Compounds > semaglutide
Page last updated: 2024-11-13

semaglutide

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Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID56843331
CHEBI ID167574
MeSH IDM000597516

Synonyms (27)

Synonym
CHEBI:167574 ,
nnc 0113-0217
nn 9535
nn9535
nnc-0113-0217
semaglutide ,
rybelsus
ozempic
nn-9535
53axn4nnhx ,
semaglutide [usan:inn]
unii-53axn4nnhx
wegovy
nn1535 laisema component semaglutide
semaglutide component of nn1535 icosema
nn1535 icosema component semaglutide
AC-32580
ozempic (injectable semaglutide)
rybelsus (oral semaglutide)
gtpl9724
EX-A2424
rybelsus;ozempic;nn9535;og217sc;nnc 0113-0217
semaglutida
a10bj06
semaglutidum
oral semaglutide
AT35750

Research Excerpts

Overview

Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist with enhanced glycaemic control in diabetes patients. It was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for chronic weight management.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist with enhanced glycaemic control in diabetes patients. "( Oral Semaglutide in the Management of Type 2 DM: Clinical Status and Comparative Analysis.
Bandyopadhyay, I; Chamallamudi, MR; Dave, S; Kumar, N; Nampoothiri, M; Rai, A, 2022)		2.68
"Oral semaglutide is a cost-effective glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist treatment option."( Lifetime Cost-effectiveness of Oral Semaglutide Versus Dulaglutide and Liraglutide in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled With Oral Antidiabetics.
Ali, SN; Baker, TM; Dang-Tan, T; Radin, M; Risebrough, NA; Zhang, L, 2021)		1.35
"Oral semaglutide (Rybelsus®) is a co-formulation of semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1 RA) receptor agonist, with an absorption enhancer, sodium N- (8- [2- hydroxybenzoyl] amino) caprylate (SNAC), which facilitates the absorption of semaglutide across the gastric epithelium in a concentration dependent manner. "( [Oral semaglutide, first oral GLP-1 receptor agonist (Rybelsus®)].
Paquot, N, 2021)		1.62
"Semaglutide is a recently approved glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). "( Semaglutide and Diabetic Retinopathy Risk in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Huang, P; Liu, Y; Mao, Y; Wang, F; Wang, H, 2022)		3.61
"Semaglutide is a novel antidiabetic glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analog."( Semaglutide early intervention attenuated testicular dysfunction by targeting the GLP-1-PPAR-α-Kisspeptin-Steroidogenesis signaling pathway in a testicular ischemia-reperfusion rat model.
Abdullah, DM; Alsemeh, AE; Khamis, T, 2022)		2.89
"Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist that was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for chronic weight management. "( Semaglutide for the treatment of obesity.
Amaro, A; Chao, AM; Tronieri, JS; Wadden, TA, 2023)		3.8
"Semaglutide is a kind of human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog that promotes insulin secretion while inhibiting glucagon secretion through a glucose concentration-dependent mechanism."( New practice in semaglutide on type-2 diabetes and obesity: clinical evidence and expectation.
Liu, Y; Luo, X, 2022)		1.79
"Semaglutide is a GLP-1 analog that has 94% homology with human GLP-1 and it binds to the GLP-1 receptor in pancreatic β-cells to induce the insulin secretion in a glucose concentration-dependent manner."( [New drug for type 2 diabetes: introduction of oral Semaglutide (Rybelsus
Miyasaka, K, 2022)		1.69
"Oral semaglutide 14 mg is an effective agent in the treatment of T2DM. "( Oral semaglutide in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Comprehensive review, critical appraisal and clinical consideration of its use in India.
Misra, A; Singh, AK; Singh, R, 2022)		1.75
"As semaglutide is an already clinically approved drug, successful human trials would hasten its inclusion into therapeutic treatment of NASH and neurodegenerative diseases."( Therapeutic Potential of Semaglutide, a Newer GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, in Abating Obesity, Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Neurodegenerative diseases: A Narrative Review.
Karuppasamy, M; Mahapatra, MK; Sahoo, BM, 2022)		1.54
"Semaglutide is a glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue marketed for once-weekly subcutaneous administration for type 2 diabetes mellitus. "( Population pharmacokinetic of paracetamol and atorvastatin with co-administration of semaglutide.
Kristensen, K; Langeskov, EK, 2022)		2.39
"Semaglutide is a human GLP-1 analog that has been shown to significantly improve glycemic control and reduce body weight, in addition to improving cardiovascular outcomes, in patients with T2D."( A new era for oral peptides: SNAC and the development of oral semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Aroda, VR; Blonde, L; Pratley, RE, 2022)		1.68
"Semaglutide is a GLP-1 RA with a proven cardiovascular benefit."( Oral semaglutide - Rybelsus®, the first GLP-1 receptor agonist for oral use in clinical practice.
Karásek, D, 2022)		1.96
"Semaglutide is a Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist used in the second-line treatment of poorly controlled type 2 diabetes and can be used in monotherapy or associated with other oral antidiabetics or even insulin, increasing the effectiveness of the treatment. "( Gastrointestinal disorders potentially associated with Semaglutide: an analysis from the Eudravigilance Database.
Cabral Lopes, A; Herdeiro, MT; Lourenço, O; Morgado, M; Roque, F, )		1.82
"Semaglutide seems to be an advisable option for preservation of β-cell function and early evidence suggests it might have a role in modifying insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), the pathogenetic basis of prediabetes and T2D."( Real world effectiveness of subcutaneous semaglutide in type 2 diabetes: A retrospective, cohort study (Sema-MiDiab01).
Berra, CC; Ceccarelli Ceccarelli, D; Favacchio, G; Fiorina, P; Folini, L; Graziano, G; Lunati, ME; Mirani, M; Pastore, I; Peretti, E; Romano, C; Rossi, MC; Sassi, L; Solerte, SB, 2022)		1.71
"Oral semaglutide is a human glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue that has been approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. "( Effect of Various Dosing Schedules on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: A Randomised Trial in Healthy Subjects.
Boschini, C; Bækdal, TA; Forte, P; Jensen, TB; van Hout, M, 2023)		1.66
"Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue that induces weight loss."( Proteomic analysis reveals semaglutide impacts lipogenic protein expression in epididymal adipose tissue of obese mice.
Chen, S; Zhu, R, 2023)		1.93
"Semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that has been approved for type II diabetes and chronic weight management in obese adults."( Dermal Hypersensitivity Reaction to Semaglutide: Two Case Reports.
Alamgir, M; Frias, G; Ouellette, S; Shah, R; Wassef, C, 2023)		1.91
"Semaglutide is a human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1R), which is used primarily for the treatment of DM."( The cardioprotective effect of human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (semaglutide) on cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: Targeting mitochondrial functions, dynamics, biogenesis, and redox status pathways.
Alshenawy, H; Atef, MM; Basha, EH; El-Deeb, OS; El-Esawy, RO; Eltokhy, AK; Hafez, YM; Ismail, R, 2023)		1.86
"Semaglutide is a long-acting agent with a half-life of approximately one week, and there are currently no guidelines that address the perioperative management of such agents."( Regurgitation under anesthesia in a fasted patient prescribed semaglutide for weight loss: a case report.
Gulak, MA; Murphy, P, 2023)		1.87
"Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist that improves glycemic control and achieves weight loss in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. "( Influence of chronic kidney disease and its severity on the efficacy of semaglutide in type 2 diabetes patients: a multicenter real-world study.
Avilés, B; Botana-López, M; Caballero, I; Domínguez-Rodríguez, M; Fernández-García, JC; García de Lucas, MD; Jiménez-Millán, A; Merino-Torres, JF; Morales, C; Moreno-Moreno, P; Soto, A; Tejera, C, 2023)		2.59
"Semaglutide (Ozempic®) is a new once-weekly agonist of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors (GLP-1 AR) indicated in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). "( [Semaglutide, once weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist (Ozempic®)].
Scheen, AJ, 2019)		2.87
"Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-agonist (GLP-1 RA), which is injected subcutaneously once a week for treatment of Type 2 diabetes. "( [The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-agonist semaglutide].
Boje, AD; Juhl, CR; Madsbad, S; Torekov, SS, 2019)		2.21
"Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 analog approved for once-weekly, subcutaneous treatment of T2D."( Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide for Type 2 Diabetes by Race and Ethnicity: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SUSTAIN Trials.
Cariou, B; DeSouza, C; Fonseca, V; Garg, S; Lausvig, N; Navarria, A, 2020)		1.59
"Oral semaglutide is a tablet formulation of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA), recently approved in the USA and other countries. "( Clinical review of the efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with other oral antihyperglycemic agents and placebo.
Blonde, L; Lavernia, F, 2020)		1.32
"Oral semaglutide is a tablet formulation of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) and was recently approved for the treatment of T2D, representing an oral alternative to injectable GLP-1RAs."( Oral semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, renal impairment, or other comorbidities, and in older patients.
Miller, EM; Mosenzon, O; Warren, ML, 2020)		1.53
"Semaglutide is an oral glucagon-like peptide receptor agonist approved in 2019 by the U.S. "( Semaglutide Is a New Once-Daily Oral Medication to Treat Type 2 Diabetes.
Blakely, KK; Weaver, K, 2020)		3.44
"Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D) available in subcutaneous (s.c.) and oral formulations. "( Effects of semaglutide on risk of cardiovascular events across a continuum of cardiovascular risk: combined post hoc analysis of the SUSTAIN and PIONEER trials.
Bain, SC; Holst, AG; Husain, M; Lingvay, I; Mark, T; Rasmussen, S, 2020)		2.39
"Semaglutide is an advantageous choice for the treatment of T2D since it has greater efficacy in reducing glycated hemoglobin and body weight compared with other GLP-1RAs, has demonstrated benefits in reducing major adverse cardiovascular events, and has a favorable profile in special populations (e.g., patients with hepatic impairment or renal impairment)."( Clinical Perspectives on the Use of Subcutaneous and Oral Formulations of Semaglutide.
Gallwitz, B; Giorgino, F, 2021)		1.57
"Semaglutide is a human glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue in clinical development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. "( Absorption, metabolism and excretion of the GLP-1 analogue semaglutide in humans and nonclinical species.
Bjørnsdottir, I; Derving Karsbøl, J; Helleberg, H; Jensen, L; Pedersen, ML; Pedersen, PJ; Roffel, A; Rowe, E; van Lier, JJ, 2017)		2.14
"Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue in development for the once-weekly treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. "( Effect of Semaglutide on the Pharmacokinetics of Metformin, Warfarin, Atorvastatin and Digoxin in Healthy Subjects.
Anderson, TW; Derving Karsbøl, J; Golor, G; Hausner, H; Holst, AG; Jacobsen, JB; Wagner, FD, 2017)		2.3
"Semaglutide is a human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog that has been co-formulated with the absorption enhancer, sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl] amino) caprylate, for oral administration. "( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Oral Semaglutide in Subjects With Hepatic Impairment.
Anderson, TW; Baekdal, TA; Hansen, CW; Kupčová, V; Thomsen, M, 2018)		2.18
"Semaglutide is a potent once-weekly GLP-1 RA, significantly reducing HbA1c, body weight and systolic blood pressure. "( Semaglutide for type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Andreadis, P; Avgerinos, I; Bekiari, E; Karagiannis, T; Liakos, A; Malandris, K; Manolopoulos, A; Matthews, DR; Tsapas, A, 2018)		3.37
"Semaglutide is a newly approved GLP-1 RA for the treatment of T2D. "( Semaglutide: The Newest Once-Weekly GLP-1 RA for Type 2 Diabetes.
Thompson, AM; Trujillo, JM; Tuchscherer, RM, 2018)		3.37
"Semaglutide is an appealing option for the treatment of T2D as a once-weekly GLP-1 RA with established glycemic, CV, and weight benefits."( Semaglutide: The Newest Once-Weekly GLP-1 RA for Type 2 Diabetes.
Thompson, AM; Trujillo, JM; Tuchscherer, RM, 2018)		3.37
"Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. "( Impact on HbA1c and body weight of switching from other GLP-1 receptor agonists to semaglutide: A model-based approach.
Lindberg, SØ; Overgaard, RV; Thielke, D, 2019)		2.18
"Oral semaglutide is a novel tablet containing the human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP‑1) analogue semaglutide, co-formulated with the absorption enhancer sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl] amino) caprylate (SNAC). "( Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Ascending Doses of the Novel Oral Human GLP-1 Analogue, Oral Semaglutide, in Healthy Subjects and Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes.
Blicher, TM; Bækdal, TA; Donsmark, M; Golor, G; Granhall, C; Søndergaard, FL; Thomsen, M, 2019)		1.24
"Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) with a long elimination half-life, allowing subcutaneous (sc) administration once per week. "( Semaglutide as a promising antiobesity drug.
Blundell, J; Christou, GA; Fruhbeck, G; Katsiki, N; Kiortsis, DN, 2019)		3.4
"Oral semaglutide is a tablet co-formulation of the human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog semaglutide with the absorption enhancer sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl] amino) caprylate (SNAC). "( Effect of Oral Semaglutide on the Pharmacokinetics of Lisinopril, Warfarin, Digoxin, and Metformin in Healthy Subjects.
Anderson, TW; Borregaard, J; Bækdal, TA; Hansen, CW; Thomsen, M, 2019)		1.38

Effects

Semaglutide has a high affinity for the fatty acid binding site of albumin. It has an extended half-life by being protected from degradation by DPP-4, due to specific modification of its amino acid sequence.

Semaglutide has been proved to be safe in adults and elderly patients with renal or hepatic disorders demanding no dose modification. It has been shown to reduce both A1c and body weight compared with placebo and, in head-to-head studies versus both exenatide ER and dulag lutide, showed greater reductions in A1C and bodyweight.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Semaglutide has a high affinity for the fatty acid binding site of albumin and has an extended half-life by being protected from degradation by DPP-4, due to specific modification of its amino acid sequence."( [New drug for type 2 diabetes: introduction of oral Semaglutide (Rybelsus
Miyasaka, K, 2022)		1.69
"Semaglutide has a good safety profile, however the definition of subgroups within the type 2 diabetes population who are particularly prone to develop serious adverse event when treated with GLP-1 RAs is crucial."( Gastrointestinal disorders potentially associated with Semaglutide: an analysis from the Eudravigilance Database.
Cabral Lopes, A; Herdeiro, MT; Lourenço, O; Morgado, M; Roque, F, )		1.82
"Semaglutide has been proved to be safe in adults and elderly patients with renal or hepatic disorders demanding no dose modification."( Semaglutide, a glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist with cardiovascular benefits for management of type 2 diabetes.
Karuppasamy, M; Mahapatra, MK; Sahoo, BM, 2022)		2.89
"Semaglutide (SEM) has been identified as an effective anti-inflammatory drug in a variety of diseases."( Semaglutide ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury through inhibiting HDAC5-mediated activation of NF-κB signaling pathway.
Chen, Y; Jiang, Z; Shen, J; Tan, J; Yuan, Y, )		2.3
"Semaglutide has been evaluated in more than 8,000 patients across the spectrum of Type 2 diabetes."( [The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-agonist semaglutide].
Boje, AD; Juhl, CR; Madsbad, S; Torekov, SS, 2019)		1.49
"Semaglutide has been assessed in the SUSTAIN phase 3 clinical trial programme, which included patients across the disease spectrum, i.e."( Safety of injectable semaglutide for type 2 diabetes.
Bain, SC; Peter, R, 2020)		1.6
"Oral semaglutide has been studied in randomized controlled trials within the PIONEER program."( Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Implications of Oral Semaglutide for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Clements, JN; Gambill, K; Hartman, RE; Isaacs, D, 2021)		1.33
"Semaglutide has been coformulated with the absorption enhancer sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl] amino) caprylate to improve bioavailability of semaglutide following oral administration."( Management of type 2 diabetes with oral semaglutide: Practical guidance for pharmacists.
Kane, MP; Solis-Herrera, CD; Triplitt, CL, 2021)		1.61
"Semaglutide has been shown to reduce both A1c and body weight compared with placebo and, in head-to-head studies versus both exenatide ER and dulaglutide, showed greater reductions in A1c and body weight."( Glycemic Efficacy, Weight Effects, and Safety of Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists.
Cannon, A; Handelsman, Y; Schneider, D; Shannon, M; Wyne, K, 2018)		1.2

Actions

Semaglutide 14mg did increase the incidence of medication discontinuation and gastrointestinal events (nausea, vomiting and diarrhea) The drug showed no increase in pancreas weight and no treatment-related histopathological findings.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Semaglutide 14 mg did increase the incidence of medication discontinuation and gastrointestinal events (nausea, vomiting and diarrhea)."( Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Hu, S; Li, A; Su, X; Wang, Y, 2023)		1.93
"Semaglutide showed no increase in pancreas weight and no treatment-related histopathological findings in the pancreas after 13 or 52 weeks' dosing."( The human GLP-1 analogs liraglutide and semaglutide: absence of histopathological effects on the pancreas in nonhuman primates.
Gotfredsen, CF; Knudsen, LB; Larsen, MO; Mølck, AM; Nyborg, NC; Salanti, Z; Thorup, I, 2014)		1.39

Treatment

Semaglutide pretreatment significantly mitigated pulmonary injury, reduced TNF-α and IL-6 production, and led to a decrease in cleaved caspase-3 level and an increase in Bcl-2 level. The relatively high cost might prevent patients accessing treatment.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Few semaglutide-treated participants (4.3%) permanently discontinued treatment for GI AEs."( Gastrointestinal tolerability of once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg in adults with overweight or obesity, and the relationship between gastrointestinal adverse events and weight loss.
Calanna, S; Davies, M; Dicker, D; Goldman, B; Lingvay, I; Mosenzon, O; Pedersen, SD; Rubino, DM; Thomsen, M; Wadden, TA; Wharton, S, 2022)		1.46
"Semaglutide 2.4 mg treatment could dramatically improve clinical approaches to weight management, but the relatively high cost might prevent patients accessing treatment."( Pharmacological profile of once-weekly injectable semaglutide for chronic weight management.
Batterham, RL; Lau, DCW; le Roux, CW, 2022)		1.7
"The Semaglutide Treatment Effect in People with Obesity (STEP) program is a collection of phase-III trials geared toward exploring the utility of once-weekly 2.4 mg semaglutide administered subcutaneously as a pharmacologic agent for patients with obesity."( The Impact Once-Weekly Semaglutide 2.4 mg Will Have on Clinical Practice: A Focus on the STEP Trials.
Al-Najim, W; Alabduljabbar, K; le Roux, CW, 2022)		1.51
"Semaglutide pretreatment significantly mitigated pulmonary injury, reduced TNF-α and IL-6 production, and led to a decrease in cleaved caspase-3 level and an increase in Bcl-2 level, suggesting SEM could ameliorate LPS-induced ALI in rats. "( Semaglutide ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury through inhibiting HDAC5-mediated activation of NF-κB signaling pathway.
Chen, Y; Jiang, Z; Shen, J; Tan, J; Yuan, Y, )		3.02
"Semaglutide treatment significantly improved the pathological changes such as hepatocyte steatosis, balloon degeneration and lymphoid foci by HE."( Semaglutide ameliorates metabolism and hepatic outcomes in an NAFLD mouse model.
Chen, S; Chen, X; Li, Z; Niu, S; Pan, X; Ren, Q; Yue, L; Zhao, H, 2022)		2.89
"The Semaglutide Treatment Effect in People with obesity (STEP) trials compared once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg with placebo in adults with overweight or obesity, with or without T2D."( Exploring the wider benefits of semaglutide treatment in obesity: insight from the STEP program.
O'Neil, PM; Rubino, DM, 2022)		1.49
"Semaglutide treatment might have beneficial effects on adipose tissues through the regulation of lipid uptake, lipid storage, and lipolysis in white adipose tissue."( Proteomic analysis reveals semaglutide impacts lipogenic protein expression in epididymal adipose tissue of obese mice.
Chen, S; Zhu, R, 2023)		1.93
"Semaglutide treatment increased insulin secretion from 16 to 111 nM × 2 hours (ratio 7.10, 95% CI 3.68-13.71), and from 35 to 447 nM × 2 hours (ratio 12.74, 95% CI 5.65-28.71), correspondingly."( Effects of Aerobic Training and Semaglutide Treatment on Pancreatic β-Cell Secretory Function in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.
Alexandersen, C; Borch, J; Dela, F; Graungaard, B; Helge, JW; Holst, JJ; Ingersen, A; Schmücker, M; Thorngreen, T, 2023)		1.92
"Semaglutide treatment showed a reduction in serum alanine transaminase [mean difference: 14.07 U/L (95% CI: 19.39 to -8.75); p < 0.001] and aspartate transaminase [mean difference: 6.89 U/L (95% CI: 9.14 to -4.63); p < 0.001] levels."( Role of semaglutide in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Bandyopadhyay, S; Das, S; Joshi, SR; Samajdar, SS, 2023)		2.07
"Semaglutide treatment has demonstrated efficacy in ameliorating sepsis-related organ damage via attenuation of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptotic cell death."( Semaglutide Pretreatment Induces Cardiac Autophagy to Reduce Myocardial Injury in Septic Mice.
Zhang, J; Zhang, W, 2023)		3.07
"Semaglutide-treated animals showed significantly reduced scores of neurological impairments in several motor and grip strength tasks."( The diabetes drug semaglutide reduces infarct size, inflammation, and apoptosis, and normalizes neurogenesis in a rat model of stroke.
Feng, P; Hölscher, C; Ji, C; Li, D; Li, G; Wang, R; Yang, X; Zhang, X, 2019)		1.57
"The Semaglutide Treatment Effect in People with obesity (STEP) program aims to investigate the effect of semaglutide versus placebo on weight loss, safety, and tolerability in adults with obesity or overweight."( Semaglutide 2.4 mg for the Treatment of Obesity: Key Elements of the STEP Trials 1 to 5.
Calanna, S; Davies, M; Dicker, D; Garvey, WT; Goldman, B; Kushner, RF; Lingvay, I; Rubino, D; Thomsen, M; Wadden, TA; Wharton, S; Wilding, JPH, 2020)		2.48
"For semaglutide-treated participants, >80% achieved an HbA1c concentration <7.0% (Japanese Diabetes Society target)."( Safety and efficacy of once-weekly semaglutide vs additional oral antidiabetic drugs in Japanese people with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial.
Abiko, A; Kaku, K; Kiyosue, A; Nishida, T; Watada, H; Yamada, Y; Zacho, J, 2018)		1.24
"Semaglutide treatment significantly reduced HbA1c and body weight vs additional OAD treatment in Japanese people with T2D."( Safety and efficacy of once-weekly semaglutide vs additional oral antidiabetic drugs in Japanese people with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial.
Abiko, A; Kaku, K; Kiyosue, A; Nishida, T; Watada, H; Yamada, Y; Zacho, J, 2018)		1.48
"Semaglutide treatment did not compromise the counterregulatory glucagon response during experimental hypoglycaemia in people with T2D."( Effect of once-weekly semaglutide on the counterregulatory response to hypoglycaemia in people with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover trial.
Brunner, M; Heller, SR; Holst, AG; Jensen, L; Korsatko, S; Pieber, TR; Sach-Friedl, S; Tarp, MD, 2018)		2.24
"Treatment with semaglutide is associated with improvements in the physical components of HRQoL in patients with biopsy-proven NASH and fibrosis compared with placebo."( Improved health-related quality of life with semaglutide in people with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A randomised trial.
Armstrong, MJ; Funuyet-Salas, J; Ladelund, S; Mangla, KK; Romero-Gómez, M; Sanyal, AJ; Sejling, AS; Shrestha, I, 2023)		1.52
"Treatment with semaglutide, another GLP-1 RA, showed a significantly lower rate of MACE but not mortality from CV or any cause compared with placebo."( Mitigating Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes With Antidiabetes Drugs: A Review of Principal Cardiovascular Outcome Results of EMPA-REG OUTCOME, LEADER, and SUSTAIN-6 Trials.
Kaul, S, 2017)		0.79

Toxicity

Semaglutide once-weekly is compared to placebo and active comparators for T2DM in the SUSTAIN clinical trial series. The adverse events were comparable to placebo. In the Japanese subpopulation, no new safety concerns were identified. There were no adverse events leading to death or severe hypoglycemic episodes.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Treatment with the GLP-1RA lixisenatide has been shown to be safe in patients with type 2 diabetes and recent acute coronary syndrome."( Cardiovascular safety and benefits of GLP-1 receptor agonists.
Brønden, A; Dalsgaard, NB; Knop, FK; Vilsbøll, T, 2017)		0.46
" Most discontinuations were due to adverse events-mostly gastrointestinal with semaglutide, and others such as skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders (eg, rash, pruritus, and urticaria) with insulin glargine."( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus once-daily insulin glargine as add-on to metformin (with or without sulfonylureas) in insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 4): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, mul
Aroda, VR; Axelsen, M; Bain, SC; Cariou, B; DeVries, JH; Piletič, M; Rose, L; Rowe, E, 2017)		0.96
" The primary endpoint was number of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) after 30 weeks."( Safety and efficacy of semaglutide once weekly vs sitagliptin once daily, both as monotherapy in Japanese people with type 2 diabetes.
Abe, N; Kaneko, S; Nishida, T; Osonoi, T; Seino, Y; Terauchi, Y; Yabe, D; Zacho, J, 2018)		0.79
"0 mg groups were attributable to adverse events (AEs)."( Safety and efficacy of semaglutide once weekly vs sitagliptin once daily, both as monotherapy in Japanese people with type 2 diabetes.
Abe, N; Kaneko, S; Nishida, T; Osonoi, T; Seino, Y; Terauchi, Y; Yabe, D; Zacho, J, 2018)		0.79
" The primary endpoint was number of adverse events (AEs) after 56 weeks."( Safety and efficacy of once-weekly semaglutide vs additional oral antidiabetic drugs in Japanese people with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial.
Abiko, A; Kaku, K; Kiyosue, A; Nishida, T; Watada, H; Yamada, Y; Zacho, J, 2018)		0.76
" Adverse events were in line with those observed for other GLP-1 receptor agonists and no safety concerns were identified."( Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Oral Semaglutide in Subjects with Renal Impairment.
Anderson, TW; Granhall, C; Søndergaard, FL; Thomsen, M, 2018)		0.73
" Outcome variables will be assessed included glycemic control indexes (glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c]%, fasting plasma glucose [FPG], self-monitoring of blood glucose [SMPG], postprandial self-monitoring of blood glucose [PSMPG]), blood pressure indexes (systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP], and pulse rate), body weight control indexes (body weight, body mass index [BMI], and waist circumference), and any adverse events (including adverse events [AEs] varying degrees and AEs occurring in ≥5% patients by preferred term or other of clinical interest)."( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Cui, M; Gu, ZC; Li, H; Liu, XY; Shi, FH; Zhang, ZL, 2018)		0.76
"This review will evaluate glycemic, blood pressure, body weight control, and any adverse events of semaglutide as compared with other therapies."( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Cui, M; Gu, ZC; Li, H; Liu, XY; Shi, FH; Zhang, ZL, 2018)		0.97
" Reported adverse events were in line with those observed for other glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists."( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Oral Semaglutide in Subjects With Hepatic Impairment.
Anderson, TW; Baekdal, TA; Hansen, CW; Kupčová, V; Thomsen, M, 2018)		0.73
" A post hoc composite endpoint was the proportion of participants achieving the primary composite endpoint without moderate or severe GI adverse events (AEs)."( Achieving glycaemic control without weight gain, hypoglycaemia, or gastrointestinal adverse events in type 2 diabetes in the SUSTAIN clinical trial programme.
Bellary, S; Desouza, C; DeVries, JH; Hansen, OKH; Unger, J; Woo, V; Zacho, J, 2018)		0.48
" However, there are key differences within this class of drugs in macrovascular, microvascular, gastrointestinal and injection-site reaction adverse events, and these should be considered when healthcare providers are prescribing therapy."( Safety of Once-weekly Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
Frias, JP, 2018)		0.48
" Gastrointestinal adverse events (e."( Glycemic Efficacy, Weight Effects, and Safety of Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists.
Cannon, A; Handelsman, Y; Schneider, D; Shannon, M; Wyne, K, 2018)		0.48
" Semaglutide once-weekly is compared to placebo and active comparators for T2DM in the SUSTAIN clinical trial series, with outcomes of: glycemic control, weight loss, major adverse cardiovascular events, and adverse effects."( Semaglutide once-weekly: improved efficacy with a new safety warning.
Coon, SA; Crannage, EF; Guyton, JE; Kerwin, LC, 2018)		2.83
"Oral semaglutide was safe and well-tolerated in both trials."( Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Ascending Doses of the Novel Oral Human GLP-1 Analogue, Oral Semaglutide, in Healthy Subjects and Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes.
Blicher, TM; Bækdal, TA; Donsmark, M; Golor, G; Granhall, C; Søndergaard, FL; Thomsen, M, 2019)		1.24
" Expert opinion: Exenatide QW is an efficacious and safe treatment for T2D."( The efficacy and safety of exenatide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Brønden, A; Dejgaard, TF; Heimbürger, SM; Johansen, NJ; Knop, FK; Vilsbøll, T, 2019)		0.51
" Adverse events with semaglutide were consistent with the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist class, with gastrointestinal events the most common."( Impact of baseline characteristics and beta-cell function on the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous once-weekly semaglutide: A patient-level, pooled analysis of the SUSTAIN 1-5 trials.
Aroda, VR; Bain, SC; Capehorn, MS; Chaykin, L; Frias, JP; Lausvig, NL; Lüdemann, J; Macura, S; Madsbad, S; Rosenstock, J; Tabak, O; Tadayon, S, 2020)		1.09
" Adverse events (AEs) were reported in similar proportions of subjects across trials."( Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide for Type 2 Diabetes by Race and Ethnicity: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SUSTAIN Trials.
Cariou, B; DeSouza, C; Fonseca, V; Garg, S; Lausvig, N; Navarria, A, 2020)		0.87
" The primary endpoint was the number of treatment-emergent adverse events over 57 weeks."( Safety and efficacy of oral semaglutide versus dulaglutide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (PIONEER 10): an open-label, randomised, active-controlled, phase 3a trial.
Deenadayalan, S; Gislum, M; Inagaki, N; Kaneto, H; Nakamura, J; Navarria, A; Yabe, D, 2020)		0.85
" Adverse events occurred in 101 (77%) of 131 patients with oral semaglutide 3 mg, 106 (80%) of 132 with oral semaglutide 7 mg, 111 (85%) of 130 with oral semaglutide 14 mg, and 53 (82%) of 65 with dulaglutide."( Safety and efficacy of oral semaglutide versus dulaglutide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (PIONEER 10): an open-label, randomised, active-controlled, phase 3a trial.
Deenadayalan, S; Gislum, M; Inagaki, N; Kaneto, H; Nakamura, J; Navarria, A; Yabe, D, 2020)		1.09
" The cardiovascular (CV) outcome trial (SUSTAIN 6) showed CV superiority and its adverse event profile is as expected for the GLP-1RA class with predominantly gastrointestinal side-effects."( Safety of injectable semaglutide for type 2 diabetes.
Bain, SC; Peter, R, 2020)		0.88
" All long-acting GLP-1RAs have, at minimum, been shown to be safe and not increase cardiovascular (CV) risk and most (liraglutide, semaglutide injectable, dulaglutide, albiglutide) have been shown in CV outcomes trials (CVOTs) to significantly reduce the risk of major cardiac adverse events."( Long-acting GLP-1RAs: An overview of efficacy, safety, and their role in type 2 diabetes management.
Butts, A; Chun, JH, 2020)		0.76
" All long-acting GLP-1RAs have, at minimum, been shown to be safe and not increase cardiovascular (CV) risk and most (liraglutide, semaglutide injectable, dulaglutide, albiglutide) have been shown in CV outcomes trials (CVOTs) to significantly reduce the risk of major cardiac adverse events."( Long-acting GLP-1RAs: An overview of efficacy, safety, and their role in type 2 diabetes management.
Butts, A; Chun, JH, 2020)		0.76
" Extracted safety data included gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs), hypoglycaemia, injection-site reactions, pancreatitis, neoplasms, gallbladder events, and diabetic retinopathy (DR) and/or its complications (DRCs)."( Safety and tolerability of once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes.
Trujillo, J, 2020)		0.56
"Gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs) are the most common AEs with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs)."( Superior weight loss with once-weekly semaglutide versus other glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists is independent of gastrointestinal adverse events.
de la Rosa, R; Hansen, T; Lingvay, I; Macura, S; Marre, M; Nauck, MA; Wilding, J; Woo, V; Yildirim, E, 2020)		0.83
" Compared with placebo, oral semaglutide significantly reduced hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), body weight, fasting plasma glucose, self-measured plasma glucose (SMPG), serious adverse events and all-cause death and significantly increased the number of participants who achieved HbA1c < 7."( Efficacy and safety of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist oral semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Ge, J; He, K; Jing, Z; Li, C; Li, J, 2021)		1.14
" This can help ensure that patients achieve optimal response, that those experiencing adverse events are appropriately managed, and that treatment is tailored for those with pre-existing conditions such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of death in patients with T2D."( Cardiovascular outcomes, safety, and tolerability with oral semaglutide: insights for managed care.
Dougherty, T; Lingvay, I; Taddei-Allen, P, 2020)		0.8
"8), there were fewer first major adverse CV events with semaglutide vs."( Cardiovascular Safety and Benefits of Semaglutide in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Findings From SUSTAIN 6 and PIONEER 6.
Nauck, MA; Quast, DR, 2021)		1.14
" We sought to assess the risk of semaglutide in leading to various serious adverse events (SAEs) in patients with type 2 diabetes."( Comprehensive analysis of the safety of semaglutide in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of the SUSTAIN and PIONEER trials.
Ding, LL; Duan, XY; Qiu, M; Yin, DG; Zhou, HR, 2021)		1.17
" In the current review we discuss the occurrence of adverse events associated with semaglutide focusing on hypoglycemia, gastrointestinal side effects, pancreatic safety (pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer), thyroid cancer, gallbladder events, cardiovascular aspects, acute kidney injury, diabetic retinopathy (DRP) complications and injection-site and allergic reactions and where available, we highlight potential underlying mechanisms."( Safety of Semaglutide.
Smits, MM; Van Raalte, DH, 2021)		1.25
" Adverse events (AEs) were analysed descriptively."( Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: A post hoc subgroup analysis of the PIONEER 1, 3, 4 and 8 trials.
Araki, E; Christiansen, E; Deenadayalan, S; Horio, H; Kadowaki, T; Terauchi, Y; Watada, H, 2021)		0.92
" Across treatment arms, adverse events generally occurred in greater proportions of patients aged ≥65 versus <65 years."( Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide by baseline age in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: A subgroup analysis of the PIONEER 9 and 10 Japan trials.
Hertz, CL; Horio, H; Nakamura, J; Nielsen, AM; Seino, Y; Yabe, D; Yamada, Y, 2022)		1.02
" The overall incidence of adverse events (AEs) with oral semaglutide was similar to that with comparators and was consistent across subgroups."( Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide by subgroups of patient characteristics in the PIONEER phase 3 programme.
Aroda, VR; Bauer, R; Christiansen, E; Haluzík, M; Kallenbach, K; Meier, JJ; Montanya, E; Rosenstock, J, 2022)		1.26
" Treatments were well tolerated - the incidence of adverse events was similar across groups (73-90%) and most events were gastrointestinal in nature."( Safety and efficacy of combination therapy with semaglutide, cilofexor and firsocostat in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A randomised, open-label phase II trial.
Alkhouri, N; Balendran, C; Billin, AN; Buchholtz, K; Damgaard, LH; Hassanein, T; Herring, R; Huss, RS; Kabler, H; Kayali, Z; Kjær, MS; Kohli, A; Loomba, R; Myers, RP; Noureddin, M; Zhu, Y, 2022)		0.98
" This trial showed that the use of 3 different types of drugs, namely semaglutide, cilofexor and firsocostat, in combination was safe and may offer additional benefits over treatment with semaglutide alone."( Safety and efficacy of combination therapy with semaglutide, cilofexor and firsocostat in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A randomised, open-label phase II trial.
Alkhouri, N; Balendran, C; Billin, AN; Buchholtz, K; Damgaard, LH; Hassanein, T; Herring, R; Huss, RS; Kabler, H; Kayali, Z; Kjær, MS; Kohli, A; Loomba, R; Myers, RP; Noureddin, M; Zhu, Y, 2022)		1.21
" However, GLP-1RAs treatments had more gastrointestinal adverse events (such as nausea and vomiting) than placebo and Met."( The Antiobesity Effect and Safety of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist in Overweight/Obese Patients Without Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Gong, F; Guo, X; Lyu, X; Pan, H; Wang, L; Xu, H; Yang, H; Zhou, Z; Zhu, H, 2022)		0.72
" The adverse events were comparable to placebo; however, gastrointestinal adverse events were highly recorded in tirzepatide, oral and SC semaglutide groups."( Semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of safety and efficacy outcomes.
Abdel-Aziz, W; Aladwan, H; Ali, AS; Elkady, S; Elmegeed, AA; Elshahawy, IM; Elshanbary, AA; Gbreel, MI; Hamdallah, A; Hasabo, EA; Helmy, SK; Nourelden, AZ; Rabie, S; Ragab, KM; Sayed, AK; Zaazouee, MS, 2022)		2.37
" Moreover, semaglutide was safe and well-tolerated."( Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide for the Management of Obese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Heart Failure in Real-World Clinical Practice.
Avilés-Bueno, B; Bernal-López, MR; Cobos-Palacios, L; García de Lucas, MD; Gómez-Huelgas, R; Jansen-Chaparro, S; López-Sampalo, A; Miramontes-González, JP; Pérez-Belmonte, LM; Pérez-Velasco, MA; Ricci, M; Sanz-Cánovas, J, 2022)		1.42
"In obese patients with type 2 diabetes and heart failure, the use of once-weekly semaglutide was safe and clinically efficacious, improving health and functional status."( Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide for the Management of Obese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Heart Failure in Real-World Clinical Practice.
Avilés-Bueno, B; Bernal-López, MR; Cobos-Palacios, L; García de Lucas, MD; Gómez-Huelgas, R; Jansen-Chaparro, S; López-Sampalo, A; Miramontes-González, JP; Pérez-Belmonte, LM; Pérez-Velasco, MA; Ricci, M; Sanz-Cánovas, J, 2022)		1.26
" In the Japanese subpopulation, no new safety concerns were identified with once-weekly semaglutide, and there were no adverse events leading to death or severe hypoglycemic episodes."( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide in Japanese individuals with type 2 diabetes in the SUSTAIN 1, 2, 5 and 9 trials: Post-hoc analysis.
Araki, E; Harashima, S; Nakamura, J; Nishida, T, 2022)		1.22
"Reporting odds ratio (ROR) was employed to quantify the signals of semaglutide-related gastrointestinal adverse events (AEs) from 2018 to 2022."( Gastrointestinal adverse events associated with semaglutide: A pharmacovigilance study based on FDA adverse event reporting system.
Ding, Y; He, X; Liu, Y; Shu, Y; Wu, P; Zhang, Q, 2022)		1.21
" Secondary outcomes including risk for gastrointestinal adverse events, discontinuation of treatment and serious adverse events were expressed as risk ratios."( Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide for Weight Loss in Obesity Without Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Dampil, OA; Marquez, MM; Tan, HC, 2022)		1.03
" However, risk of gastrointestinal adverse events, discontinuation of treatment and serious adverse events were higher in the semaglutide group versus placebo."( Efficacy and Safety of Semaglutide for Weight Loss in Obesity Without Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Dampil, OA; Marquez, MM; Tan, HC, 2022)		1.24
" The most common adverse events reported in STEP 1-5 were gastrointestinal events, which were transient, mild-to-moderate in severity, and typically resolved without permanent treatment discontinuation."( Efficacy and safety of semaglutide for weight management: evidence from the STEP program.
Amaro, A; Sugimoto, D; Wharton, S, 2022)		1.03
" Versus placebo, CVOTs showed a reduced risk of major adverse cardiovascular events with subcutaneous semaglutide and non-inferiority criteria were met with oral semaglutide."( Safety and tolerability of semaglutide across the SUSTAIN and PIONEER phase IIIa clinical trial programmes.
Abildlund, MT; Aroda, VR; Erhan, U; Husain, M; Jelnes, P; Meier, JJ; Pratley, R; Vilsbøll, T, 2023)		1.42
" Total adverse reactions occurred more frequently in the daily administration group than that in the weekly group (P for interaction =0·01)."( Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous semaglutide in adults with overweight or obese: a subgroup meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Deng, L; Hou, QC; Li, BH; Li, TX; Liao, YQ; Lin, XL; Liu, YP; Shuai, P; Tan, J; Wan, ZW; Wang, L; Yang, LL; Yang, YM; Yao, XQ; Zhang, R, 2023)		1.19
" Regarding secondary outcomes, there was an elevated risk of total adverse events and premature treatment discontinuation with Semaglutide."( Comparative efficacy and safety profile of once-weekly Semaglutide versus once-daily Sitagliptin as an add-on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Ahmed, M; Butt, TS; Ganesan, S; Khatri, M; Kumar, S; Madhurita, F; Nageeta, F; Patel, T; Sohail, R; Varrassi, G; Zafar, M; Zafar, W; Zaman, MU, 2023)		1.36
" Fasting blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), body weight, patient satisfaction with oral semaglutide treatment (using the validated Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication), and adverse effects, were analysed."( Efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction with oral semaglutide: first single-centre clinical experience.
Janež, A; Janić, M; Jovanović, M; Lunder, M, 2023)		1.38
" Mild and transient, mostly gastrointestinal, adverse effects were reported in 10 patients."( Efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction with oral semaglutide: first single-centre clinical experience.
Janež, A; Janić, M; Jovanović, M; Lunder, M, 2023)		1.16

Pharmacokinetics

Semaglutide is the first oral glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist for treating type 2 diabetes. It has a half-life of 7.5 or 1mg, and would reach steady state in 4-5 weeks.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"No clinically significant pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions were identified and no new safety issues observed with combined treatment with semaglutide."( Effect of Semaglutide on the Pharmacokinetics of Metformin, Warfarin, Atorvastatin and Digoxin in Healthy Subjects.
Anderson, TW; Derving Karsbøl, J; Golor, G; Hausner, H; Holst, AG; Jacobsen, JB; Wagner, FD, 2017)		1.06
" Similarly, there was no apparent effect of renal impairment on the semaglutide half-life (geometric mean range 152-165 h)."( Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Oral Semaglutide in Subjects with Renal Impairment.
Anderson, TW; Granhall, C; Søndergaard, FL; Thomsen, M, 2018)		0.97
"5 hours) or half-life (geometric mean range 142-156 hours)."( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Oral Semaglutide in Subjects With Hepatic Impairment.
Anderson, TW; Baekdal, TA; Hansen, CW; Kupčová, V; Thomsen, M, 2018)		0.73
"A single-center, randomized, open-label, parallel-group trial investigated pharmacokinetic interactions of oral semaglutide with omeprazole (40 mg once-daily) in 54 healthy subjects."( A randomized study investigating the effect of omeprazole on the pharmacokinetics of oral semaglutide.
Breitschaft, A; Bækdal, TA; Hansen, CW; Navarria, A, 2018)		0.91
"5 or 1 mg, semaglutide has a half-life of 7 days; therefore, it would reach steady state in 4-5 weeks."( Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Implications of Semaglutide: A New Glucagon-Like Peptide (GLP)-1 Receptor Agonist.
Clements, JN; Hall, S; Isaacs, D, 2018)		1.13
" The half-life of semaglutide was approximately 1 week in all groups."( Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Ascending Doses of the Novel Oral Human GLP-1 Analogue, Oral Semaglutide, in Healthy Subjects and Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes.
Blicher, TM; Bækdal, TA; Donsmark, M; Golor, G; Granhall, C; Søndergaard, FL; Thomsen, M, 2019)		1.06
" The pharmacokinetic results supported that oral semaglutide is suitable for once-daily dosing."( Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Ascending Doses of the Novel Oral Human GLP-1 Analogue, Oral Semaglutide, in Healthy Subjects and Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes.
Blicher, TM; Bækdal, TA; Donsmark, M; Golor, G; Granhall, C; Søndergaard, FL; Thomsen, M, 2019)		0.98
"The absorption, distribution and elimination of oral semaglutide, the first oral glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist for treating type 2 diabetes, was investigated using a population pharmacokinetic model based on data from clinical pharmacology trials."( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: Analyses of Data from Clinical Pharmacology Trials.
Bækdal, TA; Ingwersen, SH; Kildemoes, RJ; Navarria, A; Overgaard, RV, 2021)		1.15
"A previously developed, two-compartment pharmacokinetic model, based on subcutaneous and intravenous semaglutide, was extended to include data from six oral semaglutide trials conducted in either healthy volunteers or subjects with renal or hepatic impairment."( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: Analyses of Data from Clinical Pharmacology Trials.
Bækdal, TA; Ingwersen, SH; Kildemoes, RJ; Navarria, A; Overgaard, RV, 2021)		1.12
" Within-subject variability in bioavailability was 137%, which with once-daily dosing and a long half-life translates into 33% within-subject variability in steady-state exposure."( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: Analyses of Data from Clinical Pharmacology Trials.
Bækdal, TA; Ingwersen, SH; Kildemoes, RJ; Navarria, A; Overgaard, RV, 2021)		0.9
" The objective of the current analysis was to evaluate the effects on the gastric emptying rate caused by semaglutide on pharmacokinetic model parameters of paracetamol and atorvastatin in healthy subjects."( Population pharmacokinetic of paracetamol and atorvastatin with co-administration of semaglutide.
Kristensen, K; Langeskov, EK, 2022)		1.16
"To develop paediatric physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling (PBPK) models of semaglutide to estimate the pharmacokinetic profile for subcutaneous injections in children and adolescents with healthy and obese body weights."( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling of semaglutide in children and adolescents with healthy and obese body weights.
Abrahim-Vieira, BA; Cabral, LM; Candido de Paula, DDS; Honorio, T; Machado, TR; Rodrigues, CR; Souza Domingos, TF; Teles de Souza, AM, 2023)		1.38

Compound-Compound Interactions

Semaglutide was used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) combined with NAFLD mice for 12 weeks. The study investigated a dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist (DACRA); KBP-066A in combination with the GLP-1R agonist semaglutan.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Semaglutide was used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) combined with NAFLD mice for 12 weeks."( Semaglutide May Alleviate Hepatic Steatosis in T2DM Combined with NFALD Mice via miR-5120/ABHD6.
Fang, P; Hu, K; Kong, D; Li, L; Li, R; She, D; Xu, W; Xue, Y; Ye, Z; Zhang, K; Zhou, Y; Zong, G, 2022)		3.61
"Our data revealed that Semaglutide administration significantly improved liver function and hepatic steatosis in T2DM combined with NAFLD mice."( Semaglutide May Alleviate Hepatic Steatosis in T2DM Combined with NFALD Mice via miR-5120/ABHD6.
Fang, P; Hu, K; Kong, D; Li, L; Li, R; She, D; Xu, W; Xue, Y; Ye, Z; Zhang, K; Zhou, Y; Zong, G, 2022)		2.47
" This study investigated a dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist (DACRA); KBP-066A in combination with the GLP-1R agonist semaglutide or the sodium-glucose co transporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) empagliflozin for anti-obesity and anti-diabetic treatment."( Improved metabolic efficacy of a dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist when combined with semaglutide or empagliflozin.
Henriksen, K; Karsdal, MA; Katri, A; Melander, SA, 2023)		1.33

Bioavailability

Semaglutide has been coformulated with the absorption enhancer sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl] amino) caprylate to improve bioavailability. The subcutaneous bioavailability of semaglutside was 76%.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The effect of semaglutide, a once-weekly human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analog in development for type 2 diabetes (T2D), on the bioavailability of a combined oral contraceptive was investigated."( Semaglutide, a once-weekly human GLP-1 analog, does not reduce the bioavailability of the combined oral contraceptive, ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel.
Flint, A; Hartvig, H; Jensen, CB; Jensen, L; Kapitza, C; Nosek, L, 2015)		2.22
" We also demonstrate that the potency of semaglutide allows the formulation to be cost effective, and less potent drugs will require increased oral bioavailability to make a cost effective oral formulation."( Quantifying the Value of Orally Delivered Biologic Therapies: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Oral Semaglutide.
Abramson, A; Halperin, F; Kim, J; Traverso, G, 2019)		1
" Semaglutide has been coformulated with the absorption enhancer sodium N-(8-[2-hydroxybenzoyl] amino) caprylate to improve bioavailability of semaglutide following oral administration."( Management of type 2 diabetes with oral semaglutide: Practical guidance for pharmacists.
Kane, MP; Solis-Herrera, CD; Triplitt, CL, 2021)		1.8
" Nevertheless, co-formulation of oral semaglutide with an absorption enhancer has shown to increase its bioavailability and has made its oral absorption possible."( A Review on the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Semaglutide.
Choksi, R; Goldfaden, RF; Hardy, J; Niman, S; Reid, J; Sheikh-Ali, M; Sutton, D, 2021)		1.15
" Within-individual variation of oral bioavailability was relatively high, but reduced considerably at steady state."( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: Analyses of Data from Clinical Pharmacology Trials.
Bækdal, TA; Ingwersen, SH; Kildemoes, RJ; Navarria, A; Overgaard, RV, 2021)		0.9
" Like other long-acting GLP-1 analogues, semaglutide reduces gastric emptying and, potentially, alters the rate of absorption of orally co-administered drugs."( Population pharmacokinetic of paracetamol and atorvastatin with co-administration of semaglutide.
Kristensen, K; Langeskov, EK, 2022)		1.21
" The subcutaneous bioavailability of semaglutide was 76."( Novel LC-MS/MS analysis of the GLP-1 analog semaglutide with its application to pharmacokinetics and brain distribution studies in rats.
An, Y; Choi, M; Kim, T; Kim, TH; Lee, TS; Oh, HS; Park, EJ; Shin, BS; Shin, S, 2023)		1.44

Dosage Studied

Oral semaglutide used for managing patients with T2DM. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that stable steady-state concentrations could be achieved with once-daily dosing.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Novo Nordisk has conducted extensive toxicology studies, including data on pancreas weight and histology, in Cynomolgus monkeys dosed with two different human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists."( The human GLP-1 analogs liraglutide and semaglutide: absence of histopathological effects on the pancreas in nonhuman primates.
Gotfredsen, CF; Knudsen, LB; Larsen, MO; Mølck, AM; Nyborg, NC; Salanti, Z; Thorup, I, 2014)		0.67
" dosing to mini-pigs."( Discovery of the Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogue Semaglutide.
Bloch, P; Gram, DX; Knudsen, LB; Knudsen, SM; Kofoed, J; Kruse, T; Lau, J; Madsen, K; McGuire, J; Nielsen, FS; Pettersson, I; Reedtz-Runge, S; Schäffer, L; Spetzler, J; Steensgaard, DB; Strauss, HM; Thygesen, P, 2015)		0.65
"To investigate the dose-response relationship of semaglutide versus placebo and open-label liraglutide in terms of glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes."( A Phase 2, Randomized, Dose-Finding Study of the Novel Once-Weekly Human GLP-1 Analog, Semaglutide, Compared With Placebo and Open-Label Liraglutide in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.
Atkin, SL; Courrèges, JP; Jensen, CB; Lindegaard, ML; Mannucci, E; Nauck, MA; Petrie, JR; Sesti, G, 2016)		0.91
" Semaglutide plasma concentrations were measured during dosing and for up to 21 days after the last dose."( Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Oral Semaglutide in Subjects with Renal Impairment.
Anderson, TW; Granhall, C; Søndergaard, FL; Thomsen, M, 2018)		1.64
" Semaglutide plasma concentrations were measured during dosing and for up to 21 days post-last dose."( Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Oral Semaglutide in Subjects With Hepatic Impairment.
Anderson, TW; Baekdal, TA; Hansen, CW; Kupčová, V; Thomsen, M, 2018)		1.64
" The favorable safety profiles of OW GLP-1 RAs, added to their efficacy and the favorable weekly dosing regimen, make these agents appropriate options for patients with T2D."( Safety of Once-weekly Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
Frias, JP, 2018)		0.48
" Given the recommended dosing for each GLP-1RA, pharmacokinetic profiles were simulated based on published population pharmacokinetic models and exposure was adjusted by the relative potencies to ensure that model predictions matched the effects observed in clinical trials."( Impact on HbA1c and body weight of switching from other GLP-1 receptor agonists to semaglutide: A model-based approach.
Lindberg, SØ; Overgaard, RV; Thielke, D, 2019)		0.74
" Semaglutide was initiated at 3 mg/d and escalated every 4 weeks, first to 7 mg/d then to 14 mg/d, until the randomized dosage was achieved."( Effect of Additional Oral Semaglutide vs Sitagliptin on Glycated Hemoglobin in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Uncontrolled With Metformin Alone or With Sulfonylurea: The PIONEER 3 Randomized Clinical Trial.
Allison, D; Birkenfeld, AL; Blicher, TM; Davies, M; Deenadayalan, S; Jacobsen, JB; Rosenstock, J; Serusclat, P; Violante, R; Watada, H, 2019)		1.72
" PIONEER 9 aimed to assess the dose-response of oral semaglutide and to compare the efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide with placebo and a subcutaneous GLP-1 receptor agonist in a Japanese population."( Dose-response, efficacy, and safety of oral semaglutide monotherapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (PIONEER 9): a 52-week, phase 2/3a, randomised, controlled trial.
Deenadayalan, S; Hamamoto, Y; Katagiri, H; Navarria, A; Nishijima, K; Seino, Y; Yamada, Y, 2020)		1.07
" Such considerations include dosing conditions and use of concomitant medications."( Practical guidance for use of oral semaglutide in primary care: a narrative review.
Morales, J; Shubrook, JH; Skolnik, N, 2020)		0.84
" Those managing patients should be aware of the potential impact of these dosing conditions on concomitant medications."( Integrating oral semaglutide into clinical practice in primary care: for whom, when, and how?
Brunton, SA; Mosenzon, O; Wright, EE, 2020)		0.9
" The purpose of this article was to review the pharmacology, clinical trials, safety profile, along with recommended dosing and costs, of oral semaglutide used for managing patients with T2DM."( Oral Semaglutide: The First-available Noninjectable Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist.
Piszczatoski, C; Powell, J; Taylor, JR, 2020)		1.27
" Articles were selected if they were related to the approval of oral semaglutide or provided novel clinical information regarding this drug entity in its oral dosage formulation."( Oral Semaglutide: The First-available Noninjectable Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist.
Piszczatoski, C; Powell, J; Taylor, JR, 2020)		1.31
"A total of 30 trials were identified for inclusion; eight were head-to-head trials involving another GLP-1 RA; of these, six compared GLP-1 RAs with different dosing regimens (QW vs once-daily or twice-daily), and two were direct QW vs QW GLP-1 RA comparisons."( Safety and tolerability of once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes.
Trujillo, J, 2020)		0.56
" It is important for pharmacists to counsel patients prescribed oral semaglutide about optimal oral dosing, why correct dosing conditions are necessary, expected therapeutic response, and effective strategies to mitigate potential gastrointestinal adverse events."( Management of type 2 diabetes with oral semaglutide: Practical guidance for pharmacists.
Kane, MP; Solis-Herrera, CD; Triplitt, CL, 2021)		1.12
"8% when oral semaglutide was dosed using the recommended dosing conditions (30 min post-dose fasting time, administered with ≤ 120 mL of water), increasing with a longer post-dose fasting time and decreasing with higher water volume."( Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: Analyses of Data from Clinical Pharmacology Trials.
Bækdal, TA; Ingwersen, SH; Kildemoes, RJ; Navarria, A; Overgaard, RV, 2021)		1.27
"Semaglutide, a glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, is available as monotherapy in both subcutaneous as well as oral dosage form (first approved oral GLP-1 receptor agonist)."( Semaglutide, a glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist with cardiovascular benefits for management of type 2 diabetes.
Karuppasamy, M; Mahapatra, MK; Sahoo, BM, 2022)		3.61
"0% with oral semaglutide 7 mg, oral semaglutide 14 mg, flexibly dosed oral semaglutide (flex) and comparators were assessed across baseline subgroups (age, race, ethnicity, diabetes duration, body mass index and HbA1c) from the PIONEER programme."( Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide by subgroups of patient characteristics in the PIONEER phase 3 programme.
Aroda, VR; Bauer, R; Christiansen, E; Haluzík, M; Kallenbach, K; Meier, JJ; Montanya, E; Rosenstock, J, 2022)		1.38
"Semaglutide, a peptidic GLP-1 receptor agonist, has been clinically approved for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and is available in subcutaneous and oral dosage form."( Therapeutic Potential of Semaglutide, a Newer GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, in Abating Obesity, Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Neurodegenerative diseases: A Narrative Review.
Karuppasamy, M; Mahapatra, MK; Sahoo, BM, 2022)		2.47
" Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that stable steady-state concentrations could be achieved with once-daily dosing owing to the long half-life of oral semaglutide."( A new era for oral peptides: SNAC and the development of oral semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Aroda, VR; Blonde, L; Pratley, RE, 2022)		1.16
" The most severe reported cases were primarily gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic, and nutritional disorders, eye disorders, renal and urinary disorders and cardiac disorders, with an evident higher prevalence of adverse gastrointestinal events both in oral and injectable dosage form (N = 133, 50."( Gastrointestinal disorders potentially associated with Semaglutide: an analysis from the Eudravigilance Database.
Cabral Lopes, A; Herdeiro, MT; Lourenço, O; Morgado, M; Roque, F, )		0.38
" This trial compared the recommended dosing schedule with alternative schedules."( Effect of Various Dosing Schedules on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: A Randomised Trial in Healthy Subjects.
Boschini, C; Bækdal, TA; Forte, P; Jensen, TB; van Hout, M, 2023)		1.15
" Subjects (n = 156) were randomised to five dosing schedules: 2-, 4-, or 6-h pre-dose fast followed by a 30-min post-dose fast (treatment arms: 2 h-30 min, 4-30 min, 6 h-30 min); 2-h pre-dose fast followed by an overnight post-dose fast (treatment arm: 2 h-night); or overnight pre-dose fast followed by a 30-min post-dose fast (reference arm: night-30 min)."( Effect of Various Dosing Schedules on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: A Randomised Trial in Healthy Subjects.
Boschini, C; Bækdal, TA; Forte, P; Jensen, TB; van Hout, M, 2023)		1.15
"This trial supports dosing oral semaglutide in accordance with prescribing information, which requires dosing in the fasting state."( Effect of Various Dosing Schedules on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: A Randomised Trial in Healthy Subjects.
Boschini, C; Bækdal, TA; Forte, P; Jensen, TB; van Hout, M, 2023)		1.43
" This study investigates whether different dosing schedules for oral semaglutide could potentially offer more flexibility to patients in the timing of their oral semaglutide dosing."( Effect of Various Dosing Schedules on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Semaglutide: A Randomised Trial in Healthy Subjects.
Boschini, C; Bækdal, TA; Forte, P; Jensen, TB; van Hout, M, 2023)		1.38
" In the identified studies, multiple dosing regimens were utilised for semaglutide."( Weight loss with subcutaneous semaglutide versus other glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review.
Bacchi, S; Boyd, M; Bristow, TC; Chang, S; Gupta, A; Heilbronn, L; Heng, J; Horowtiz, M; Kovoor, J; Maddern, G; Murray, T; Ngoi, B; Ovenden, C; Rayner, C; Stretton, B; Talley, NJ; Thompson, CH, 2023)		1.43
") semaglutide dosing patterns in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the UK and Germany as well as oral semaglutide in the UK."( Dosing Patterns of Dulaglutide and Semaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in the United Kingdom and Germany: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Barrett, A; Coles, B; Debackere, N; Keapoletswe, K; Ribeiro, A; Zingel, R, 2023)		1.91
"5-mg dosage formulation was the most common for both cohort 1 (65."( Dosing Patterns of Dulaglutide and Semaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in the United Kingdom and Germany: A Retrospective Cohort Study.
Barrett, A; Coles, B; Debackere, N; Keapoletswe, K; Ribeiro, A; Zingel, R, 2023)		1.19
" The development of unprecedented PBPK models will support paediatric clinical therapy for applying aid-safe dosing regimens for the paediatric population in diabetes treatment."( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling of semaglutide in children and adolescents with healthy and obese body weights.
Abrahim-Vieira, BA; Cabral, LM; Candido de Paula, DDS; Honorio, T; Machado, TR; Rodrigues, CR; Souza Domingos, TF; Teles de Souza, AM, 2023)		1.16
" Two patients self-administered 10-fold dosing errors."( Administration errors of compounded semaglutide reported to a poison control center-Case series.
Flegal, SC; Johnson, AR; Lambson, JE, )		0.41
", 10-fold dosing errors)."( Administration errors of compounded semaglutide reported to a poison control center-Case series.
Flegal, SC; Johnson, AR; Lambson, JE, )		0.41
"Based on population PK, exposure levels over time consistently explained the weight-loss trajectories across trials and dosing regimens."( A model-based approach to predict individual weight loss with semaglutide in people with overweight or obesity.
Horn, DB; Larsen, MS; Overgaard, RV; Rubino, D; Strathe, A; Sørrig, R; Tran, MTD; Wharton, S, 2023)		1.15
" However, it is not clear what kind of administration frequency or dosage will achieve better effects."( Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous semaglutide in adults with overweight or obese: a subgroup meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Deng, L; Hou, QC; Li, BH; Li, TX; Liao, YQ; Lin, XL; Liu, YP; Shuai, P; Tan, J; Wan, ZW; Wang, L; Yang, LL; Yang, YM; Yao, XQ; Zhang, R, 2023)		1.19
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (5)

RoleDescription
hypoglycemic agentA drug which lowers the blood glucose level.
glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonistAn agonist that binds to and activates glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors.
anti-obesity agentAny substance which is used to reduce or control weight.
neuroprotective agentAny compound that can be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
appetite depressantAgent that is used to decrease appetite.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
polypeptideA peptide containing ten or more amino acid residues.
lipopeptideA compound consisting of a peptide with attached lipid.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Bioassays (1)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1345996Human GLP-1 receptor (Glucagon receptor family)2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-24, Volume: 58, Issue:18
Discovery of the Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogue Semaglutide.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (559)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's0 (0.00)29.6817
2010's143 (25.58)24.3611
2020's416 (74.42)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 97.82

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index97.82 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.52 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.95 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index292.04 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index3.28 (0.95)

This Compound (97.82)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials101 (17.60%)5.53%
Reviews137 (23.87%)6.00%
Case Studies10 (1.74%)4.05%
Observational15 (2.61%)0.25%
Other311 (54.18%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		3.5210amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
beta-alanine
[no description available]		2.2110amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		2.610catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
ethanolamine
[no description available]		3.1410ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.		6.0522aminonaphthalene;
naphthalenesulfonic acid		fluorescent probe
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		2.4110acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		6.0522chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		2.2510aromatic etherantilipemic drug
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		15.663612guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
niclosamide
Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.		3.1410benzamides;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
salicylanilides;
secondary carboxamide		anthelminthic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
molluscicide;
piscicide;
STAT3 inhibitor
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		9.4811aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		2.610primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		5.0440aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		7.3110organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		6.233217-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.2110monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.		6.44321,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
lithocholic acid
Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.		2.1710bile acid;
C24-steroid;
monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.3510bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		2.2110
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		6.233217beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		3.3510alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination
Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.		2.1110
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		2.1710indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
atorvastatin
[no description available]		6.2232aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		2.4110adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		9.8230D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		2.41102-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		2.920aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
sr141716
[no description available]		2.610amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		8.6653fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
obeticholic acid
obeticholic acid: A farnesoid X receptor agonist and anticholestatic agent that is used in the treatment of chronic liver diseases; structure in first source.. obeticholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is chenodeoxycholic acid carrying an additional ethyl substituent at the 6alpha-position. A semi-synthetic bile acid which acts as a farnesoid X receptor agonist and is used for treatment of primary biliary cholangitis.		3.35103alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		farnesoid X receptor agonist;
hepatoprotective agent
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		7.644cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
8-bromoguanosino-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate
[no description available]		2.610
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		5.9422dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ozenoxacin
ozenoxacin: an antibacterial for treatment of impetigo; structure in first source		2.2110quinolines
dapagliflozin
[no description available]		9.7340aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		2.2110
sitagliptin phosphate
Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.		13.52412
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		3.9911
empagliflozin
[no description available]		11.72242aromatic ether;
C-glycosyl compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
tetrahydrofuryl ether		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		2.4110organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.		2.4110
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.3510polypeptide
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		6.8331peptide hormone
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		2.3110
liraglutide
[no description available]		18.6810518lipopeptide;
polypeptide		glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist;
neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		23.9210237
incretins
Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.		12.96203
vx-770
ivacaftor: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source. ivacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.		2.2110aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
phenols;
quinolone		CFTR potentiator;
orphan drug
canagliflozin
canagliflozin hydrate : A hydrate that is the hemihydrate form of canagliflozin. Used for treatment of type II diabetes via inhibition of sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2.		11.6551C-glycosyl compound;
organofluorine compound;
thiophenes		hypoglycemic agent;
sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		2.2110
glucagon-like peptide 1
[no description available]		3.0310
pf 04971729
ertugliflozin: structure in first source		2.2110diarylmethane
exenatide
Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.		15.133511
alectinib
[no description available]		7.610aromatic ketone;
morpholines;
nitrile;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
piperidines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		7.644benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
kiss1 protein, human
Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.		2.4110
humulin s
Insulin, Regular, Human: Regular insulin preparations that contain the HUMAN insulin peptide sequence.. insulin (human) : An insulin that is produced in the pancreas and involved in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates (particularly glucose) and fats. Commonly thought of as a protein, it consists of two peptide chains, one containing 21 amino acid residues and the other containing 30; the chains are joined together by 2 disulfide bonds. Recombinant insulin is identical to human insulin, but is synthesised by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli, which then produces insulin for human use. It is used in the treatment of type I and type II diabetes.		2.610
insulin glargine
Insulin Glargine: A recombinant LONG ACTING INSULIN and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.		11.151514
oxyntomodulin
Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.		25.6613143
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		8.9911benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		8.9911benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		7.610
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		013.743513
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		05110
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		022.38261166
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		022.59279153
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		022.38261166
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		013.743513
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		029.151,482292
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		029.151,482292
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		017.147432
Nausea
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.		016.555855
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		022.2525995
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		03.5520
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		06.1951
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		03.5520
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		011.1951
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		02.3110
Aura
[description not available]		02.3110
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		03.6870
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.3110
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.3110
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		03.6870
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		02.3110
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		07.3110
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		016.034637
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.0430
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		07.4110
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		03.0430
Cholera Infantum
[description not available]		014.866337
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		023.6363150
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		010.32135
Anorexia
The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.		02.4110
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		05.2331
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		010.34136
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		010.34136
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
[description not available]		08.5184
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.		08.5184
Calcification, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.4110
Calcinosis
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.		02.4110
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		08.694
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		08.694
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		015.56241
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		015.56241
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		09.94291
Labhart-Willi Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4110
Prader-Willi Syndrome
An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)		07.4110
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		017.777131
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		017.777131
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		07.8960
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		05.0220
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		04.2510
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		05.0220
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		04.2510
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		012.8960
Prediabetes
[description not available]		013.583626
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		013.583626
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		08.5282
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		08.5282
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		02.4110
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.4110
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		02.920
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		02.920
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		012.21233
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		012.21233
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		04.3350
Sarcopenia
Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.		02.4110
Adolescent Obesity
[description not available]		05.7641
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		03.2540
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		03.2540
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		06.21130
Non-communicable Chronic Diseases
[description not available]		04.13100
Apoplexy
[description not available]		08.1394
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		07.374
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		07.374
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		013.1394
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		011.2754
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		06.2754
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		06.1473
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		06.1473
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		06.0150
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		04.3730
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		06.0150
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.610
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		02.610
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		07.610
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.610
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		03.9911
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		08.9911
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		08.620
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		05.2650
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		05.2650
Gastric Stasis
[description not available]		02.610
Gastroparesis
Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.610
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		02.610
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.610
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		02.610
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		07.610
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		02.610
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		07.610
Alcohol Abuse
[description not available]		04.6250
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		09.4440
Alcoholism
A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)		04.6250
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.9630
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		04.9921
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		02.610
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		04.9921
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		02.610
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		03.0120
Arthritides, Bacterial
[description not available]		02.610
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		02.610
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.610
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		02.610
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		02.610
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		03.0120
Recrudescence
[description not available]		02.610
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		02.610
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		02.610
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.610
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.610
Ache
[description not available]		03.9911
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		03.9911
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		02.610
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		02.610
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		04.3731
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		04.3731
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		08.6420
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.520
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		03.520
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.6120
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.6120
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.2510
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.2510
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		07.2510
Atheroma
[description not available]		05.7932
Vascular Calcification
Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.		03.6411
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		06.1631
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		06.1631
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		013.833837
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		013.833837
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		03.2310
Diseases, Metabolic
[description not available]		03.2310
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		03.2310
Metabolic Diseases
Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)		03.2310
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		07.1240
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		07.1240
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		04.9221
Indigestion
[description not available]		02.2510
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		04.5220
Emesis
[description not available]		012.872726
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		04.9221
Diarrhea
An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.		0132726
Dyspepsia
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.		02.2510
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		04.5220
Vomiting
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.		012.872726
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine
A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		02.2510
Gastric Dilatation
Abnormal distention of the STOMACH due to accumulation of gastric contents that may reach 10 to 15 liters. Gastric dilatation may be the result of GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION; ILEUS; GASTROPARESIS; or denervation.		02.4110
Gallstone Disease
[description not available]		013.852625
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).		013.852625
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		04.1510
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		04.1510
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		05.922
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		05.922
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		06.9751
Amentia
[description not available]		03.0610
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		03.0610
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		03.0610
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		03.0610
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		06.7643
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		06.7643
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		02.5920
Acute Coronary Syndrome
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		02.2110