Compounds > heliox
Page last updated: 2024-11-07

heliox

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

heliox: mixture of above cpds [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID123812
MeSH IDM0116914

Synonyms (10)

Synonym
heliox
58933-55-4
70356-00-2
compressed gas, n.o.s. (helium, oxygen) gas
heliox gas
heliox, hyperbaric
helium oxygen gas
helium, mixt. with oxygen
compressed gas, n.o.s.
helium;molecular oxygen

Research Excerpts

Overview

Helium-oxygen mixture improves laminar flow and decreases airway resistance and the work of breathing. Heliox is a low density gas mixture of helium and oxygen commonly used in deep diving.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Heliox is a medical gas effective in obstructive airway pathologies, given its physical properties."( Heliox simulations for initial management of congenital laryngotracheal stenosis.
Allary, C; Del Puppo, M; Médale, M; Meister, L; Moreddu, E; Nicollas, R, 2023)		3.07
"Heliox is a mixture of oxygen and helium which reduces airway resistance in patients with airway obstruction. "( Delivery of heliox with a semi-closed circuit during spontaneous breathing: a comparative economic theoretical study.
Jurickova, I; Muller, M; Roubík, K, 2015)		2.24
"Heliox is a helium-oxygen mixture which improves laminar flow and decreases airway resistance and the work of breathing. "( [Heliox-driven bronchodilator nebulization in the treatment of infants with bronchiolitis].
Guerrero Soler, M; Huidobro Fernández, B; Iglesias Fernández, C; Marañón Pardillo, R; Míguez Navarro, C; Vázquez López, P, 2009)		2.71
"Heliox is a mixture of Oxygen and Helium. "( [Cardiorespiratory effects of heliox using a model of upper airway obstruction].
Enneper, S; Jenke, A; Kampmann, Ch; Liersch, R; Prüter, E; Thürmann, P; Trübel, H, 2005)		2.06
"Heliox is a low density gas mixture of helium and oxygen commonly used in deep diving (> 6 ATM). "( Clinical use of Heliox in asthma and COPD.
Martolini, D; Palange, P; Paoletti, P; Savi, D; Valli, G, 2007)		2.13
"Heliox is a blend of helium and oxygen with a gas density less than that of air that decreases airway resistance (Raw) in patients ventilated for status asthmaticus. "( Heliox improves pulsus paradoxus and peak expiratory flow in nonintubated patients with severe asthma.
Caputo, MA; Hall, JB; Klocksieben, JM; Manthous, CA; Schmidt, GA; Walter, J; Wood, LD, 1995)		3.18
"Heliox is a combination of helium and oxygen that produces less-dense gas exchange."( Avoiding intubation in the injured subglottis: the role of heliox therapy.
Connolly, KM; McGuirt, WF, 2001)		1.28

Effects

Heliox has a lower density than oxygen and nitrogen. Can improve ventilation rapidly in patients with critical upper airway obstruction. Has been used during emergency transport of children with severe croup. anecdotal evidence suggests that heliox relieves respiratory distress.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Heliox has a lower density than oxygen and nitrogen, and can improve ventilation rapidly in patients with critical upper airway obstruction. "( Use of heliox in critical upper airway obstruction. Physical and physiologic considerations in choosing the optimal helium:oxygen mix.
Chung, DC; Dion, PW; Ho, AM; Karmakar, MK; Tay, BA, 2002)		2.21
"Heliox has been used during emergency transport of children with severe croup and anecdotal evidence suggests that heliox relieves respiratory distress."( Heliox for croup in children.
McGuire, T; Moraa, I; Sturman, N; van Driel, ML, 2013)		2.55
"Heliox (Hx) gas has been shown to improve pulmonary function in infants, but methods for its delivery are invasive and problematic. "( A prototype infant incubator for heliox therapy.
Greenspan, JS; Shaffer, TH; Singhaus, CJ; Touch, SM; Wolfson, MR, )		1.86
"Heliox has been shown to improve pulmonary function and may decrease energy expenditure."( Growth and development in a heliox incubator environment: a long-term safety study.
Akins, RE; Miller, TL; Shaffer, TH; Singhaus, CJ; Touch, SM; Utidjian, LH, 2007)		1.35
"Heliox has been also used in the treatment of upper airways obstruction, bronchiolitis and bronchopulmonary dysplasia."( Clinical use of Heliox in asthma and COPD.
Martolini, D; Palange, P; Paoletti, P; Savi, D; Valli, G, 2007)		1.41
"Heliox has a lower density than oxygen and nitrogen, and can improve ventilation rapidly in patients with critical upper airway obstruction. "( Use of heliox in critical upper airway obstruction. Physical and physiologic considerations in choosing the optimal helium:oxygen mix.
Chung, DC; Dion, PW; Ho, AM; Karmakar, MK; Tay, BA, 2002)		2.21
"Heliox has been shown to be beneficial in the management of different obstructive pulmonary disorders. "( Successful management of severe respiratory failure combining heliox with noninvasive high-frequency percussive ventilation.
Cotting, J; de Halleux, Q; Rappaz, I; Scalfaro, P; Stucki, P; Vermeulen, F, 2002)		2

Actions

Heliox has a lower density than oxygen and nitrogen, and can improve ventilation rapidly in patients with critical upper airway obstruction. Heliox may also enhance the bronchodilating effects of β-agonist administration for acute asthma.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Heliox may also enhance the bronchodilating effects of β-agonist administration for acute asthma."( Use of heliox delivered via high-flow nasal cannula to treat an infant with coronavirus-related respiratory infection and severe acute air-flow obstruction.
Hall, JB; Lavani, R; Lester, L; Morgan, SE; Mosakowski, S; Solano, P; Stanton, L; Tung, A; Vukin, K, 2014)		1.58
"Heliox increases lower limb O(2)DEL and utilization during dynamic exercise in patients with moderate to severe COPD. "( Heliox improves oxygen delivery and utilization during dynamic exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Chiappa, GR; Diefenthaeler, F; Ferreira, LF; Machado, MC; Meda, E; Neder, JA; Nery, LE; Nunes, M; Queiroga, F; Vaz, MA, 2009)		3.24
"Heliox has a lower density than oxygen and nitrogen, and can improve ventilation rapidly in patients with critical upper airway obstruction. "( Use of heliox in critical upper airway obstruction. Physical and physiologic considerations in choosing the optimal helium:oxygen mix.
Chung, DC; Dion, PW; Ho, AM; Karmakar, MK; Tay, BA, 2002)		2.21

Treatment

Heliox treatment did not produce any immediate benefit in exercise time or maximum workload in the 39 patients initially tested. Heliox treatment does not have a role in the initial treatment of patients with acute asthma.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Heliox treatment did not produce any immediate benefit in exercise time or maximum workload in the 39 patients initially tested, the 32 patients who completed the protocol, or the HT group. "( Effects of training with heliox and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on exercise ability in patients with severe COPD.
Adams-Dramiga, S; Gavin, DJ; Johnson, JE, 2002)		2.06
"Heliox treatment does not appear to offer an immediate or training advantage with exercise in patients with COPD. "( Effects of training with heliox and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on exercise ability in patients with severe COPD.
Adams-Dramiga, S; Gavin, DJ; Johnson, JE, 2002)		2.06
"Heliox treatment does not have a role in the initial treatment of patients with acute asthma."( Helium-oxygen mixture for nonintubated acute asthma patients.
Pollack, C; Rodrigo, C; Rodrigo, G; Travers, A, 2001)		1.03

Toxicity

Long-term heliox exposure is safe in this rabbit model. We hypothesized that heliox would provide a safe environment for sustained growth.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" We hypothesized that heliox would provide a safe environment for sustained growth and development."( Growth and development in a heliox incubator environment: a long-term safety study.
Akins, RE; Miller, TL; Shaffer, TH; Singhaus, CJ; Touch, SM; Utidjian, LH, 2007)		0.95
" RESULTS demonstrated that long-term heliox exposure is safe in this rabbit model."( Growth and development in a heliox incubator environment: a long-term safety study.
Akins, RE; Miller, TL; Shaffer, TH; Singhaus, CJ; Touch, SM; Utidjian, LH, 2007)		0.91
"In contrast to published literature showing that benzalkonium chloride may be associated with a longer duration of continuous albuterol nebulization and hospital LOS, our study demonstrated that benzalkonium chloride-containing albuterol is safe for continuous nebulization in critically ill children and not associated with worse outcomes."( Effectiveness and Safety of Albuterol Solutions With and Without Benzalkonium Chloride.
Adams, CK; Al-Subu, AM; Bogenschutz, MC; DeSanti, RL; Friestrom, E; Langkamp, MR; Lasarev, MR; Terry, E; Vanderloo, JP; Yngsdal-Krenz, RA, 2023)		0.91

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Bethanecol dosing increased inspiratory respiratory resistance (cm H2O/L/min; p < ."( Physiologic implications of helium as a carrier gas for inhaled nitric oxide in a neonatal model of Bethanecol-induced bronchoconstriction.
Greenspan, JS; Miller, TL; Shaffer, TH; Sherman, TI; Singhaus, CJ, 2006)		0.33
"Drug dosing in critically ill patients is challenging due to the altered drug pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics associated with systemic therapies."( Fundamentals of aerosol therapy in critical care.
Chan, HK; Cohen, J; Dhanani, J; Fraser, JF; Rello, J; Roberts, JA, 2016)		0.43
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (409)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199016 (3.91)18.7374
1990's52 (12.71)18.2507
2000's200 (48.90)29.6817
2010's117 (28.61)24.3611
2020's24 (5.87)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 71.72

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index71.72 (24.57)
Research Supply Index6.27 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.11 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index124.14 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (71.72)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials74 (16.37%)5.53%
Reviews106 (23.45%)6.00%
Case Studies46 (10.18%)4.05%
Observational1 (0.22%)0.25%
Other225 (49.78%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		1.9710amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		210azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		210halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		2.3820elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
racepinephrine
Racepinephrine: A racemic mixture of d-epinephrine and l-epinephrine.. 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,2-diol : A catecholamine in which the aminoethyl side-chain is hydroxy-substituted at C-1 and methylated on nitrogen.		7.0752catecholamine
nitrous oxide
Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.		1.9710gas molecular entity;
nitrogen oxide		analgesic;
bacterial metabolite;
food packaging gas;
food propellant;
general anaesthetic;
greenhouse gas;
inhalation anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
raising agent;
refrigerant;
vasodilator agent
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.9810propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		12.61239phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
theophylline
[no description available]		3.110dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		2.0310carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		5.322resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		3.5911organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		1.9910carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		3.5520cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
methyl parathion
Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.		9.05191C-nitro compound;
organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide		acaricide;
agrochemical;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
genotoxin
phenyl biguanide
phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.		1.9710guanidinescentral nervous system drug
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		2.0710ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		4.111011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
biguanides
Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.		1.9710guanidines
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		1.9810ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		3.3511quaternary ammonium salt
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		4.0320mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
allylglycine
Allylglycine: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase and an antagonist of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals.		1.9910
methionine sulfoximine
methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .		1.9910methionine derivative;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide
neon
Neon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps.		1.9710monoatomic neon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
helium
Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.		22.6141276monoatomic helium;
noble gas atom;
s-block element atom		food packaging gas
xenon
Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.		3.1410monoatomic xenon;
noble gas atom;
p-block element atom
magnesium sulfate
Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.		5.5550magnesium salt;
metal sulfate;
organic magnesium salt		anaesthetic;
analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
anticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
fertilizer;
tocolytic agent
cromolyn sodium
Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.		3.2510organic sodium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
drug allergen
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		3.56201-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		2.4120iditolfungal metabolite
technetium tc 99m pentetate
Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.		5.7822
gabaculine
gabaculine: potent inhibitor of aminobutyrate aminotransferase from Streptomyces toyocaensis.; also inhibits a variety of PLP-dependent aminotransferases; structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (S)-gabaculine : The (S)-enantiomer of gabaculine.		1.97105-aminocyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acidbacterial metabolite;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
trimix
trimix: mixture of 3 gases used for breathing by divers		4.91110
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		7.0210octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		5.313011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		1.9810morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		4.0810carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		2.9410aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
beta-endorphin
beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).		2.0110
picrotoxin
Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.		1.9910
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		2.1310
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		3.3820
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		4.0810
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Aspiration, Meconium
[description not available]		05.4122
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
A condition caused by inhalation of MECONIUM into the LUNG of FETUS or NEWBORN, usually due to vigorous respiratory movements during difficult PARTURITION or respiratory system abnormalities. Meconium aspirate may block small airways leading to difficulties in PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE and ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA.		05.4122
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		014.55479
Bronchiolitis
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.		012.7255
Narcosis
A state of depressed CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM marked by stupor or insensibility.		02.7220
Depth Intoxication
[description not available]		03.4420
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		017.158220
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		017.158220
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		016.176219
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		016.176219
Bends
[description not available]		07.05290
Myelopathy
[description not available]		02.4110
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		02.4110
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		02.610
Acquired Laryngeal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.9740
Tracheal Stenosis
A pathological narrowing of the TRACHEA.		02.9840
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		02.610
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		09.7142
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		02.610
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		02.610
Postintubation Croup
[description not available]		011.03222
Croup
Inflammation involving the GLOTTIS or VOCAL CORDS and the subglottic larynx. Croup is characterized by a barking cough, HOARSENESS, and persistent inspiratory STRIDOR (a high-pitched breathing sound). It occurs chiefly in infants and children.		011.03222
Air Embolism
[description not available]		03.6730
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		010.63235
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		015.63235
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		012.75432
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		03.0610
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		03.0610
Asthmatic Crisis
[description not available]		08.92122
Status Asthmaticus
A sudden intense and continuous aggravation of a state of asthma, marked by dyspnea to the point of exhaustion and collapse and not responding to the usual therapeutic efforts.		08.92122
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		011.680
Auto-PEEP
[description not available]		05.5932
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		011.680
Lassitude
[description not available]		02.1510
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		02.1510
Hypercapnia
A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.		09.9550
Foreign Bodies
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.		02.4620
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		05.9151
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus
[description not available]		08.61104
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.		08.61104
Exercise-Induced Vocal Cord Dysfunction
[description not available]		04.0110
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		02.2110
Breathlessness
[description not available]		012.14219
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		017.14219
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		02.0810
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0810
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		02.0810
Bronchiolitis, Exudative
[description not available]		02.0810
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES leading to an obstructive lung disease. Bronchioles are characterized by fibrous granulation tissue with bronchial exudates in the lumens. Clinical features include a nonproductive cough and DYSPNEA.		02.0810
Anoxemia
[description not available]		015.96414
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		015.96414
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
[description not available]		05.0730
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated
Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.		05.0730
Experimental High Pressure Neurological Syndrome
[description not available]		0450
Inner Ear Disease
[description not available]		0310
Labyrinth Diseases
Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).		0310
Lung Injury, Ventilator-Induced
[description not available]		02.0810
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		06.37100
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.		06.7951
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		03.4220
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		03.4220
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		02.110
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		02.110
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		03.0110
Bronchiolitis, Viral
An acute inflammatory disease of the lower RESPIRATORY TRACT, caused by paramyxoviruses, occurring primarily in infants and young children; the viruses most commonly implicated are PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS TYPE 3; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS, HUMAN; and METAPNEUMOVIRUS.		08.4672
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		03.0110
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		03.9310
Hyperlactatemia
Increase in blood LACTATE concentration often associated with SEPTIC SHOCK; LUNG INJURY; SEPSIS; and DRUG TOXICITY. When hyperlactatemia is associated with low body pH (acidosis) it is LACTIC ACIDOSIS.		03.0310
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		011.12148
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.		011.12148
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		02.1110
Malnourishment
[description not available]		02.1110
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		02.1110
Malnutrition
An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.		02.1110
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		06.1841
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		06.1841
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		03.3820
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		03.3820
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		03.9610
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		010.44165
Critical Illness
A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.		06.4331
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		03.9610
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		010.44165
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		02.1510
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		05.0331
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		05.0331
Hyperoxia
An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.		02.4520
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		02.7330
Centriacinar Emphysema
[description not available]		02.7330
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		02.7330
Infant, Premature, Diseases
Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.		03.3720
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		02.9610
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		03.3320
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		07.870
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		03.3320
Abnormalities, Multiple
Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.		02.0510
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		02.0510
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		02.0510
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		02.0510
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		07.0510
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
[description not available]		02.9610
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		03.3620
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		03.3620
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.0510
Cancer of Mediastinum
[description not available]		02.0510
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		02.0510
Mediastinal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.		02.0510
Edema, Laryngeal
[description not available]		02.0510
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		02.7130
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy
[description not available]		02.4320
Laryngeal Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues of any part of the LARYNX, commonly associated with laryngeal injuries and allergic reactions.		02.0510
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		02.0510
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		02.7130
Vocal Cord Paralysis
Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.		07.4320
Apnea
A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.		03.3520
Recrudescence
[description not available]		02.0510
Injuries, Multiple
[description not available]		02.0510
Barotrauma
Injury following pressure changes; includes injury to the eustachian tube, ear drum, lung and stomach.		02.0510
Coarctation of Aorta
[description not available]		02.0610
Eye Abnormalities
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.		02.0610
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.0610
Neurocutaneous Disorders
[description not available]		02.0610
Aortic Coarctation
A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.		02.0610
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		07.0610
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.4520
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		02.0610
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		02.0610
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.4520
Disease, Pulmonary
[description not available]		05.0750
ACD-MPV
[description not available]		02.9810
Lung Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.		05.0750
Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome
A syndrome of persistent PULMONARY HYPERTENSION in the newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN) without demonstrable HEART DISEASES. This neonatal condition can be caused by severe pulmonary vasoconstriction (reactive type), hypertrophy of pulmonary arterial muscle (hypertrophic type), or abnormally developed pulmonary arterioles (hypoplastic type). The newborn patient exhibits CYANOSIS and ACIDOSIS due to the persistence of fetal circulatory pattern of right-to-left shunting of blood through a patent ductus arteriosus (DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS, PATENT) and at times a patent foramen ovale (FORAMEN OVALE, PATENT).		02.9810
Breathing Sounds
[description not available]		07.4161
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced
[description not available]		04.2620
Laryngeal Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.		04.9450
Asthma, Exercise-Induced
Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).		04.2620
Respiratory Sounds
Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.		07.4161
Grippe
[description not available]		02.0710
Influenza, Human
An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.		02.0710
Hypoventilation
A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.		08.6130
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		03.411
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.3320
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		03.3320
Athletic Injuries
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.		02.0110
Deaf Mutism
[description not available]		02.0110
Acoustic Trauma
Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.		02.0110
Eardrum Perforation
[description not available]		02.0110
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.		02.0110
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced
Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.		02.0110
Tympanic Membrane Perforation
A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.		02.0110
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.730
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		02.730
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		0531
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.0210
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		02.0210
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		02.0210
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		02.9410
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		03.4111
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		03.4111
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		02.4120
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		02.0310
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		02.0310
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		02.0310
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.0310
Asystole
[description not available]		02.0310
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		02.0310
Bronchospasm
[description not available]		08.3320
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		02.9510
Bronchial Spasm
Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.		03.3320
Angioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.		07.4220
Cancer of Larynx
[description not available]		02.420
Hemangioma
A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)		07.4220
Laryngeal Neoplasms
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.		02.420
Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis
A condition characterized by the presence of multiple gas-filled cysts in the intestinal wall, the submucosa and/or subserosa of the INTESTINE. The majority of the cysts are found in the JEJUNUM and the ILEUM.		02.3920
Colonic Diseases
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		01.9810
Acidosis, Respiratory
Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.		02.6830
Drowning
Death that occurs as a result of anoxia or heart arrest, associated with immersion in liquid.		01.9810
Bronchial Diseases
Diseases involving the BRONCHI.		01.9810
Atelectasis
[description not available]		04.2811
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		01.9910
Brachial Paresis
[description not available]		01.9910
Dermatoses
[description not available]		01.9910
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		01.9910
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		01.9910
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		01.9910
Mediastinal Diseases
Disorders of the mediastinum, general or unspecified.		01.9910
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		04.0831
Gardner Syndrome
A variant of ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI caused by mutation in the APC gene (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. It is characterized by not only the presence of multiple colonic polyposis but also extracolonic ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; the EYE; the SKIN; the SKULL; and the FACIAL BONES; as well as malignancy in organs other than the GI tract.		01.9910
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous
[description not available]		02.9110
Pneumothorax
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.		02.9110
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		0210
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		0210
Hyperammonemia
Elevated level of AMMONIA in the blood. It is a sign of defective CATABOLISM of AMINO ACIDS or ammonia to UREA.		0710
Alcoholic Intoxication
An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.		0210
Infection
[description not available]		0210
Tracheitis
INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.		0210
Infections
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.		0210
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		02.4120
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		02.4120
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.0110
Cyanosis
A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.		02.0110
Craniocerebral Injuries
[description not available]		04.6821
Burns, Inhalation
Burns of the respiratory tract caused by heat or inhaled chemicals.		04.6821
Craniocerebral Trauma
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.		04.6821
Aggression
Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.		01.9710
Germinoblastoma
[description not available]		01.9710
Tracheal Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue in the TRACHEA.		01.9710
Lymphoma
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.		01.9710
Granulomas
[description not available]		01.9710
Tracheal Diseases
Diseases involving the TRACHEA.		01.9710
Granuloma
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.		01.9710