Onchocerciasis, Ocular

Filarial infection of the eyes transmitted from person to person by bites of Onchocerca volvulus-infected black flies. The microfilariae of Onchocerca are thus deposited beneath the skin. They migrate through various tissues including the eye. Those persons infected have impaired vision and up to 20% are blind. The incidence of eye lesions has been reported to be as high as 30% in Central America and parts of Africa.

Synonyms(2)

Synonym
River Blindness
Onchocerciasis, Ocular

Research Excerpts

Overview

Excerpt	Reference
"Onchocerciasis (river blindness) is a major blinding disease in Africa, Central America, and South America."	( Braun, G; Connor, V; Engelbrecht, F; Gilbert, CE; McKechnie, NM; Taylor, DW; Whitworth, JA, 1991)
"River blindness is a seriously debilitating disease caused by the filarial parasite Onchocerca volvulus, which infects millions in Africa as well as in South and Central America."	( Adjei, O; Allen, JE; Bain, O; Hoerauf, A; Hoffmann, WH; Makepeace, BL; Schulz-Key, H; Tanya, VN; Taylor, DW; Trees, AJ; Wanji, S, 2008)
"Onchocerciasis, or river blindness, is a neglected tropical disease that affects more than 37 million people worldwide, primarily in Africa and Central and South America."	( Cho-Ngwa, F; Garner, AL; Gloeckner, C; Janda, KD; Lustigman, S; Samje, M; Tricoche, N; Zakhari, JS, 2011)
"Onchocerciasis (river blindness) is caused by the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus, transmitted to humans by the bite of infected black flies of the genus Simulium, and is characterized by chronic skin disease, severe itching, and eye lesions that can progress to complete blindness."	( , 2013)
"Onchocerciasis or "river blindness" is a chronic parasitic neglected tropical disease which is endemic both in mainland and insular Equatorial Guinea."	( Aparicio, P; Benito, A; Garate, T; García, B; Hernandez-González, A; Herrador, Z; Moya, L; Ncogo, P; Nguema, J; Nguema, R; Perteguer, MJ; Rubio, JM; Sima, A; Ta-Tang, TH, 2016)
"Onchocerciasis or "river blindness" is a chronic parasitic disease caused by the filarial worm Onchocerca volvulus, transmitted through infected blackflies (Simulium spp."	( Aparicio, P; Benito, A; Gárate, T; Hernández-González, A; Herrador, Z; Moya, L; Nguema, J; Nguema, R; Perteguer, MJ, 2016)

Context

Excerpt	Reference
"Onchocerciasis, or river blindness, has historically been an important cause of blindness, skin disease and economic disruption in Africa and the Americas."	( Cozart, D; Cupp, EW; Habomugisha, P; Jacob, B; Lakwo, T; Loum, D; Unnasch, TR, 2019)

Treatment

Excerpt	Reference
"The effects of ivermectin on ocular onchocerciasis were assessed by following (a) the ophthalmologic indices in three cohorts of males recruited before treatment in 1987, 1988 and 1989, who were treated and examined annually, and (b) the indices recorded yearly in the cross-section of males aged 15-19 years."	( Audugé, A; Banos, MT; Boussinesq, M; Chippaux, JP; Fobi, G; Lafleur, C; Ngosso, A; Prod'hon, J, 1999)

Research

Studies (195)

Timeframe	Studies, This Condition (%)	All Conditions %
pre-1990	14 (7.18)	23.3326
1990's	57 (29.23)	12.5806
2000's	61 (31.28)	18.1394
2010's	53 (27.18)	28.8240
2020's	10 (5.13)	9.53

Drug	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
glycine	low	1	0
albendazole	medium	4	3
diethylcarbamazine	low	6	0
2-propanol	low	1	0
mebendazole	low	1	0
suramin	low	1	0
temefos	low	1	0
tyramine	low	2	0
galactose	low	1	0
alkenes	low	1	0
closantel	low	1	0
artemisinin	low	1	0
nsc-172755	low	1	0
n-acetyltyramine	low	1	0
cinnamoylglycine	low	1	0
valinomycin	low	1	0
amocarzine	medium	4	3
bay 44-4400	medium	1	1
loa	low	3	0
sorbitan monooleate	low	1	0
dextrothyroxine	medium	148	16
oligonucleotides	low	1	0
interleukin-8	low	1	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous	low	1	0
moxidectin	low	3	0
avermectin	low	1	0
eye	medium	30	4

Protein Targets (335)

Protein	Potency Measurements	Inhibition Measurements	Activation Measurements	Drugs
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit	4	0	0	4
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma	6	0	0	6
GLI family zinc finger 3	6	0	0	6
AR protein	10	0	0	10
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1	4	0	0	4
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1	5	0	0	5
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha	7	0	0	7
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	8	0	0	8
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta	2	0	0	2
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a	5	0	0	5
activating transcription factor 6	2	0	0	2
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)	5	0	0	5
Histone H2A.x	5	0	0	5
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a	3	0	0	3
heat shock protein beta-1	4	0	0	4
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1	7	0	0	7
lamin isoform A-delta10	4	0	0	4
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit	5	0	0	5
Glutamate receptor 2	5	0	0	5
Chain A, Beta-lactamase	3	0	0	3
Luciferase	5	0	0	5
glp-1 receptor, partial	2	0	0	2
ATAD5 protein, partial	1	0	0	1
Fumarate hydratase	2	0	0	2
TDP1 protein	8	0	0	8
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease	1	0	0	1
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3	5	0	0	5
progesterone receptor	4	0	0	4
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]	5	0	0	5
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha	7	0	0	7
farnesoid X nuclear receptor	4	0	0	4
pregnane X nuclear receptor	5	0	0	5
polyprotein	2	0	0	2
67.9K protein	1	0	0	1
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	2	0	0	2
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor	5	0	0	5
caspase-3	1	0	0	1
IDH1	2	0	0	2
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2	7	0	0	7
aryl hydrocarbon receptor	3	0	0	3
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 2	3	0	0	3
cellular tumor antigen p53 isoform a	1	0	0	1
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] isoform 1	2	0	0	2
chromobox protein homolog 1	4	0	0	4
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 2	3	0	0	3
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 3	3	0	0	3
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2	6	0	0	6
histone deacetylase 9 isoform 3	2	0	0	2
mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	2	0	0	2
urokinase-type plasminogen activator precursor	1	0	0	1
plasminogen precursor	1	0	0	1
urokinase plasminogen activator surface receptor precursor	1	0	0	1
geminin	8	0	0	8
Vif	0	0	0	1
peripheral myelin protein 22	5	0	0	5
survival motor neuron protein isoform d	1	0	0	1
muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 1	2	0	0	2
DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3G isoform 1	2	0	0	2
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A	2	0	0	2
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	0	5	0	5
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	0	5	0	5
Bile salt export pump	0	5	0	5
Interferon beta	5	0	0	5
Cellular tumor antigen p53	6	0	0	6
Integrin beta-3	1	0	0	1
Integrin alpha-IIb	1	0	0	1
Methionine aminopeptidase	0	2	0	2
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 1	0	2	0	2
Inositol monophosphatase 1	4	0	0	4
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	0	5	0	5
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5	4	0	0	4
Ataxin-2	5	0	0	5
Chain A, Ferritin light chain	2	0	0	2
USP1 protein, partial	5	0	0	5
nonstructural protein 1	2	0	0	2
TAR DNA-binding protein 43	1	0	0	1
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase	0	1	0	1
Spike glycoprotein	4	1	1	6
thioredoxin reductase	3	0	0	3
PPM1D protein	2	0	0	2
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-6-phosphogluconolactonase	0	1	0	1
Spike glycoprotein	0	1	1	2
Replicase polyprotein 1ab	0	1	1	2
glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase isoform b	0	1	0	1
flap endonuclease 1	3	0	0	3
Transmembrane protease serine 2	0	1	1	2
Dihydrofolate reductase	0	1	0	1
DNA ligase	0	1	0	1
Riboflavin-binding protein	0	0	1	1
Major prion protein	0	0	1	1
Amyloid-beta precursor protein	0	1	0	1
Histidine-rich protein PFHRP-II	0	1	0	2
Procathepsin L	0	1	1	2
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	0	1	0	1
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	0	1	0	1
Cytochrome P450 3A4	0	2	0	2
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	0	1	0	1
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor	0	1	0	1
Replicase polyprotein 1a	0	1	1	2
Replicase polyprotein 1ab	0	1	1	2
Replicase polyprotein 1ab	0	1	1	2
Spike glycoprotein	0	1	0	1
Replicase polyprotein 1ab	0	1	1	2
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	0	1	0	1
Ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase [quinone]	0	1	0	1
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	0	3	0	3
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor	0	3	0	3
DNA ligase 1	0	1	0	1
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	0	1	0	1
Serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR	0	1	0	1
Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2	0	0	1	1
Beta-secretase 1	0	1	1	2
Calcium-dependent protein kinase 1	0	0	1	1
MO15-related protein kinase Pfmrk	0	1	0	1
DNA ligase A	0	1	0	1
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	0	2	0	2
Sigma intracellular receptor 2	0	1	0	1
Phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase	0	1	0	1
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	0	1	0	1
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2	0	1	1	2
Cysteine proteinase falcipain 2a	0	1	0	1
Cysteine proteinase falcipain 2a	0	1	0	1
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE	4	0	0	4
Chain A, HADH2 protein	1	0	0	1
Chain B, HADH2 protein	1	0	0	1
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase	4	0	0	4
endonuclease IV	2	0	0	2
acetylcholinesterase	1	0	0	1
GALC protein	2	0	0	2
Microtubule-associated protein tau	4	0	0	4
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4	6	0	0	6
cytochrome P450 2D6	4	0	0	4
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d	2	0	0	2
Peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase	0	0	0	1
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASE	3	0	0	3
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A	3	0	0	3
Chain A, BCL-2-RELATED PROTEIN A1	0	0	1	1
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase	0	1	0	1
SUMO-1	0	1	0	1
phosphopantetheinyl transferase	4	0	0	4
TSHR protein	1	0	0	1
Smad3	1	0	0	1
PINK1	1	0	0	1
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)	3	0	0	3
regulator of G-protein signaling 4	4	0	0	4
G	3	0	0	3
Parkin	1	0	0	1
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B	2	0	0	2
hexokinase	0	1	0	1
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a	2	0	0	2
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1	2	0	0	2
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA	4	0	0	4
serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1	3	0	0	3
histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursor	2	0	0	2
DNA polymerase eta isoform 1	2	0	0	2
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)	3	0	0	3
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1	2	0	0	2
lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1 isoform I	2	0	0	2
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1	3	0	0	3
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1	3	0	0	3
streptokinase A precursor	0	0	1	1
bcl-2-like protein 11 isoform 1	0	0	1	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 1	0	1	0	2
Long-chain-fatty-acid--AMP ligase FadD32	0	1	0	1
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3	2	0	0	2
Epidermal growth factor receptor	0	1	0	1
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	3	0	0	3
Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-2	0	1	0	1
Tyrosine-protein kinase Lck	0	1	0	1
Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn	0	1	0	1
Sporulation initiation phosphotransferase F	0	1	0	1
Neutrophil elastase	0	1	0	1
60 kDa chaperonin	0	1	0	1
Adenosine receptor A3	0	2	0	2
60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial	0	1	0	1
Cytochrome P450 2C9	0	1	0	1
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor	0	2	0	2
Sporulation kinase A	0	1	0	1
Acetylcholinesterase	0	1	0	1
Thromboxane-A synthase	0	1	0	1
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	0	1	0	1
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2	0	1	0	1
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	0	2	0	2
10 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial	0	1	0	1
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	1	0	0	1
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter	0	2	0	2
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	0	1	0	1
Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase	0	1	0	1
Chitinase	0	2	0	2
60 kDa chaperonin	0	1	0	1
10 kDa chaperonin	0	1	0	1
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	1	0	0	1
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	3	0	0	3
NAD-dependent protein deacylase sirtuin-5, mitochondrial	0	2	0	2
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial	3	0	0	3
Chain A, Cruzipain	1	0	0	1
glucocerebrosidase	2	0	0	2
peripheral myelin protein 22 isoform 1	1	0	0	1
DNA polymerase beta	2	0	0	2
M-phase phosphoprotein 8	1	0	0	1
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1	0	0	1	1
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	0	1	0	1
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1	0	2	1	3
Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A	0	2	1	3
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	0	2	1	3
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C	0	2	1	3
Large neutral amino acids transporter small subunit 1	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D	0	2	1	3
Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B	0	2	1	3
Serine racemase	0	1	0	1
Olfactory receptor 51E2	0	0	1	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A	0	2	1	3
Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2	0	1	0	1
Vitamin D3 receptor	0	1	1	2
G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1	0	0	1	1
SMAD family member 2	1	0	0	1
SMAD family member 3	1	0	0	1
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)	2	0	0	2
EWS/FLI fusion protein	2	0	0	2
cytochrome P450 2C9 precursor	1	0	0	1
huntingtin isoform 2	1	0	0	1
ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform a	2	0	0	2
lethal factor (plasmid)	1	0	0	1
Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1	0	2	0	2
Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src	0	2	0	2
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2	0	1	0	1
Histamine H2 receptor	1	0	0	1
Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17	1	0	0	1
Calmodulin-domain protein kinase 1	0	1	0	1
eyes absent homolog 2 isoform a	1	0	0	1
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	0	1	0	1
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase	1	0	0	1
Chain A, ATP-DEPENDENT DNA HELICASE Q1	2	0	0	2
WRN	1	0	0	1
GLS protein	3	0	0	3
Valosin-containing protein	0	1	0	1
thioredoxin glutathione reductase	1	0	0	1
apical membrane antigen 1, AMA1	1	0	0	1
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	2	0	0	2
lysosomal alpha-glucosidase preproprotein	1	0	0	1
microphthalmia-associated transcription factor isoform 9	0	1	0	1
importin subunit beta-1 isoform 1	1	0	0	1
eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 isoform 4	0	1	0	1
snurportin-1	1	0	0	1
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1	2	0	0	2
eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E isoform 1	0	1	0	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	1	0	0	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	1	0	0	1
Serum paraoxonase/arylesterase 1	0	1	0	1
phosphoglycerate kinase	1	0	0	1
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	1	0	0	1
ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase	0	1	0	1
Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2	0	1	0	1
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2	0	0	1	1
Serine/threonine-protein kinase D3	0	1	0	1
Protein kinase C gamma type	0	1	0	1
Protein kinase C beta type	0	1	0	1
Cathepsin B	0	1	0	1
Protein kinase C alpha type	0	1	0	1
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	0	1	0	1
D(3) dopamine receptor	0	1	0	1
Protein kinase C eta type	0	1	0	1
Mu-type opioid receptor	0	0	1	1
Delta-type opioid receptor	0	0	1	1
Kappa-type opioid receptor	0	0	1	1
P2Y purinoceptor 2	0	1	1	2
Protein kinase C iota type	0	1	0	1
P2X purinoceptor 1	0	0	1	1
P2Y purinoceptor 1	0	0	1	1
P2X purinoceptor 2	0	1	1	2
P2X purinoceptor 4	0	0	1	1
P2X purinoceptor 5	0	0	1	1
P2X purinoceptor 6	0	0	1	1
P2Y purinoceptor 4	0	0	1	1
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase HST2	0	1	0	1
P2X purinoceptor 3	0	0	1	1
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit	0	1	0	1
Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1	0	1	0	1
DNA primase	0	1	0	1
Protein kinase C epsilon type	0	1	0	1
Protein kinase C theta type	0	1	0	1
Protein kinase C zeta type	0	1	0	1
Protein kinase C delta type	0	1	0	1
P2Y purinoceptor 6	0	1	0	1
Serine/threonine-protein kinase D1	0	1	0	1
Dual specificity protein phosphatase 5	0	1	0	1
Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 8	0	1	0	1
RmtA	0	1	0	1
Reverse transcriptase/RNaseH	0	1	0	1
Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3	0	1	0	1
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-2	0	1	0	1
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1	0	1	0	1
P2Y purinoceptor 11	0	1	1	2
P2X purinoceptor 7	0	0	1	1
Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 1	0	1	0	1
P2Y purinoceptor 12	0	0	1	1
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase	1	0	0	1
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor	1	0	0	1
polyadenylate-binding protein 1	0	1	0	1
dopamine D1 receptor	1	0	0	1
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor	1	0	0	1
guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-15	0	1	1	2
D(3) dopamine receptor isoform e	1	0	0	1
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	1	0	0	1
trace amine-associated receptor 1	0	1	1	2
Polyphenol oxidase 2	0	0	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	0	0	1	1
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase	0	1	0	1
D(2) dopamine receptor	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A	0	0	1	1
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase	0	0	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A	0	0	1	1
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A	0	0	0	1
D(1A) dopamine receptor	0	1	0	2
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	0	0	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B	0	0	1	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D	0	0	1	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F	0	0	1	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	0	0	1	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	0	0	1	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7	0	0	1	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A	0	0	1	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5B	0	0	1	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A	0	0	1	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A	0	0	1	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4	0	0	1	1
Trace amine-associated receptor 1	0	0	1	1
Trace amine-associated receptor 1	0	0	1	1
Trace amine-associated receptor 1	0	0	1	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B	0	0	1	1
Histamine H3 receptor	0	0	0	1
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1	0	1	0	2
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

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