Page last updated: 2024-10-24

vacuolar membrane

Definition

Target type: cellularcomponent

The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. [GOC:ai]

The vacuolar membrane, also known as the tonoplast, is a selectively permeable membrane that encloses the vacuole, a large, fluid-filled organelle found in plant cells. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cell turgor, regulating ion homeostasis, storing nutrients and waste products, and sequestering toxic substances. The vacuolar membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer similar to other cellular membranes, but it contains a unique set of proteins that are responsible for its specific functions. These proteins include transporters, channels, and enzymes that regulate the movement of ions, water, and other molecules across the membrane. The vacuolar membrane is also involved in the formation of vesicles, which are small membrane-bound sacs that transport substances within the cell. The vacuole itself is a dynamic organelle that can change size and shape in response to environmental cues, and the vacuolar membrane is essential for maintaining the structural integrity and functional properties of this important cellular compartment.'
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Proteins (3)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1A proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q7Z2H8]Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 11An ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 11 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q96J66]Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein beta/alphaA 14-3-3 protein beta/alpha that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:WCB, UniProtKB:P31946]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (43)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acidgamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid
human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
beta-alanineamino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid
agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
betaineglycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative
fundamental metabolite
aminocaproic acid6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.

Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.
amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid
antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
creatineglycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
glycinealpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid
EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycocyamineglycocyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure

guanidinoacetate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of guanidinoacetic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.

guanidinoacetic acid : The N-amidino derivative of glycine.
guanidinoacetic acids;
zwitterion
bacterial metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
rat metabolite
picolinic acidpicolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.

picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206
pyridinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
MALDI matrix material
sarcosinecocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitisN-alkylglycine;
N-alkylglycine zwitterion;
N-methyl-amino acid;
N-methylglycines
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
glycine transporter 1 inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
taurineamino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion
antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tramiprosate3-aminopropanesulfonic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the 3-amino derivative of propanesulfonic acid.

tramiprosate: GABA receptor agonist and a glycosaminoglycan mimetic; has nootropic acitivity; structure; a sulfonate analog of GABA
amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion
algal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
GABA agonist;
nootropic agent
isoguvacineisoguvacine: A GABA agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structuretetrahydropyridine
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid4-piperidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source
hydroxyprolinehydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.

Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.
4-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
cysteinecysteine;
cysteine zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid
EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
alaninealanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.

Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
alanine;
alanine zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid
EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
serineserine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.

Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion
algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
leucineleucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.

Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.
amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid
algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-aminoisobutyric acid2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.

2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd
2,2-dialkylglycine;
2,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion
cycloserineCycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.

D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).
4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
isoleucineisoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.

Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.
aspartate family amino acid;
isoleucine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid
algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-aminobenzoic acid3-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid carrying an amino group at position 3.

3-aminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd
aminobenzoic acid
piperidineazacycloalkane;
piperidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
secondary amine
base;
catalyst;
human metabolite;
non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
protic solvent;
reagent
D-prolineD-alpha-amino acid;
D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
proline
mouse metabolite
4-hydroxybutyric acid4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.

4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98)
4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid
general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
thiazolidinesThiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.thiazolidine
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfatedehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.
17-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid(S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.

azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.

azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae
azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
pyrrolidineazacycloalkane;
pyrrolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
norvalineL-2-aminopentanoic acid : A 2-aminopentanoic acid that has S-configuration.

norvaline: differs from valine in being 1 carbon longer instead of branched; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure
2-aminopentanoic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion
bacterial metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent
guanidinopropionic acid3-guanidinopropanoic acid : A guanidine compound bearing an N-(2-carboxyethyl) substituent. It is a creatine analogue that has been found to decreases plasma glucose levels

guanidinopropionic acid: alters creatine metabolism; structure
guanidines;
zwitterion
hypoglycemic agent
D-serineD-alpha-amino acid;
serine;
serine zwitterion
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
D-alaninealanine;
alanine zwitterion;
D-alpha-amino acid
EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
D-valineD-valine : The D-enantiomer of valine.D-alpha-amino acid;
D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
valine
2-(methylamino)isobutyric acidalpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is isobutyric acid in which the alpha-hydrogen has been replaced by a methylamino group.alanine derivative;
alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
secondary amino compound
human urinary metabolite
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, (r)-isomerl-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source

L-thioproline : An optically active version of thioproline having L-configuration.

thioproline : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is proline in which the methylene group at position 4 is replaced by a sulfur atom.
thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid;
thioproline
geroprotector;
metabolite
methotrexatedicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines
abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
prolineproline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.

Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.
amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid
algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
L-cycloserineL-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has S configuration. An antibiotic isolated from Erwinia uredovora.4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-oneanti-HIV agent;
anticonvulsant;
EC 2.3.1.50 (serine C-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor
prolinolprolinol : An amino alcohol formed by reduction of the amino acid proline.

prolinol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure
estradiol-17 beta-glucuronide17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic acid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having a beta-glucuronyl residue attached at position 17 via a glycosidic linkage.3-hydroxy steroid;
steroid glucosiduronic acid
n-methylalaninemethyl-L-alanine : Any alanine derivative that is L-alanine having one or more methyl groups attached to the amino group.

N-methyl-L-alanine : A methyl-L-alanine in which one of the the amino hydrogen of L-alanine is replaced by a methyl group.

N-methylalanine: RN given refers to parent cpd(DL-Ala)-isomer
amino acid zwitterion;
methyl-L-alanine
r18 peptideR18 peptide: a 20-mer peptide, derived from a phage library, that binds 14-3-3 tau protein; amino acid sequence in first source