Page last updated: 2024-09-28

Onchocerciasis, Ocular

Filarial infection of the eyes transmitted from person to person by bites of Onchocerca volvulus-infected black flies. The microfilariae of Onchocerca are thus deposited beneath the skin. They migrate through various tissues including the eye. Those persons infected have impaired vision and up to 20% are blind. The incidence of eye lesions has been reported to be as high as 30% in Central America and parts of Africa.

Synonyms(2)

Synonym
River Blindness
Onchocerciasis, Ocular

Research Excerpts

Overview

ExcerptReference
"Onchocerciasis (river blindness) is a major blinding disease in Africa, Central America, and South America."( Braun, G; Connor, V; Engelbrecht, F; Gilbert, CE; McKechnie, NM; Taylor, DW; Whitworth, JA, 1991)
"River blindness is a seriously debilitating disease caused by the filarial parasite Onchocerca volvulus, which infects millions in Africa as well as in South and Central America."( Adjei, O; Allen, JE; Bain, O; Hoerauf, A; Hoffmann, WH; Makepeace, BL; Schulz-Key, H; Tanya, VN; Taylor, DW; Trees, AJ; Wanji, S, 2008)
"Onchocerciasis, or river blindness, is a neglected tropical disease that affects more than 37 million people worldwide, primarily in Africa and Central and South America."( Cho-Ngwa, F; Garner, AL; Gloeckner, C; Janda, KD; Lustigman, S; Samje, M; Tricoche, N; Zakhari, JS, 2011)
"Onchocerciasis (river blindness) is caused by the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus, transmitted to humans by the bite of infected black flies of the genus Simulium, and is characterized by chronic skin disease, severe itching, and eye lesions that can progress to complete blindness."( , 2013)
"Onchocerciasis or "river blindness" is a chronic parasitic neglected tropical disease which is endemic both in mainland and insular Equatorial Guinea."( Aparicio, P; Benito, A; Garate, T; García, B; Hernandez-González, A; Herrador, Z; Moya, L; Ncogo, P; Nguema, J; Nguema, R; Perteguer, MJ; Rubio, JM; Sima, A; Ta-Tang, TH, 2016)
"Onchocerciasis or "river blindness" is a chronic parasitic disease caused by the filarial worm Onchocerca volvulus, transmitted through infected blackflies (Simulium spp."( Aparicio, P; Benito, A; Gárate, T; Hernández-González, A; Herrador, Z; Moya, L; Nguema, J; Nguema, R; Perteguer, MJ, 2016)

Context

ExcerptReference
"Onchocerciasis, or river blindness, has historically been an important cause of blindness, skin disease and economic disruption in Africa and the Americas."( Cozart, D; Cupp, EW; Habomugisha, P; Jacob, B; Lakwo, T; Loum, D; Unnasch, TR, 2019)

Treatment

ExcerptReference
"The effects of ivermectin on ocular onchocerciasis were assessed by following (a) the ophthalmologic indices in three cohorts of males recruited before treatment in 1987, 1988 and 1989, who were treated and examined annually, and (b) the indices recorded yearly in the cross-section of males aged 15-19 years."( Audugé, A; Banos, MT; Boussinesq, M; Chippaux, JP; Fobi, G; Lafleur, C; Ngosso, A; Prod'hon, J, 1999)

Research

Studies (195)

TimeframeStudies, This Condition (%)All Conditions %
pre-199014 (7.18)23.3326
1990's57 (29.23)12.5806
2000's61 (31.28)18.1394
2010's53 (27.18)28.8240
2020's10 (5.13)9.53
DrugIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
glycine0low10
albendazole0medium43
diethylcarbamazine0low60
2-propanol0low10
mebendazole0low10
suramin0low10
temefos0low10
tyramine0low20
galactose0low10
alkenes0low10
closantel0low10
artemisinin0low10
nsc-1727550low10
n-acetyltyramine0low10
cinnamoylglycine0low10
valinomycin0low10
amocarzine0medium43
bay 44-44000medium11
loa0low30
sorbitan monooleate0low10
dextrothyroxine0medium14816
oligonucleotides0low10
interleukin-80low10
oxytetracycline, anhydrous0low10
moxidectin0low30
avermectin0low10
eye0medium304

Protein Targets (335)

ProteinPotency MeasurementsInhibition MeasurementsActivation MeasurementsDrugs
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit4004
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma6006
GLI family zinc finger 36006
AR protein100010
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A14004
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 15005
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha7007
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha8008
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta2002
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a5005
activating transcription factor 62002
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)5005
Histone H2A.x5005
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a3003
heat shock protein beta-14004
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 17007
lamin isoform A-delta104004
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit5005
Glutamate receptor 25005
Chain A, Beta-lactamase3003
Luciferase5005
glp-1 receptor, partial2002
ATAD5 protein, partial1001
Fumarate hydratase2002
TDP1 protein8008
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease1001
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 35005
progesterone receptor4004
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]5005
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha7007
farnesoid X nuclear receptor4004
pregnane X nuclear receptor5005
polyprotein2002
67.9K protein1001
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma2002
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor5005
caspase-31001
IDH12002
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 27007
aryl hydrocarbon receptor3003
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 23003
cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a1001
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 12002
chromobox protein homolog 14004
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 23003
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 33003
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 26006
histone deacetylase 9 isoform 32002
mitogen-activated protein kinase 12002
urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursor1001
plasminogen precursor1001
urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor precursor1001
geminin8008
Vif0001
peripheral myelin protein 225005
survival motor neuron protein isoform d1001
muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 12002
DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3G isoform 12002
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A2002
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 30505
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 40505
Bile salt export pump0505
Interferon beta5005
Cellular tumor antigen p536006
Integrin beta-31001
Integrin alpha-IIb1001
Methionine aminopeptidase0202
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 10202
Inositol monophosphatase 14004
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 10505
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 54004
Ataxin-25005
Chain A, Ferritin light chain2002
USP1 protein, partial5005
nonstructural protein 12002
TAR DNA-binding protein 431001
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase 0101
Spike glycoprotein4116
thioredoxin reductase3003
PPM1D protein2002
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-6-phosphogluconolactonase0101
Spike glycoprotein0112
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0112
glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase isoform b0101
flap endonuclease 13003
Transmembrane protease serine 20112
Dihydrofolate reductase 0101
DNA ligase0101
Riboflavin-binding protein0011
Major prion protein0011
Amyloid-beta precursor protein0101
Histidine-rich protein PFHRP-II0102
Procathepsin L0112
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M20101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M40101
Cytochrome P450 3A40202
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M50101
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor0101
Replicase polyprotein 1a0112
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0112
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0112
Spike glycoprotein0101
Replicase polyprotein 1ab0112
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M10101
Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone]0101
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor0303
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor0303
DNA ligase 10101
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M30101
Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR0101
Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 20011
Beta-secretase 10112
Calcium-dependent protein kinase 10011
MO15-related protein kinase Pfmrk 0101
DNA ligase A0101
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 20202
Sigma intracellular receptor 20101
Phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase0101
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 10101
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 0112
Cysteine proteinase falcipain 2a 0101
Cysteine proteinase falcipain 2a 0101
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE4004
Chain A, HADH2 protein1001
Chain B, HADH2 protein1001
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase4004
endonuclease IV2002
acetylcholinesterase1001
GALC protein2002
Microtubule-associated protein tau4004
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 46006
cytochrome P450 2D64004
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d2002
Peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase0001
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE3003
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A3003
Chain A, BCL-2-RELATED PROTEIN A10011
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase0101
SUMO-10101
phosphopantetheinyl transferase4004
TSHR protein1001
Smad31001
PINK11001
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)3003
regulator of G-protein signaling 44004
G3003
Parkin1001
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B2002
hexokinase0101
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a2002
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 12002
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA4004
serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK13003
histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursor2002
DNA polymerase eta isoform 12002
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)3003
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 12002
lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 isoform I2002
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 13003
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 13003
streptokinase A precursor0011
bcl-2-like protein 11 isoform 10011
Solute carrier family 22 member 1 0102
Long-chain-fatty-acid--AMP ligase FadD320101
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 32002
Epidermal growth factor receptor0101
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain 3003
Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-20101
Tyrosine-protein kinase Lck0101
Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn0101
Sporulation initiation phosphotransferase F0101
Neutrophil elastase0101
60 kDa chaperonin0101
Adenosine receptor A30202
60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial0101
Cytochrome P450 2C9 0101
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor0202
Sporulation kinase A0101
Acetylcholinesterase0101
Thromboxane-A synthase 0101
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 10101
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 20101
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor0202
10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial0101
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G1001
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter 0202
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 140101
Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase0101
Chitinase0202
60 kDa chaperonin 0101
10 kDa chaperonin 0101
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 41001
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 13003
NAD-dependent protein deacylase sirtuin-5, mitochondrial0202
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial3003
Chain A, Cruzipain1001
glucocerebrosidase2002
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 11001
DNA polymerase beta2002
M-phase phosphoprotein 81001
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-10011
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 20101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 30101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 0213
Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 10101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A 0213
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B0213
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C0213
Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 10101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D0213
Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 10101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B0213
Serine racemase0101
Olfactory receptor 51E20011
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A0213
Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 20101
Vitamin D3 receptor0112
G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 10011
SMAD family member 21001
SMAD family member 31001
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)2002
EWS/FLI fusion protein2002
cytochrome P450 2C9 precursor1001
huntingtin isoform 21001
ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform a2002
lethal factor (plasmid)1001
Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL10202
Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src0202
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 20101
Histamine H2 receptor1001
Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 171001
Calmodulin-domain protein kinase 10101
eyes absent homolog 2 isoform a1001
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10101
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase1001
Chain A, ATP-DEPENDENT DNA HELICASE Q12002
WRN1001
GLS protein3003
Valosin-containing protein0101
thioredoxin glutathione reductase1001
apical membrane antigen 1, AMA11001
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor2002
lysosomal alpha-glucosidase preproprotein1001
microphthalmia-associated transcription factor isoform 90101
importin subunit beta-1 isoform 11001
eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 isoform 40101
snurportin-11001
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 12002
eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E isoform 10101
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-41001
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-21001
Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 10101
phosphoglycerate kinase1001
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha1001
ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase0101
Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 20101
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 20011
Serine/threonine-protein kinase D30101
Protein kinase C gamma type0101
Protein kinase C beta type0101
Cathepsin B0101
Protein kinase C alpha type0101
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 10101
D(3) dopamine receptor0101
Protein kinase C eta type0101
Mu-type opioid receptor0011
Delta-type opioid receptor0011
Kappa-type opioid receptor0011
P2Y purinoceptor 20112
Protein kinase C iota type0101
P2X purinoceptor 10011
P2Y purinoceptor 10011
P2X purinoceptor 20112
P2X purinoceptor 40011
P2X purinoceptor 50011
P2X purinoceptor 60011
P2Y purinoceptor 40011
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase HST20101
P2X purinoceptor 30011
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit0101
Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 10101
DNA primase0101
Protein kinase C epsilon type0101
Protein kinase C theta type0101
Protein kinase C zeta type0101
Protein kinase C delta type0101
P2Y purinoceptor 60101
Serine/threonine-protein kinase D10101
Dual specificity protein phosphatase 50101
Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 80101
RmtA0101
Reverse transcriptase/RNaseH 0101
Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3 0101
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-20101
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-10101
P2Y purinoceptor 110112
P2X purinoceptor 70011
Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 10101
P2Y purinoceptor 120011
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase1001
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor1001
polyadenylate-binding protein 10101
dopamine D1 receptor1001
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor1001
guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-150112
D(3) dopamine receptor isoform e1001
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M11001
trace amine-associated receptor 10112
Polyphenol oxidase 20001
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C0011
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase0101
D(2) dopamine receptor0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0011
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase 0001
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0011
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A0001
D(1A) dopamine receptor0102
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B0001
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 60011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5B0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 0011
Trace amine-associated receptor 10011
Trace amine-associated receptor 10011
Trace amine-associated receptor 10011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B0011
Histamine H3 receptor0001
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB10102
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]