Target type: biologicalprocess
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aspartate secretion. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:2342602]
Positive regulation of aspartate secretion is a complex biological process that involves the coordinated action of multiple cellular components, including genes, proteins, and signaling pathways. This process is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and ensuring proper functioning of various physiological processes.
Aspartate, a non-essential amino acid, plays a crucial role in various metabolic pathways, including the synthesis of other amino acids, nucleotides, and neurotransmitters. Its secretion from cells is tightly regulated to ensure proper levels are maintained both within and outside the cell.
**Key Steps in Positive Regulation of Aspartate Secretion:**
1. **Signal Perception:** The process begins with the detection of a signal that triggers the need for increased aspartate secretion. This signal can be internal, such as changes in cellular metabolism, or external, such as the presence of a specific hormone or nutrient.
2. **Signal Transduction:** The detected signal is then transmitted through a series of intracellular signaling pathways. This can involve phosphorylation cascades, activation of second messengers, and the mobilization of specific transcription factors.
3. **Gene Expression Regulation:** The activated signaling pathways ultimately lead to the regulation of gene expression, specifically those involved in the synthesis and transport of aspartate.
4. **Protein Synthesis and Assembly:** The upregulated genes code for proteins that play essential roles in aspartate secretion. These proteins include enzymes involved in aspartate biosynthesis, transporter proteins that facilitate the movement of aspartate across the cell membrane, and regulatory proteins that control the activity of other proteins in the pathway.
5. **Aspartate Transport:** Once synthesized, aspartate is transported across the cell membrane via specific transporter proteins. These proteins are often highly selective for aspartate and can be regulated by various factors, including substrate availability, pH, and membrane potential.
6. **Secretion:** The final step involves the release of aspartate from the cell. This can occur through different mechanisms, including exocytosis, where aspartate is packaged into vesicles and released into the extracellular space, or through diffusion across the cell membrane.
**Factors Regulating Aspartate Secretion:**
- **Cellular Metabolism:** Changes in cellular metabolism, such as the accumulation of metabolic intermediates, can trigger the upregulation of aspartate secretion.
- **Hormonal Signals:** Hormones such as insulin and glucagon can regulate aspartate secretion by modulating the activity of signaling pathways and gene expression.
- **Nutrient Availability:** The availability of essential nutrients, including glucose and amino acids, can influence aspartate secretion.
- **Stress Responses:** Cellular stress responses, such as oxidative stress, can trigger the upregulation of aspartate secretion to provide essential building blocks for repair and recovery.
**Significance of Positive Regulation of Aspartate Secretion:**
- **Metabolic Homeostasis:** Proper regulation of aspartate secretion is crucial for maintaining metabolic homeostasis and ensuring that sufficient levels of this amino acid are available for various metabolic processes.
- **Neurotransmission:** Aspartate plays a key role in neurotransmission, acting as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
- **Cell Growth and Differentiation:** Aspartate is essential for cell growth and differentiation, providing building blocks for the synthesis of proteins and other essential molecules.
- **Immune Function:** Aspartate is involved in immune function, contributing to the production of antibodies and other immune cells.
Understanding the complex regulatory mechanisms involved in positive regulation of aspartate secretion is crucial for developing strategies to address various metabolic and physiological disorders. This knowledge can be applied in the development of novel therapeutic interventions and diagnostic tools.'
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Protein | Definition | Taxonomy |
---|---|---|
4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial | A 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P80404] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Solute carrier family 12 member 2 | A solute carrier family 12 member 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P55011] | Homo sapiens (human) |
Compound | Definition | Classes | Roles |
---|---|---|---|
gamma-aminobutyric acid | gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4. gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. | amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid | human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule |
4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol | 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol: the aglycone of gastrodin p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol : A member of the class of benzyl alcohols that is benzyl alcohol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It has been isolated from Arcangelisia gusanlung. | benzyl alcohols; phenols | plant metabolite |
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde | hydroxybenzaldehyde | EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite | |
4-hydroxybenzoic acid | 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring. | monohydroxybenzoic acid | algal metabolite; plant metabolite |
anthranilic acid | anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system. anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565 | aminobenzoic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
4-aminobenzoic acid | 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group. 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid. | aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion | allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite |
vanillin | Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS). | benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols | anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite |
bumetanide | amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide | diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor | |
vigabatrin | gamma-amino acid | anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor | |
4-hydroxypropiophenone | acetophenones | ||
3-aminobenzoic acid | 3-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid carrying an amino group at position 3. 3-aminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd | aminobenzoic acid | |
4-hydroxyacetophenone | 4-hydroxyacetophenone: promotes secretion of bile & bile salts, which promotes griseofulvin absorption in the duodenum 4'-hydroxyacetophenone : A monohydroxyacetophenone carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4'. | monohydroxyacetophenone | fungal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite |
4-anisaldehyde | 4-anisaldehyde: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methoxy moieties; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #696 p-methoxybenzaldehyde : A member of the class of benzaldehydes consisting of benzaldehyde itself carrying a methoxy substituent at position 4. | benzaldehydes | bacterial metabolite; human urinary metabolite; insect repellent; plant metabolite |
4-hydroxybenzylamine | 4-hydroxybenzylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd | aromatic amine | |
gastrodin | gastrodin: the glucoside of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (gastrodigenin); isolated from Gastrodia elata Blume; | glycoside | |
baicalein | trihydroxyflavone | angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger | |
n-(4-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(6-phenylpyridazin-3-ylthio)acetamide | N-(4-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2-(6-phenylpyridazin-3-ylthio)acetamide: a KCC2 cotransporter antagonist | pyridazines; ring assembly | |
helicide | helicide: structure given in first source | glycoside |