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aflatrem

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth

Description

aflatrem: tremorgenic toxin isolated from Aspergillus flavus; structure [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	21118293
CHEMBL ID	327558
CHEBI ID	181944
MeSH ID	M0071537

Synonyms (14)

Synonym
CHEMBL327558
aflatreme
CHEBI:181944
(1s,4r,5s,16s,19s,23r)-19-hydroxy-4,5,24,24-tetramethyl-12-(2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl)-25,26-dioxa-7-azaheptacyclo[21.2.1.01,20.04,19.05,16.06,14.08,13]hexacosa-6(14),8,10,12,20-pentaen-22-one
aflatrem
unii-zel123y65d
4h-3,15a-epoxy-1-benzoxepino(6',7':6,7)indeno(1,2-b)indol-4-one, 9-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl)-2,3,5b,6,7,7a,8,13,13b,13c,14,15-dodecahydro-5b-hydroxy-2,2,13b,13c-tetramethyl-, (3r-(3alpha,5balpha,7abeta,13balpha,13cbeta,15aalpha))-
zel123y65d ,
4h-3,15a-epoxy-1-benzoxepino(6',7':6,7)indeno(1,2-b)indol-4-one, 9-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl)-2,3,5b,6,7,7a,8,13,13b,13c,14,15-dodecahydro-5b-hydroxy-2,2,13b,13c-tetramethyl-, (3r,5bs,7as,13bs,13cr,15as)-
C20555
4h-3,15a-epoxy-1-benzoxepino(6',7':6,7)indeno(1,2-b)indol-4-one, 9-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl)-2,3,5b,6,7,7a,8,13,13b,13c,14,15-dodecahydro-5b-hydroxy-2,2,13b,13c-tetramethyl-, (3r-(3.alpha.,5b.alpha.,7a.beta.,13b.alpha.,13c.beta.,15a.alpha.))-
4h-3,15a-epoxy-1-benzoxepino(6',7':6,7)indeno(1,2-b)indol-4-one, 9-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propen-1-yl)-2,3,5b,6,7,7a,8,13,13b,13c,14,15-dodecahydro-5b-hydroxy-2,2,13b,13c-tetramethyl-, (3r,5bs,7as,13bs,13cr,15as)-
Q27295396
(3r,5bs,7as,13bs,13cr,15as)-\\ 9-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl)-2,3,5b,6,7,7a,8,13,13b,13c,14,15-dodecahydro-5b-\\ hydroxy-2,2,13b,13c-tetramethyl-4h-3,15a-epoxy-1-\\ benzoxepino[6',7':6,7]indeno[1,2-b]indol-4-one

Research Excerpts

Dosage Studied

Tremor dose-response curves were determined for mice dosed with the ryegrass neurotoxin lolitrem B, and the tremor-genic mycotoxin aflatrem. In the presence of 2 microM a flatrem, the GABA dose- response curve shifted to lower concentrations, with the Ka decreasing from 28 to 7 microM.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Tremor dose-response curves were determined for mice dosed with the ryegrass neurotoxin lolitrem B, and the tremor-genic mycotoxin aflatrem."	( The potent tremorgenic neurotoxins lolitrem B and aflatrem: a comparison of the tremor response in mice. Gallagher, RT; Hawkes, AD, 1986)	0.27

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (2)

Class	Description
organooxygen compound	An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond.
organic heterotricyclic compound	An organic tricyclic compound in which at least one of the rings of the tricyclic skeleton contains one or more heteroatoms.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (1)

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
aflatrem biosynthesis	2	8

Research

Studies (14)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	6 (42.86)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	3 (21.43)	29.6817
2010's	5 (35.71)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	1 (7.14%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	13 (92.86%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	7.37	2	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	1.97	1	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	1.96	1	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
indole [no description available]	2.02	1	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	1.97	1	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	1.97	1	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
acrolein [no description available]	2.21	1	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	3.06	1	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	1.96	1	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	3.06	1	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
tryptoquivaline tryptoquivaline: tremor-producing metabolite from Aspergillus clavatus; tetrapeptide derived from tryptophan, anthranilic acid, valine, & methylalanine; structure & N1 names previously assigned to tryptoquivaline C & tryptoquivaline D found to be incorrect & are revised in third source; see also record for tryptoquivalone; structure in third source	3.06	1
territrem b territrem B: tremorgenic mycotoxin from Aspergillus terreus; RN given refers to (4aR-(4aalpha,6abeta,12aalpha,12bbeta))-isomer	3.06	1
paspaline paspaline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,4aalpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer	3.06	1	organic heterotricyclic compound; organooxygen compound
territrem a territrem A: tremorgenic mycotoxin from Aspergillus terreus	3.06	1
verruculotoxin verruculotoxin: toxic metabolite of Penicillium verruculosum Peyronel; structure	3.06	1	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	2.21	1	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	2.21	1	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	2.21	1	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
verrucosidin verrucosidin: tremorgenic mycotoxin; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (1alpha,2alpha(1E(2S,3R),3E),4alpha,5alpha)-(+-)-isomer	3.06	1
ustiloxin b ustiloxin B: an antimitotic cyclic peptide; from false smut balls on rice panicles caused by Ustilaginoidea virens; structure given in first source. ustiloxin B : A heterodetic cyclic peptide with formula C26H39N5O12S produced by Ustilaginoidea virens fungi. It is an inhibitor of microtubule assembly.	2.17	1	aromatic ether; heterodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; phenols; secondary alcohol; secondary carboxamide; sulfoxide	Aspergillus metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent; mycotoxin
lolitrem b lolitrem B: neurotoxin from staggers-producing ryegrass pastures; MF C42-H55-N-O7	8.47	2
verruculogen verruculogen: complex 6-O-methylindole cpd containing 3 nitrogens; induces tremor; tremorigenic metabolite from Penicillium verruculosum isolated from moldy peanuts; decreases GABA levels in CNS; structure. verruculogen : An organic heterohexacyclic compound that is a mycotoxic indole alkaloid isolated from Penicillium and Aspergillus species.	3.06	1	aromatic ether; diol; indole alkaloid; organic heterohexacyclic compound; organic peroxide	Aspergillus metabolite; GABA modulator; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	1.97	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Action Tremor [description not available]	3.57	3
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	3.57	3
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	1.96	1
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	1.96	1

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