cellular response to insulin stimulus

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198506732]

Cellular response to insulin stimulus is a complex process involving a cascade of intracellular signaling events that ultimately lead to glucose uptake and metabolism. Insulin, a peptide hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas, plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels rise, insulin is released and binds to its receptor, a transmembrane protein located on the surface of target cells, primarily muscle, liver, and fat cells. This binding activates the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase (IRTK), which initiates a phosphorylation cascade. IRTK phosphorylates insulin receptor substrate proteins (IRSs), which then bind to and activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). PI3K catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 acts as a second messenger, recruiting and activating AKT (protein kinase B), a key downstream effector of insulin signaling. Activated AKT phosphorylates several downstream targets, including glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1). Phosphorylation of GSK3 inhibits its activity, leading to increased glycogen synthesis. Phosphorylation of FOXO1 prevents its translocation to the nucleus, suppressing gluconeogenesis. AKT also stimulates glucose uptake by promoting the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane, where it can facilitate glucose transport into cells. In addition to stimulating glucose uptake and metabolism, insulin also regulates protein synthesis and cell growth. It activates the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which promotes protein synthesis and cell proliferation. Overall, cellular response to insulin stimulus is a tightly regulated process involving multiple signaling pathways that ensure proper glucose homeostasis and cellular function.'
"

Proteins (42)

Compounds (1,009)