Target type: molecularfunction
Enables the transfer of L-proline from one side of a membrane to the other. L-proline is pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid. [GOC:ai, GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]
L-proline transmembrane transporter activity is a molecular function that describes the ability of a protein to facilitate the movement of L-proline across a biological membrane. This process is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and is involved in a variety of physiological processes, including:
- **Amino acid transport:** L-proline is an essential amino acid that is required for protein synthesis. L-proline transmembrane transporters play a crucial role in ensuring that cells have access to sufficient levels of L-proline.
- **Nutrient uptake:** L-proline can be a significant source of nitrogen and carbon for cells. L-proline transmembrane transporters are involved in the uptake of L-proline from the environment.
- **Signal transduction:** L-proline can act as a signaling molecule. L-proline transmembrane transporters may be involved in the regulation of L-proline signaling pathways.
- **Waste removal:** L-proline can be a waste product of metabolism. L-proline transmembrane transporters can facilitate the removal of L-proline from cells.
The mechanism by which L-proline transmembrane transporters facilitate the movement of L-proline across membranes is not fully understood. However, it is believed that these transporters use a variety of mechanisms to achieve this, including:
- **Facilitated diffusion:** This mechanism involves the protein binding to the L-proline molecule and then facilitating its movement across the membrane down its concentration gradient.
- **Active transport:** This mechanism involves the protein using energy to move L-proline across the membrane against its concentration gradient.
- **Secondary active transport:** This mechanism involves the protein coupling the movement of L-proline across the membrane to the movement of another molecule, such as sodium ions.
L-proline transmembrane transporters are found in a variety of organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. These transporters are typically located in the plasma membrane of cells, but they can also be found in other cellular compartments, such as the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum.
Mutations in genes that encode L-proline transmembrane transporters can lead to a variety of diseases, including:
- **Cystinuria:** This is a genetic disorder characterized by the inability to reabsorb L-proline, L-lysine, L-arginine, and L-ornithine from the urine.
- **Hartnup disease:** This is a genetic disorder characterized by the inability to reabsorb L-proline, L-tryptophan, and other neutral amino acids from the urine.
- **Iminoglycinuria:** This is a genetic disorder characterized by the inability to reabsorb L-proline and glycine from the urine.
L-proline transmembrane transporters are essential for a variety of cellular processes. Understanding the molecular function of these transporters is crucial for understanding how cells maintain homeostasis and respond to changes in their environment.'
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| Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
|---|---|---|
| Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 | A proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q7Z2H8] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Neutral amino acid transporter A | A neutral amino acid transporter A that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P43007] | Homo sapiens (human) |
| Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| gamma-aminobutyric acid | gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. | amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid | human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule |
| beta-alanine | amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid | agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter | |
| betaine | glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine. | amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative | fundamental metabolite |
| aminocaproic acid | 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator. Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties. | amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid | antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite |
| creatine | glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical | |
| glycine | alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid | EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical | |
| glycocyamine | glycocyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure guanidinoacetate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of guanidinoacetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group. guanidinoacetic acid : The N-amidino derivative of glycine. | guanidinoacetic acids; zwitterion | bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite |
| picolinic acid | picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan. picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206 | pyridinemonocarboxylic acid | human metabolite; MALDI matrix material |
| sarcosine | cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis | N-alkylglycine; N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines | Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| taurine | amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion | antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite | |
| tramiprosate | 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the 3-amino derivative of propanesulfonic acid. tramiprosate: GABA receptor agonist and a glycosaminoglycan mimetic; has nootropic acitivity; structure; a sulfonate analog of GABA | amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion | algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; GABA agonist; nootropic agent |
| isoguvacine | isoguvacine: A GABA agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | tetrahydropyridine | |
| 4-piperidinecarboxylic acid | 4-piperidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source | ||
| hydroxyproline | hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group. Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. | 4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite |
| cysteine | cysteine; cysteine zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid | EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flour treatment agent; human metabolite | |
| alanine | alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2. Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. | alanine; alanine zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid | EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite |
| serine | serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids. | L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| glutamine | glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4. Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration. | amino acid zwitterion; glutamine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| leucine | leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group. Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. | amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 2-aminoisobutyric acid | 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays. 2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd | 2,2-dialkylglycine; 2,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion | |
| cycloserine | Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis). | 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion | antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist |
| asparagine | asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group. Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed) | amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| isoleucine | isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration. Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine. | aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 3-aminobenzoic acid | 3-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid carrying an amino group at position 3. 3-aminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd | aminobenzoic acid | |
| piperidine | azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine | base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent | |
| D-proline | D-alpha-amino acid; D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; proline | mouse metabolite | |
| 4-hydroxybutyric acid | 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group. 4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98) | 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid | general anaesthetic; GHB receptor agonist; neurotoxin; sedative |
| thiazolidines | Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES. | thiazolidine | |
| azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid | (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position. azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae | azetidine-2-carboxylic acid | |
| pyrrolidine | azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent | ||
| 4-hydroxyphenylglycine, (s)-isomer | L-4-hydroxyphenylglycine : The L-enantiomer of 4-hydroxyphenylglycine. | 4-hydroxyphenylglycine | |
| norvaline | L-2-aminopentanoic acid : A 2-aminopentanoic acid that has S-configuration. norvaline: differs from valine in being 1 carbon longer instead of branched; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure | 2-aminopentanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion | bacterial metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent |
| guanidinopropionic acid | 3-guanidinopropanoic acid : A guanidine compound bearing an N-(2-carboxyethyl) substituent. It is a creatine analogue that has been found to decreases plasma glucose levels guanidinopropionic acid: alters creatine metabolism; structure | guanidines; zwitterion | hypoglycemic agent |
| D-serine | D-alpha-amino acid; serine; serine zwitterion | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist | |
| D-alanine | alanine; alanine zwitterion; D-alpha-amino acid | EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite | |
| D-valine | D-valine : The D-enantiomer of valine. | D-alpha-amino acid; D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; valine | |
| 2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid | alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is isobutyric acid in which the alpha-hydrogen has been replaced by a methylamino group. | alanine derivative; alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound | human urinary metabolite |
| gamma-glutamine-4-nitroanilide | gamma-glutamine-4-nitroanilide: substrate for glutaminase B.; RN given refers to (L)-isomer | ||
| thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, (r)-isomer | l-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source L-thioproline : An optically active version of thioproline having L-configuration. thioproline : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is proline in which the methylene group at position 4 is replaced by a sulfur atom. | thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid; thioproline | geroprotector; metabolite |
| proline | proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2. Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. | amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid | algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| L-cycloserine | L-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has S configuration. An antibiotic isolated from Erwinia uredovora. | 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one | anti-HIV agent; anticonvulsant; EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor |
| prolinol | prolinol : An amino alcohol formed by reduction of the amino acid proline. prolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure | ||
| n-methylalanine | methyl-L-alanine : Any alanine derivative that is L-alanine having one or more methyl groups attached to the amino group. N-methyl-L-alanine : A methyl-L-alanine in which one of the the amino hydrogen of L-alanine is replaced by a methyl group. N-methylalanine: RN given refers to parent cpd(DL-Ala)-isomer | amino acid zwitterion; methyl-L-alanine |