolites 3-O-methyldopa (3-OMD), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and homovanillic acid (HVA); as well as carbidopa and entacapone were determined for pharmacokinetic calculations."( The effect of catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibition by entacapone on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of levodopa in healthy volunteers.
Gordin, A; Harjola, VP; Karlsson, M; Keränen, T; Korpela, K; Pentikäinen, PJ; Rita, H; Seppälä, L; Wikberg, T, 1993)		0.29
" Entacapone increased statistically significantly the mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of levodopa by 29% after a single dose and by 21% after 4 weeks' administration, without affecting other pharmacokinetic parameters of levodopa."( Effect of one month's treatment with peripherally acting catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor, entacapone, on pharmacokinetics and motor response to levodopa in advanced parkinsonian patients.
Rinne, UK; Ruottinen, HM, 1996)		0.29
"A multiple-dose study was performed to assess the pharmacokinetic profile of a new levodopa/benserazide dual-release formulation (DRF) in comparison with a conventional slow-release formulation (SRF)."( Comparative single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of levodopa and 3-O-methyldopa following a new dual-release and a conventional slow-release formulation of levodopa and benserazide in healthy subjects.
Crevoisier, C; Dingemanse, J; Gasser, UE; Lankhaar, G; Ouwerkerk, M, 1998)		0.3
" This clinical and pharmacokinetic study was repeated after 6 weeks of tolcapone therapy (200 mg three times daily)."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of L-Dopa after acute and 6-week tolcapone administration in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Bellini, G; Bonuccelli, U; Del Dotto, P; Dell'Agnello, G; Gambaccini, G; Napolitano, A; Petrozzi, L, )		0.13
" The advantage of the Dixon equation over the sigmoid equation is that the Dixon equation can take 3OMD into consideration for pharmacodynamic modelling."( Pharmacodynamic modelling of levodopa, 3-O-methyldopa and their effects: an application of the Dixon equation.
Furlanut, M; Wu, G, 1999)		0.3
" Plasma concentrations of levodopa and 3-O-methyldopa were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography for pharmacokinetic evaluation."( Effects of food on the pharmacokinetics of levodopa in a dual-release formulation.
Calvi-Gries, F; Crevoisier, C; Nilsen, T; Zerr, P, 2003)		0.32
"0] kg/m2) completed the 4 treatment periods and had data available for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses."( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interaction between nebicapone and controlled-release levodopa/benserazide: a single-center, Phase I, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, four-way crossover study in healthy subjects.
Almeida, L; Costa, R; Falcão, A; Fernandes-Lopes, C; Loureiro, AI; Machado, R; Nunes, T; Rocha, JF; Soares-da-Silva, P; Torrão, L; Vaz-da-Silva, M; Wright, L, 2009)		0.35
"The aims of the present study were to investigate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (pk/pd) relationship of levodopa (l-dopa) in patients with advanced Parkinson disease (PD) and also to evaluate the effect of tolcapone on the pk/pd analysis of l-dopa in 1 patient with severe dyskinesias and fluctuations."( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of levodopa in patients with advanced Parkinson disease.
Adamiak, U; Bialecka, M; Gawronska-Szklarz, B; Kaldonska, M; Klodowska-Duda, G; Safranow, K; Wyska, E, 2010)		0.36
" This was the first study designed to characterize the full pharmacokinetic profiles of levodopa, carbidopa, and levodopa metabolite, 3-O-methyldopa (3-OMD) with 16-h LCIG infusion."( Pharmacokinetics of levodopa, carbidopa, and 3-O-methyldopa following 16-hour jejunal infusion of levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel in advanced Parkinson's disease patients.
Chatamra, K; Dutta, S; Johansson, A; Locke, C; Nyholm, D; Odin, P; Othman, AA, 2013)		0.39
" Changes of small magnitude but with possible clinical impact were found according to tmax and Cmax that tended to be lower in HP- patients and AUC0-t that was larger in the HP+ group."( Pharmacokinetics of levodopa in patients with Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations depending on the presence of Helicobacter pylori infection.
Adamiak-Giera, U; Białecka, M; Gawrońska-Szklarz, B; Madaliński, MH; Narożańska, E; Robowski, P; Schinwelski, M; Sołtan, W; Sławek, J, )		0.13

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"A short-term, randomized, partly blinded, crossover, investigator-initiated clinical trial was performed, with levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel combined with oral entacapone and tolcapone on two different days in 10 patients."( Levodopa infusion combined with entacapone or tolcapone in Parkinson disease: a pilot trial.
Askmark, H; Johansson, A; Lennernäs, H; Nyholm, D, 2012)		0.38

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" enhanced bioavailability and prolonged plasma half-life of L-DOPA, pronounced DOPA sparing effect and blockade of 3-OMD formation."( Ro 40-7592: inhibition of COMT in rat brain and extracerebral tissues.
Colzi, A; Da Prada, M; Zürcher, G, 1990)		0.28
" The methods have been utilized to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral dosage forms containing levodopa and carbidopa."( Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of carbidopa, levodopa and 3-O-methyldopa in plasma and carbidopa, levodopa and dopamine in urine using electrochemical detection.
August, TF; Bayne, WF; Eisenhandler, R; Musson, DG; Titus, DC; Yeh, KC, 1990)		0.28
" Total daily levodopa intake was greater with Sinemet CR, although the bioavailability of levodopa and carbidopa from the two preparations was equivalent."( A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of Sinemet CR (50/200) and standard Sinemet (25/100).
Cedarbaum, JM; Kutt, H; McDowell, FH, 1989)		0.28
" Results indicate a levodopa bioavailability of 71% for Sinemet CR, in contrast to a bioavailability of 99% for Sinemet for these subjects."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of Sinemet CR: a summary of human studies.
August, TF; Bush, DF; Lasseter, KC; Musson, DG; Schwartz, S; Smith, ME; Titus, DC; Yeh, KC, 1989)		0.28
" Levodopa bioavailability and clearance were similar between formulations."( Controlled-release carbidopa/levodopa (Sinemet 50/200 CR4): clinical and pharmacokinetic studies.
Berchou, RC; Galloway, MP; Kareti, D; Kesaree, N; LeWitt, PA; Nelson, MV; Schlick, P, 1989)		0.28
"5-fold increase in daily carbidopa intake on the bioavailability of levodopa was studied in six patients with Parkinson's disease on a low chronic regimen of carbidopa-levodopa (Sinemet) at the fixed ratio of 1:10."( Increased dosage of carbidopa in parkinsonian patients on low carbidopa-levodopa regimen. Effect on levodopa bioavailability.
Baruzzi, A; Contin, M; Martinelli, P; Procaccianti, G; Riva, R, 1989)		0.28
"4 times larger bioavailability (AUC) on plasma L-dopa concentrations than those of L-dopa itself."( A new potential prodrug to improve the duration of L-dopa: L-3-(3-hydroxy-4-pivaloyloxyphenyl)alanine.
Hisaka, A; Ihara, M; Sawasaki, Y; Takehana, H; Tomimoto, K; Tsuchiya, Y; Yano, M, 1989)		0.28
" In comparison with standard Madopar the rate of absorption is reduced, providing lower peak concentrations of L-dopa."( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of Madopar HBS in patients and effect of food and antacid on the absorption of Madopar HBS in volunteers.
Allen, JG; Bird, H; Malcolm, SL; Marion, MH; Marsden, CD; O'Leary, CG; Quinn, NP, 1987)		0.27
" There was a significantly higher extent and slower rate of absorption when levodopa was administered ip in a large volume of vehicle."( Pharmacokinetics of levodopa and carbidopa in rats following different routes of administration.
Bredberg, E; Lennernäs, H; Paalzow, L, 1994)		0.29
" Peripheral COMT inhibition with entacapone increased significantly the bioavailability of levodopa and prolonged its antiparkinsonian effect after a single dose and after repeated dosing for 4 weeks."( Effect of one month's treatment with peripherally acting catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor, entacapone, on pharmacokinetics and motor response to levodopa in advanced parkinsonian patients.
Rinne, UK; Ruottinen, HM, 1996)		0.29
"The effects of tolcapone, a catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor, on the bioavailability and efficacy of levodopa were evaluated in 12 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), 8 of whom showed signs of daily motor fluctuations (wearing-off phenomenon)."( Effects of tolcapone, a catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor, on motor symptoms and pharmacokinetics of levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Hattori, Y; Kanazawa, I; Kowa, H; Kuno, S; Mizuno, Y; Narabayashi, H; Tohgi, H; Tsukamoto, Y; Yamamoto, M; Yanagisawa, N; Yokochi, M, 1997)		0.3
" The bioavailability was significantly increased by 40% (AUC0-infinity=6."( Comparative single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of levodopa and 3-O-methyldopa following a new dual-release and a conventional slow-release formulation of levodopa and benserazide in healthy subjects.
Crevoisier, C; Dingemanse, J; Gasser, UE; Lankhaar, G; Ouwerkerk, M, 1998)		0.3
" In conclusion, the novel COMT inhibitor BIA 3-202 was well tolerated and significantly increased the bioavailability of levodopa and reduced the formation of 3-OMD when administered with standard release levodopa/benserazide."( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interaction between BIA 3-202, a novel COMT inhibitor, and levodopa/benserazide.
Almeida, L; Falcão, A; Loureiro, A; Machado, R; Maia, J; Silveira, P; Soares-da-Silva, P; Torrão, L; Vaz-da-Silva, M; Wright, L, 2003)		0.32
" Long-term levodopa administration results in an increased levodopa plasma bioavailability in PD patients."( Chronic levodopa intake increases levodopa plasma bioavailability in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Muhlack, S; Müller, T; Przuntek, H; Twiehaus, S; Welnic, J; Woitalla, D, 2004)		0.32
" Levodopa bioavailability was higher on day 2 due to the COMT inhibition."( Inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase modifies acute homocysteine rise during repeated levodopa application in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Muhlack, S; Müller, T; Woitalla, D, 2011)		0.37
" The stronger in vivo effect of (+)-catechin on L-DOPA methylation compared to the other dietary compounds is due to its better bioavailability in vivo."( Beneficial effects of natural phenolics on levodopa methylation and oxidative neurodegeneration.
Fukui, M; Kang, KS; Wen, Y; Yamabe, N; Zhu, BT, 2013)		0.39
"Orally LD-treated patients with Parkinson disease had a lower LD dose compared with the ones on an LD infusion, but LD, 3-OMD, and homocysteine bioavailability was not different."( Methyl group-donating vitamins elevate 3-O-methyldopa in patients with Parkinson disease.
Jugel, C; Klostermann, F; Muhlack, S; Müller, T, )		0.13

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The methods have been utilized to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral dosage forms containing levodopa and carbidopa."( Simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of carbidopa, levodopa and 3-O-methyldopa in plasma and carbidopa, levodopa and dopamine in urine using electrochemical detection.
August, TF; Bayne, WF; Eisenhandler, R; Musson, DG; Titus, DC; Yeh, KC, 1990)		0.28
" These patients required a higher total daily dosage of Sinemet CR than of Sinemet for control of parkinsonian symptoms, but less frequent dosing was required during chronic therapy."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of Sinemet CR: a summary of human studies.
August, TF; Bush, DF; Lasseter, KC; Musson, DG; Schwartz, S; Smith, ME; Titus, DC; Yeh, KC, 1989)		0.28
" In 19 parkinsonians with prominent dose-by-dose fluctuations, double-blind crossover trials comparing 8-week regimens of standard carbidopa/levodopa (25/100) to Sinemet CR (50/200) showed comparable clinical outcomes, with mean daily dosing for optimal control reduced from 10."( Controlled-release carbidopa/levodopa (Sinemet 50/200 CR4): clinical and pharmacokinetic studies.
Berchou, RC; Galloway, MP; Kareti, D; Kesaree, N; LeWitt, PA; Nelson, MV; Schlick, P, 1989)		0.28
" Although the bioavailability after oral dosing is reduced as compared with standard Madopar (60-70%), this difference seems to be due to incomplete absorption rather than altered disposition of the drug."( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of Madopar HBS in patients and effect of food and antacid on the absorption of Madopar HBS in volunteers.
Allen, JG; Bird, H; Malcolm, SL; Marion, MH; Marsden, CD; O'Leary, CG; Quinn, NP, 1987)		0.27
"Plasma 3-O-methyldopa (3OMD) concentrations in parkinsonian patients treated with levodopa on a long-term basis reflect daily levodopa dosage and do not vary markedly during the day."( 3-O-methyldopa and the response to levodopa in Parkinson's disease.
Gancher, ST; Merrick, D; Nutt, JG; Woodward, WR, 1987)		0.27
"We characterized the clinical dose-response curves for relief of parkinsonism and production of dyskinesias as a function of plasma levodopa and 3-O-methyldopa levels in six patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) and fluctuating responses to oral levodopa/carbidopa."( Suppression of dyskinesias in advanced Parkinson's disease. I. Continuous intravenous levodopa shifts dose response for production of dyskinesias but not for relief of parkinsonism in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease.
Bennett, JP; Schuh, LA, 1993)		0.29
" The AUC of 3-O-methyldopa decreased by 45% and AUC of homovanillic acid by 21% after 4 weeks' dosing with entacapone."( Effect of one month's treatment with peripherally acting catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor, entacapone, on pharmacokinetics and motor response to levodopa in advanced parkinsonian patients.
Rinne, UK; Ruottinen, HM, 1996)		0.29
" Plasma levels of levodopa, 3-O-methyldopa (3-OMD) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were determined before benserazide treatment and during all benserazide dosing regimens, as existing endogenously and after administration of 250 mg levodopa."( Pharmacodynamics of benserazide assessed by its effects on endogenous and exogenous levodopa pharmacokinetics.
Crevoisier, C; Dingemanse, J; Kleinbloesem, CH; Wood, ND; Zürcher, G, 1997)		0.3
" Not optimum treated hospitalised patients with Parkinson's disease received the same LD dosage on the first day only with carbidopa (CD) and on the second day with CD and EN (t."( Pharmacokinetic behaviour of levodopa and 3-O-methyldopa after repeat administration of levodopa/carbidopa with and without entacapone in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Bremen, D; Erdmann, C; Goetze, O; Muhlack, S; Müller, T; Przuntek, H; Woitalla, D, 2006)		0.33
" We compared the motor response after once dosing of 200 mg retarded release LD (levodopa)/CD (carbidopa) and of 150 mg LD/CD/EN (entacapone) by rating of motor symptoms, by measurement of LD- and 3-O-methyldopa (3-OMD) plasma concentrations and by the outcomes of a line tracing task."( Comparison of 200 mg retarded release levodopa/carbidopa - with 150 mg levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone application: pharmacokinetics and efficacy in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Ander, L; Kolf, K; Muhlack, S; Müller, T; Woitalla, D, 2007)		0.34
"We determined LD, 3-OMD, and homocysteine plasma concentrations in relation to daily LD dosage administered orally or as duodenal infusion with and without vitamins."( Methyl group-donating vitamins elevate 3-O-methyldopa in patients with Parkinson disease.
Jugel, C; Klostermann, F; Muhlack, S; Müller, T, )		0.13
" The same 3-OMD and homocysteine accumulation despite the applied higher LD dosage during the infusion indicates a limited methylation capacity."( Methyl group-donating vitamins elevate 3-O-methyldopa in patients with Parkinson disease.
Jugel, C; Klostermann, F; Muhlack, S; Müller, T, )		0.13
" Low levodopa dosing and antioxidants in the rotigotine patch matrix prevented cysteinyl-glycine fall."( Levodopa, placebo and rotigotine change biomarker levels for oxidative stress.
Herrman, L; Kinkel, M; Muhlack, S; Müller, T, 2017)		0.46
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
human metaboliteAny mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
human metaboliteAny mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (5)

ClassDescription
tyrosine derivativeAn amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, any substitution of phenyl hydrogens, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of tyrosine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing tyrosine residues.
L-tyrosine derivativeA proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-tyrosine by a heteroatom.
monomethoxybenzeneCompounds containing a benzene skeleton substituted with one methoxy group.
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acidAny L-alpha-amino acid which is not a member of the group of 23 proteinogenic amino acids.
aromatic L-alpha-amino acid zwitterionAn L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion resulting from a transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of any aromatic L-alpha-amino acid; major species at pH 7.3.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (2)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Biosynthesis and regeneration of tetrahydrobiopterin and catabolism of phenylalanine1519
Neurotransmitter disorders819

Protein Targets (5)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
phosphopantetheinyl transferaseBacillus subtilisPotency63.09570.141337.9142100.0000AID1490
Microtubule-associated protein tauHomo sapiens (human)Potency22.38720.180013.557439.8107AID1460; AID1468
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1Homo sapiens (human)Potency19.95260.011212.4002100.0000AID1030
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency6.30960.035520.977089.1251AID504332
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRAHomo sapiens (human)Potency56.23410.354828.065989.1251AID504847
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Bioassays (10)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1794808Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).2014Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1794808Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1751483Antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus assessed as biofilm formation at 100 uM measured by crystal violet staining based microplate reader assay2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-15, Volume: 48Discovery of non-proteinogenic amino acids inhibiting biofilm formation by S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus.
AID1751482Antibacterial activity in Staphylococcus aureus assessed as bacterial growth rate at 100 uM measured by UV absorbance based analysis2021Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 09-15, Volume: 48Discovery of non-proteinogenic amino acids inhibiting biofilm formation by S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus.
AID681113TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of L-tryptophan uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes2001The Journal of biological chemistry, May-18, Volume: 276, Issue:20
Expression cloning of a Na+-independent aromatic amino acid transporter with structural similarity to H+/monocarboxylate transporters.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (177)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199032 (18.08)18.7374
1990's74 (41.81)18.2507
2000's35 (19.77)29.6817
2010's22 (12.43)24.3611
2020's14 (7.91)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 29.51

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index29.51 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.40 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.64 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index25.55 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (29.51)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials34 (18.28%)5.53%
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews2 (1.08%)6.00%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies7 (3.76%)4.05%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other143 (76.88%)84.16%
Other5 (100.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.		4.3522dihydroxybenzoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.		4.0350hydroxytryptophanhuman metabolite;
neurotransmitter
beta-alanine
[no description available]		210amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		6.11301catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		7.41443hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
kynurenine
Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.		1.9910aromatic ketone;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
substituted aniline		human metabolite
pipecolic acid
pipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.. pipecolate : A piperidinecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of pipecolic acid.		2.2510piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
melatonin
[no description available]		1.9910acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
pyridoxal
[no description available]		2.2510hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		2.5220methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		3.2920hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptamine
[no description available]		1.9910aminoalkylindole;
aralkylamino compound;
indole alkaloid;
tryptamines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
normetanephrine
Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.		2.9640catecholamine
vanilmandelic acid
Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.		1.98102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
phenols		human metabolite
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		2.3920methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine: decarboxylase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4120phenols
3-methoxytyramine
3-methoxytyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methoxytyramine : A monomethoxybenzene that is dopamine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine and considered a potential biomarker of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.		2.9830monomethoxybenzene;
phenols;
phenylethylamine;
primary amino compound		biomarker;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		9.75383guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenethylamine
3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenethylamine: cardioactive constituent of a soft coral; cpd is 4-O-methyldopamine; RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methoxytyramine : A monomethoxybenzene that is dopamine in which the hydroxy group at position 4 is replaced by a methoxy group.		1.9610monomethoxybenzene;
phenols;
phenylethylamine;
primary amino compound		human metabolite;
rat metabolite
phenytoin
[no description available]		1.9710imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.		6.68170indole-3-acetic acidsdrug metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
benserazide
Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		7.72219carbohydrazide;
catechols;
primary alcohol;
primary amino compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
deferiprone
Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.		1.98104-pyridonesiron chelator;
protective agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		1.9810acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		2.0210primary amine
racemetirosine
alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)		1.9610
dsp 4
DSP 4: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4220
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.0810
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.		3.3811dihydroxybenzoic acidEC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
MALDI matrix material;
mouse metabolite
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		1.9810azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		2.9140aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
deoxyepinephrine
Deoxyepinephrine: Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.		1.9910catecholamine
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		2.9240benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		1.9810inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
tyramine
[no description available]		2.0510monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		2.0810alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		210monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		13.4312230amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		19.516930amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		1.9710aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		210amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		3.2360erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		2.4520mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		2.5520catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		4.4751azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		2.0810dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.		3.3970methoxybenzenes;
phenols
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		7.3720amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.89102-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
1,2-dehydrosalsolinol
1,2-dehydrosalsolinol: structure given in first source		1.9810isoquinolines
metanephrine
Metanephrine: Product of epinephrine O-methylation. It is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine.		2.4420catecholamine
levodopa methyl ester
levodopa methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd(L)-isomer		1.9810tyrosine derivative
copper sulfate
Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.		1.9910metal sulfateemetic;
fertilizer;
sensitiser
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		2.8910indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
2-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline
2-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: present in parkinsonian & normal human brains; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		1.9810isoquinolinol;
tertiary amino compound		human metabolite;
neurotoxin;
rat metabolite
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		1.9810L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		1.9810pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
quinpirole
Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.		210pyrazoloquinolinedopamine agonist
fluorodopa f 18
fluorodopa F 18: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		2.6730(18)F radiopharmaceutical;
6-fluoro-L-dopa
n 0437, (-)-isomer
rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.1510tetralins
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		2.0210adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
prolinal
[no description available]		2.0510pyrrolidines
homocysteine
Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.		5.3772amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine;
serine family amino acid		fundamental metabolite;
mouse metabolite
salsolinol
salsolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; EP to SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); on-line search SALSOLINE ALKALOIDS (78-82); Index Medicus search ISOQUINOLINES (78-82). (S)-salsolinol : A 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol that has S-configuration.		4.06311-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diolhuman urinary metabolite
2,2-dimethyl-beta-alanine
[no description available]		210
carbidopa, levodopa drug combination
[no description available]		7.2995
vitamin b 6
Vitamin B 6: VITAMIN B 6 refers to several PICOLINES (especially PYRIDOXINE; PYRIDOXAL; & PYRIDOXAMINE) that are efficiently converted by the body to PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, and aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into PYRIDOXAMINE phosphate. Although pyridoxine and Vitamin B 6 are still frequently used as synonyms, especially by medical researchers, this practice is erroneous and sometimes misleading (EE Snell; Ann NY Acad Sci, vol 585 pg 1, 1990). Most of vitamin B6 is eventually degraded to PYRIDOXIC ACID and excreted in the urine.		3.5820
2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid
2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid: amino acid analog; releases insulin; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation		210monoterpenoid
ro 8-0576
benserazide, levodopa drug combination: combination of L-Dopa and seryltrihydroxybenzylhydrazine; used in treatment of parkinsonism		4.6261
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		4.3522oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
vanillactic acid
vanillactic acid: metabolite of catecholamines		2.89102-oxo monocarboxylic acid
l-3-(3-hydroxy-4-pivaloyloxyphenyl)alanine
L-3-(3-hydroxy-4-pivaloyloxyphenyl)alanine: structure given in first source		1.9710
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		2.1110
s-adenosylhomocysteine
S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.		210adenosines;
amino acid zwitterion;
homocysteine derivative;
homocysteines;
organic sulfide		cofactor;
EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor;
epitope;
fundamental metabolite
cysteinylglycine
cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.		2.520dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		2.0510ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		2.0510caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
ro 41-0960
[no description available]		210
or486
OR486: structure given in first source		1.9710
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		6.441242-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		7.151762-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
nitecapone
nitecapone: structure given in first source		2.6630hydroxycinnamic acid
salvianolic acid B
salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza		2.11101-benzofurans;
catechols;
dicarboxylic acid;
enoate ester;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
hepatoprotective agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
osteogenesis regulator;
plant metabolite
n-(2-pyridone-6-yl)-n',n'-di-n-propylformamidine
N-(2-pyridone-6-yl)-N',N'-di-n-propylformamidine: inhibitor of cerebral catechol O-methylation; structure given in first source		2.8940pyridone
nebicapone
nebicapone: structure in first source		5.2443
2-propyl-4,5,5a,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-thia-5-azacyclopent-1-ena(c)phenanthrene-9,10-diol
A 86929: a selective dopamine D1 agonists; structure given in first source		210
aluminum oxide
Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.		1.9810
sodium salicylate
[no description available]		3.3811organic molecular entity
s-adenosylmethionine
(R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.		2.6830organic cation;
sulfonium compound		coenzyme;
cofactor;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
callipeltin a
callipeltin A: structure in first source. callipeltin A : A 10-membered cyclodepsipeptide containing four amino acids in the L- configuration, Ala, Leu, Thr (2 residues); one (Arg) in the D-configuration; two N-methyl amino acids, N-MeAla and N-MeGln; a methoxy tyrosine, a 3, 4-dimethyl-L-glutamine, and a 4-amino-7-guanidino-2,3 dihydroxypentanoic acid (AGDHE), formally derived from L-Arg. It is obtained from the shallow water sponge Callipelta and has been found to show activity against HIV virus.		2.0210cyclodepsipeptide;
guanidines;
lactone;
oligopeptide;
phenols		anti-HIV-1 agent;
antifungal agent;
metabolite
nitrophenols
Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.		6.44124
sapropterin
sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).		2.43205,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterincoenzyme;
cofactor;
diagnostic agent;
human metabolite
neopterin
[no description available]		2.3110
5-methyltetrahydrofolate
5-methyltetrahydrofolate : A group of heterocyclic compounds based on the 5-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.		2.730
carbidopa
Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		9.42479
catechol
[no description available]		2.3110catecholsallelochemical;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		210alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
pyruvic acid
Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.		2102-oxo monocarboxylic acidcofactor;
fundamental metabolite
tyramine
[no description available]		210monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		2102-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
cysteine
[no description available]		210cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		2102-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		210alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		210L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		210aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		210amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		210aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		2.4720amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		210amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		210amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		210aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		210amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
asparagine
Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.		210amino acid zwitterion;
asparagine;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		210amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		210L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine
Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.		210amino acid zwitterion;
aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
threonine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		210erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine
Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.		210aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		210arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
D-proline
[no description available]		2.3110D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
D-alpha-amino acid;
proline		mouse metabolite
D-tryptophan
[no description available]		210D-alpha-amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		bacterial metabolite
3,5-dibromotyrosine
3,5-dibromotyrosine: used to synthesize various secondary metabolites from marine sponges		2.3110monocarboxylic acid
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		210glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		210L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
d-lactic acid
(R)-lactic acid : An optically active form of lactic acid having (R)-configuration.		2102-hydroxypropanoic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
n-acetyltyrosine
N-acetyl-L-tyrosine : An N-acetyltyrosine in which the chiral centre has L configuration.		210N-acetyltyrosine;
N-acyl-L-tyrosine		biomarker;
EC 2.1.1.4 (acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite
tyrosine methyl ester
tyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. methyl L-tyrosinate : An L-tyrosyl ester that is the methyl ester of L-tyrosine.		210L-tyrosyl ester;
methyl ester
D-serine
[no description available]		2.4720D-alpha-amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
D-alanine
[no description available]		210alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
D-alpha-amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
D-tyrosine
[no description available]		2.4720D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
D-alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine		Escherichia coli metabolite
phenylalanine
[no description available]		2.4720D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
D-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine
n-myristoylglycine
N-myristoylglycine: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-myristoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as myristoyl (tetradecanoyl).		2.3110fatty amide;
N-acylglycine		human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite
methyl tryptophan, (l-trp)-isomer
[no description available]		210
droxidopa
Droxidopa: A synthetic precursor of norepinephrine that is used in the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION.. droxidopa : A serine derivative that is L-serine substituted at the beta-position by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group. A prodrug for noradrenalone, it is used for treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension		210catechols;
L-tyrosine derivative		antihypertensive agent;
prodrug;
vasoconstrictor agent
beta-hydroxyphenylalanine
beta-hydroxyphenylalanine: RN given refers to beta cpd		2.3110
dehydroabietic acid
dehydroabietic acid: major aquatic toxicant in effluent of pulp and paper mills. dehydroabietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted at position 18 by a carboxy group.. dehydroabietate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dehydroabietic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.		2.3110abietane diterpenoid;
carbotricyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid		allergen;
metabolite
2,2-dimethyl-beta-alanine
[no description available]		210
3,4-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol
3,4-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol: structure given in first source		2.3110
2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid
2-aminobicyclo(2,2,1)heptane-2-carboxylic acid: amino acid analog; releases insulin; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation		210monoterpenoid
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		210amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
abrine
abrine: from seeds of Abrus precatorius; structure in first source. N(alpha)-methyl-L-tryptophan : A N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid that is the N(alpha)-methyl derivative of L-tryptophan.		210L-tryptophan derivative;
N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite
D-leucine
[no description available]		210D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
D-alpha-amino acid;
leucine		bacterial metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-acetyltryptophan
N-acetyl-L-tryptophan : A N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetyl derivative of L-tryptophan.		210L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		metabolite
phenylalanine methyl ester
phenylalanine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. methyl L-phenylalaninate : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the methyl ester of L-phenylalanine.		210alpha-amino acid ester;
L-phenylalanine derivative
quercetin
[no description available]		2.31107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		02.110
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		02.110
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn
[description not available]		04.3970
Malnourishment
[description not available]		02.610
Child Mental Disorders
[description not available]		02.610
Decreased Muscle Tone
[description not available]		02.4720
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		02.610
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).		02.610
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		02.2510
Aura
[description not available]		02.5220
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.5220
Central Nervous System Disease
[description not available]		02.3110
Cerebral Malaria
[description not available]		02.3110
Central Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.		02.3110
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		02.2110
Paraganglioma, Gangliocytic
[description not available]		02.2110
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		02.2110
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		02.9240
Paraganglioma
A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.2110
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		02.2110
Adult Neuroaxonal Dystrophy
[description not available]		02.1510
Adult-Onset Dystonias
[description not available]		02.1510
Dystonic Disorders
Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.		02.1510
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		010.546122
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		010.546122
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		02.0510
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		02.0510
Abnormal Movements
[description not available]		03.4411
Anotia
[description not available]		02.0610
Abnormalities, Congenital
[description not available]		02.0610
Deficiency, Folic Acid
[description not available]		02.0610
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.0610
Abnormalities, Teeth
[description not available]		02.0610
Folic Acid Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of FOLIC ACID in the diet. Many plant and animal tissues contain folic acid, abundant in green leafy vegetables, yeast, liver, and mushrooms but destroyed by long-term cooking. Alcohol interferes with its intermediate metabolism and absorption. Folic acid deficiency may develop in long-term anticonvulsant therapy or with use of oral contraceptives. This deficiency causes anemia, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. It is indistinguishable from vitamin B 12 deficiency in peripheral blood and bone marrow findings, but the neurologic lesions seen in B 12 deficiency do not occur. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)		02.0610
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		02.0610
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		03.8540
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.9740
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		02.4420
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.0110
Anochlesia
[description not available]		02.9140
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		02.0110
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.9140
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.0210
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		02.0210
Child Development Deviations
[description not available]		02.0210
Bilirubinemia
[description not available]		02.0210
Bilirubin Encephalopathy
[description not available]		02.0210
Developmental Disabilities
Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)		02.0210
Kernicterus
A term used pathologically to describe BILIRUBIN staining of the BASAL GANGLIA; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM and clinically to describe a syndrome associated with HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Clinical features include athetosis, MUSCLE SPASTICITY or hypotonia, impaired vertical gaze, and DEAFNESS. Nonconjugated bilirubin enters the brain and acts as a neurotoxin, often in association with conditions that impair the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (e.g., SEPSIS). This condition occurs primarily in neonates (INFANT, NEWBORN), but may rarely occur in adults. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p613)		02.0210
Restless Leg Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Restless Legs Syndrome
A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.		02.0510
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		01.9610
Metastase
[description not available]		01.9610
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		01.9610
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		01.9610
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		01.9610
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		01.9610
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		01.9610
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		01.9610
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		01.9610
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		01.9610
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		01.9610
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		01.9610
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		01.9610
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism
[description not available]		02.3820
Parkinson Disease, Secondary
Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)		02.3820
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		01.9810
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		01.9810
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		02.3820
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		02.3820
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		03.3711
Amentia
[description not available]		03.3811
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		03.3811
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		01.9910
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		01.9910
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		0210
Bradykinesia
[description not available]		0210
Action Myoclonus-Renal Failure Syndrome
[description not available]		0210
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		02.0110
Recrudescence
[description not available]		02.0110
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		02.0110
Psychoses
[description not available]		02.0110
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		02.0110
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		02.0110
Inborn Errors of Metabolism
[description not available]		02.8910
Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.		02.8910
Diseases in Twins
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.		02.8910
BH4 Deficiency
[description not available]		01.9710
Akinetic Autism
[description not available]		01.9710
Phenylketonurias
A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).		01.9710
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		01.9510
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		06.9510
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510