gamma-aminobutyric acid and Low Back Pain studies

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.

Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Gabapentin is prescribed for analgesia in chronic low back pain, yet there are no controlled trials supporting this practice."	9.22	A randomized controlled trial of gabapentin for chronic low back pain with and without a radiating component. ( Abramson, IS; Atkinson, JH; Capparelli, EV; Funk, SD; Gamst, A; Garfin, SR; Matthews, SC; Patel, SM; Rutledge, TR; Slater, MA; Wallace, MS; Wetherell, JL; Wolfson, T; Zisook, S, 2016)
"Gabapentin may provide benefits in terms of alleviation of pain and overall quality of life in patients with chronic radiculopathy."	9.14	Gabapentin monotherapy in patients with chronic radiculopathy: the efficacy and impact on life quality. ( Deniz, O; Erdal, A; Gureser, G; Karatay, S; Senel, K; Ugur, M; Yildirim, K, 2009)
"To evaluate the adequacy of a low-dose combination of oxycodone and paracetamol (acetaminophen) in patients with multimodal, chronic, non-malignant pain using the Pain Management Index (PMI)."	9.14	Adequacy assessment of oxycodone/paracetamol (acetaminophen) in multimodal chronic pain : a prospective observational study. ( Bertini, L; Carucci, A; Gatti, A; Mammucari, M; Occhioni, R; Sabato, AF, 2009)
"The purpose of this, open-label, non-comparative study, was to evaluate the efficacy on quality of life and the efficacy of gabapentin monotherapy in patients with chronic radiculopathy."	9.14	Gabapentin monotherapy in patients with chronic radiculopathy: the efficacy and impact on life quality. ( Deniz, O; Erdal, A; Gureser, G; Karatay, S; Senel, K; Ugur, M; Yildirim, K, 2009)
"Thirty-five patients with radicular pain and diagnosed as L4, L5 or S1 radiculopathy were treated with oral gabapentin from a total of 300 mg per day once up to a total of 1800 mg per day divided in 3 doses for eight-week trial period."	9.14	Gabapentin monotherapy in patients with chronic radiculopathy: the efficacy and impact on life quality. ( Deniz, O; Erdal, A; Gureser, G; Karatay, S; Senel, K; Ugur, M; Yildirim, K, 2009)
"Significant improvements in BPI measures of pain intensity and pain relief were reported for all groups of patients after 2 weeks of lidocaine patch 5% treatment."	9.10	Lidocaine patch 5% with systemic analgesics such as gabapentin: a rational polypharmacy approach for the treatment of chronic pain. ( Drass, M; Nalamachu, S; Patel, N; White, WT, 2003)
"To assess the effectiveness and safety of the lidocaine patch 5%, a targeted peripheral analgesic, in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia, painful diabetic neuropathy, and low back pain patients with incomplete responses to their current analgesic treatment regimen containing gabapentin."	9.10	Lidocaine patch 5% with systemic analgesics such as gabapentin: a rational polypharmacy approach for the treatment of chronic pain. ( Drass, M; Nalamachu, S; Patel, N; White, WT, 2003)
"Gabapentin may be a useful adjunct for treating neuropathic pain with a minimum of side effects."	9.08	The effect of gabapentin on neuropathic pain. ( de Rosayro, AM; Harrell, C; Ristic, H; Rosenberg, JM; Werner, RA, 1997)
"To evaluate the effects of gabapentin on pain scores and opiate use."	9.08	The effect of gabapentin on neuropathic pain. ( de Rosayro, AM; Harrell, C; Ristic, H; Rosenberg, JM; Werner, RA, 1997)
" A significant decrease in pain scores with gabapentin was seen in the neuropathic pain group (paired t-test, p < ."	9.08	The effect of gabapentin on neuropathic pain. ( de Rosayro, AM; Harrell, C; Ristic, H; Rosenberg, JM; Werner, RA, 1997)
"This investigation indicated that pregabalin is safe and effective for reducing both LBP and mood disturbance in patients with depression."	7.80	Outcomes of pregabalin in lumbar-disease patients with depression. ( Ozaki, T; Sugimoto, Y; Takigawa, T; Tanaka, M; Tetsunaga, T, 2014)
"compared with usual care, addition of pregabalin to existing therapy for refractory low back pain was associated with a larger reduction in pain severity and lost workday equivalents."	7.76	A cost-consequence analysis of pregabalin versus usual care in the symptomatic treatment of refractory low back pain: sub-analysis of observational trial data from orthopaedic surgery and rehabilitation clinics. ( Ceberio-Balda, F; Flórez-García, M; López-Gómez, V; Masramón, X; Morera-Domínguez, C, 2010)
"to prospectively analyse the effect of adding pregabalin on costs and consequences in the treatment of refractory low back pain in routine medical practice."	7.76	A cost-consequence analysis of pregabalin versus usual care in the symptomatic treatment of refractory low back pain: sub-analysis of observational trial data from orthopaedic surgery and rehabilitation clinics. ( Ceberio-Balda, F; Flórez-García, M; López-Gómez, V; Masramón, X; Morera-Domínguez, C, 2010)
" Patients in group B who were receiving gabapentin continued this treatment up to a maximum daily dosage of 2400 mg during the observation period."	6.74	Adequacy assessment of oxycodone/paracetamol (acetaminophen) in multimodal chronic pain : a prospective observational study. ( Bertini, L; Carucci, A; Gatti, A; Mammucari, M; Occhioni, R; Sabato, AF, 2009)
"Multimodal pain is comprised of nociceptive/inflammatory and neuropathic components."	6.74	Adequacy assessment of oxycodone/paracetamol (acetaminophen) in multimodal chronic pain : a prospective observational study. ( Bertini, L; Carucci, A; Gatti, A; Mammucari, M; Occhioni, R; Sabato, AF, 2009)
"Patients with postherpetic neuralgia, painful diabetic neuropathy, or low back pain with partial responses (average daily pain intensity >4/10) to their current analgesic treatment regimen were included."	6.71	Lidocaine patch 5% with systemic analgesics such as gabapentin: a rational polypharmacy approach for the treatment of chronic pain. ( Drass, M; Nalamachu, S; Patel, N; White, WT, 2003)
"The lidocaine patch 5% was found to be safe and well tolerated."	6.71	Lidocaine patch 5% with systemic analgesics such as gabapentin: a rational polypharmacy approach for the treatment of chronic pain. ( Drass, M; Nalamachu, S; Patel, N; White, WT, 2003)
" They necessitate prolonged use and are associated with adverse effects and increased cost."	6.55	Benefits and safety of gabapentinoids in chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ( AlAmri, R; Bhandari, M; Devereaux, PJ; Gilron, I; Kamath, S; Rajarathinam, M; Shanthanna, H; Thabane, L, 2017)
" Compared with placebo, the following adverse events were more commonly reported with GB: dizziness-(RR = 1."	6.55	Benefits and safety of gabapentinoids in chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ( AlAmri, R; Bhandari, M; Devereaux, PJ; Gilron, I; Kamath, S; Rajarathinam, M; Shanthanna, H; Thabane, L, 2017)
"Existing evidence on the use of gabapentinoids in CLBP is limited and demonstrates significant risk of adverse effects without any demonstrated benefit."	6.55	Benefits and safety of gabapentinoids in chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ( AlAmri, R; Bhandari, M; Devereaux, PJ; Gilron, I; Kamath, S; Rajarathinam, M; Shanthanna, H; Thabane, L, 2017)
"Neuropathic pain is more severe, with significant disability."	6.53	Gabapentinoids for chronic low back pain: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. ( AlAmri, R; Bhandari, M; Devereaux, PJ; Gilron, I; Kamath, S; Rajarathinam, M; Shanthanna, H; Thabane, L, 2016)
"low back pain is one of the most common reasons for outpatient consultation in both the primary-care and specialized-care settings."	5.36	A cost-consequence analysis of pregabalin versus usual care in the symptomatic treatment of refractory low back pain: sub-analysis of observational trial data from orthopaedic surgery and rehabilitation clinics. ( Ceberio-Balda, F; Flórez-García, M; López-Gómez, V; Masramón, X; Morera-Domínguez, C, 2010)
"Gabapentin has an established, favorable safety profile and has been shown to be effective in various animal models and human studies of chronic neuropathic pain."	5.31	Using gabapentin to treat failed back surgery syndrome caused by epidural fibrosis: A report of 2 cases. ( Braverman, DL; Lenrow, DA; Slipman, CW, 2001)
"Epidural fibrosis is among the most common causes of FBSS, and it is often recalcitrant to treatment."	5.31	Using gabapentin to treat failed back surgery syndrome caused by epidural fibrosis: A report of 2 cases. ( Braverman, DL; Lenrow, DA; Slipman, CW, 2001)
"Gabapentin is prescribed for analgesia in chronic low back pain, yet there are no controlled trials supporting this practice."	5.22	A randomized controlled trial of gabapentin for chronic low back pain with and without a radiating component. ( Abramson, IS; Atkinson, JH; Capparelli, EV; Funk, SD; Gamst, A; Garfin, SR; Matthews, SC; Patel, SM; Rutledge, TR; Slater, MA; Wallace, MS; Wetherell, JL; Wolfson, T; Zisook, S, 2016)
"To evaluate whether an epidural steroid injection or gabapentin is a better treatment for lumbosacral radiculopathy."	5.20	Epidural steroid injections compared with gabapentin for lumbosacral radicular pain: multicenter randomized double blind comparative efficacy study. ( Bicket, MC; Cohen, SP; Gordin, V; Griffith, SR; Guthmiller, KB; Hanling, S; Hayek, S; Kurihara, C; Pasquina, PF; Veizi, E; Vorobeychik, Y; White, MA; White, RL; Zhao, Z, 2015)
"To evaluate the adequacy of a low-dose combination of oxycodone and paracetamol (acetaminophen) in patients with multimodal, chronic, non-malignant pain using the Pain Management Index (PMI)."	5.14	Adequacy assessment of oxycodone/paracetamol (acetaminophen) in multimodal chronic pain : a prospective observational study. ( Bertini, L; Carucci, A; Gatti, A; Mammucari, M; Occhioni, R; Sabato, AF, 2009)
"The purpose of this, open-label, non-comparative study, was to evaluate the efficacy on quality of life and the efficacy of gabapentin monotherapy in patients with chronic radiculopathy."	5.14	Gabapentin monotherapy in patients with chronic radiculopathy: the efficacy and impact on life quality. ( Deniz, O; Erdal, A; Gureser, G; Karatay, S; Senel, K; Ugur, M; Yildirim, K, 2009)
"Thirty-five patients with radicular pain and diagnosed as L4, L5 or S1 radiculopathy were treated with oral gabapentin from a total of 300 mg per day once up to a total of 1800 mg per day divided in 3 doses for eight-week trial period."	5.14	Gabapentin monotherapy in patients with chronic radiculopathy: the efficacy and impact on life quality. ( Deniz, O; Erdal, A; Gureser, G; Karatay, S; Senel, K; Ugur, M; Yildirim, K, 2009)
"Gabapentin may provide benefits in terms of alleviation of pain and overall quality of life in patients with chronic radiculopathy."	5.14	Gabapentin monotherapy in patients with chronic radiculopathy: the efficacy and impact on life quality. ( Deniz, O; Erdal, A; Gureser, G; Karatay, S; Senel, K; Ugur, M; Yildirim, K, 2009)
"To assess the effectiveness and safety of the lidocaine patch 5%, a targeted peripheral analgesic, in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia, painful diabetic neuropathy, and low back pain patients with incomplete responses to their current analgesic treatment regimen containing gabapentin."	5.10	Lidocaine patch 5% with systemic analgesics such as gabapentin: a rational polypharmacy approach for the treatment of chronic pain. ( Drass, M; Nalamachu, S; Patel, N; White, WT, 2003)
"Significant improvements in BPI measures of pain intensity and pain relief were reported for all groups of patients after 2 weeks of lidocaine patch 5% treatment."	5.10	Lidocaine patch 5% with systemic analgesics such as gabapentin: a rational polypharmacy approach for the treatment of chronic pain. ( Drass, M; Nalamachu, S; Patel, N; White, WT, 2003)
" Data on 2724 subjects from 10 recently completed placebo-controlled clinical trials of pregabalin in diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, chronic low back pain, fibromyalgia, and osteoarthritis were used."	5.09	Clinical importance of changes in chronic pain intensity measured on an 11-point numerical pain rating scale. ( Farrar, JT; LaMoreaux, L; Poole, MR; Werth, JL; Young, JP, 2001)
"To evaluate the effects of gabapentin on pain scores and opiate use."	5.08	The effect of gabapentin on neuropathic pain. ( de Rosayro, AM; Harrell, C; Ristic, H; Rosenberg, JM; Werner, RA, 1997)
" A significant decrease in pain scores with gabapentin was seen in the neuropathic pain group (paired t-test, p < ."	5.08	The effect of gabapentin on neuropathic pain. ( de Rosayro, AM; Harrell, C; Ristic, H; Rosenberg, JM; Werner, RA, 1997)
"Gabapentin may be a useful adjunct for treating neuropathic pain with a minimum of side effects."	5.08	The effect of gabapentin on neuropathic pain. ( de Rosayro, AM; Harrell, C; Ristic, H; Rosenberg, JM; Werner, RA, 1997)
" Pregabalin seems to provide clinically benefit to patients with fibromyalgia."	4.85	[Innovations in ambulatory care]. ( Bodenmann, P; Chapuis, T; Cornuz, J; de Bosset, V; Jaunin-Stalder, N; Marguerat, I; Nanchen, D; Pasche, O, 2009)
"This investigation indicated that pregabalin is safe and effective for reducing both LBP and mood disturbance in patients with depression."	3.80	Outcomes of pregabalin in lumbar-disease patients with depression. ( Ozaki, T; Sugimoto, Y; Takigawa, T; Tanaka, M; Tetsunaga, T, 2014)
"compared with usual care, addition of pregabalin to existing therapy for refractory low back pain was associated with a larger reduction in pain severity and lost workday equivalents."	3.76	A cost-consequence analysis of pregabalin versus usual care in the symptomatic treatment of refractory low back pain: sub-analysis of observational trial data from orthopaedic surgery and rehabilitation clinics. ( Ceberio-Balda, F; Flórez-García, M; López-Gómez, V; Masramón, X; Morera-Domínguez, C, 2010)
"to prospectively analyse the effect of adding pregabalin on costs and consequences in the treatment of refractory low back pain in routine medical practice."	3.76	A cost-consequence analysis of pregabalin versus usual care in the symptomatic treatment of refractory low back pain: sub-analysis of observational trial data from orthopaedic surgery and rehabilitation clinics. ( Ceberio-Balda, F; Flórez-García, M; López-Gómez, V; Masramón, X; Morera-Domínguez, C, 2010)
" Patients in group B who were receiving gabapentin continued this treatment up to a maximum daily dosage of 2400 mg during the observation period."	2.74	Adequacy assessment of oxycodone/paracetamol (acetaminophen) in multimodal chronic pain : a prospective observational study. ( Bertini, L; Carucci, A; Gatti, A; Mammucari, M; Occhioni, R; Sabato, AF, 2009)
"Multimodal pain is comprised of nociceptive/inflammatory and neuropathic components."	2.74	Adequacy assessment of oxycodone/paracetamol (acetaminophen) in multimodal chronic pain : a prospective observational study. ( Bertini, L; Carucci, A; Gatti, A; Mammucari, M; Occhioni, R; Sabato, AF, 2009)
"The lidocaine patch 5% was found to be safe and well tolerated."	2.71	Lidocaine patch 5% with systemic analgesics such as gabapentin: a rational polypharmacy approach for the treatment of chronic pain. ( Drass, M; Nalamachu, S; Patel, N; White, WT, 2003)
"Patients with postherpetic neuralgia, painful diabetic neuropathy, or low back pain with partial responses (average daily pain intensity >4/10) to their current analgesic treatment regimen were included."	2.71	Lidocaine patch 5% with systemic analgesics such as gabapentin: a rational polypharmacy approach for the treatment of chronic pain. ( Drass, M; Nalamachu, S; Patel, N; White, WT, 2003)
"Existing evidence on the use of gabapentinoids in CLBP is limited and demonstrates significant risk of adverse effects without any demonstrated benefit."	2.55	Benefits and safety of gabapentinoids in chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ( AlAmri, R; Bhandari, M; Devereaux, PJ; Gilron, I; Kamath, S; Rajarathinam, M; Shanthanna, H; Thabane, L, 2017)
" Compared with placebo, the following adverse events were more commonly reported with GB: dizziness-(RR = 1."	2.55	Benefits and safety of gabapentinoids in chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ( AlAmri, R; Bhandari, M; Devereaux, PJ; Gilron, I; Kamath, S; Rajarathinam, M; Shanthanna, H; Thabane, L, 2017)
" They necessitate prolonged use and are associated with adverse effects and increased cost."	2.55	Benefits and safety of gabapentinoids in chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ( AlAmri, R; Bhandari, M; Devereaux, PJ; Gilron, I; Kamath, S; Rajarathinam, M; Shanthanna, H; Thabane, L, 2017)
"Neuropathic pain is more severe, with significant disability."	2.53	Gabapentinoids for chronic low back pain: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. ( AlAmri, R; Bhandari, M; Devereaux, PJ; Gilron, I; Kamath, S; Rajarathinam, M; Shanthanna, H; Thabane, L, 2016)
"Treatment outcomes for migraine and other chronic headache and pain conditions typically demonstrate modest results."	1.62	Increased GABA+ in People With Migraine, Headache, and Pain Conditions- A Potential Marker of Pain. ( Aguila, MR; Foster, S; Galloway, G; Leaver, AM; Ng, K; Oeltzschner, G; Peek, AL; Puts, NA; Rebbeck, T; Refshauge, K; Sterling, M, 2021)
"Low back pain has a 9."	1.43	Chronic refractory myofascial pain and denervation supersensitivity as global public health disease. ( Bruyninckx, F; Chu, J; Neuhauser, DV, 2016)
" This study underscores our previous findings that eToims is safe and efficacious for long-term use in CRMP."	1.43	Chronic refractory myofascial pain and denervation supersensitivity as global public health disease. ( Bruyninckx, F; Chu, J; Neuhauser, DV, 2016)
"The effect of disc degeneration on behavioral measures of chronic pain has not been evaluated in this model."	1.37	Behavioral signs of chronic back pain in the SPARC-null mouse. ( Millecamps, M; Sage, EH; Stone, LS; Tajerian, M, 2011)
"Disk degeneration was induced by removal of the nucleus pulposus (NP) from the lumbar disks (L4/L5 and L5/L6) of Sprague Dawley rats using a 0."	1.37	The rat intervertebral disk degeneration pain model: relationships between biological and structural alterations and pain. ( An, HS; Buvanendran, A; Chen, D; Im, HJ; Kim, JS; Kroin, JS; Li, X; Tuman, KJ; van Wijnen, AJ; Yan, D, 2011)
"low back pain is one of the most common reasons for outpatient consultation in both the primary-care and specialized-care settings."	1.36	A cost-consequence analysis of pregabalin versus usual care in the symptomatic treatment of refractory low back pain: sub-analysis of observational trial data from orthopaedic surgery and rehabilitation clinics. ( Ceberio-Balda, F; Flórez-García, M; López-Gómez, V; Masramón, X; Morera-Domínguez, C, 2010)
"Gabapentin has an established, favorable safety profile and has been shown to be effective in various animal models and human studies of chronic neuropathic pain."	1.31	Using gabapentin to treat failed back surgery syndrome caused by epidural fibrosis: A report of 2 cases. ( Braverman, DL; Lenrow, DA; Slipman, CW, 2001)
"Epidural fibrosis is among the most common causes of FBSS, and it is often recalcitrant to treatment."	1.31	Using gabapentin to treat failed back surgery syndrome caused by epidural fibrosis: A report of 2 cases. ( Braverman, DL; Lenrow, DA; Slipman, CW, 2001)

Research

Studies (40)

Authors

Clinical Trials (35)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Average Back Pain at 1 Month Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	1 (2.50)	18.2507
2000's	11 (27.50)	29.6817
2010's	26 (65.00)	24.3611
2020's	2 (5.00)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Baumbach, P	1
Meißner, W	1
Reichenbach, JR	1
Gussew, A	1
Peek, AL	1
Leaver, AM	1
Foster, S	1
Oeltzschner, G	1
Puts, NA	1
Galloway, G	1
Sterling, M	1
Ng, K	1
Refshauge, K	1
Aguila, MR	1
Rebbeck, T	1
Handberg, G	1
Shanthanna, H	2
Gilron, I	2
Rajarathinam, M	2
AlAmri, R	2
Kamath, S	2
Thabane, L	2
Devereaux, PJ	2
Bhandari, M	2
Holtedahl, R	1
Gialanella, B	1
Prometti, P	1
Ferlucci, C	1
Tetsunaga, T	2
Tanaka, M	1
Sugimoto, Y	1
Takigawa, T	1
Ozaki, T	1
Kalita, J	1
Kohat, AK	1
Misra, UK	1
Bhoi, SK	1
Kantito, S	2
Tantisiriwat, N	1
Piravej, K	1
Cohen, SP	2
Hanling, S	1
Bicket, MC	1
White, RL	1
Veizi, E	1
Kurihara, C	1
Zhao, Z	1
Hayek, S	1
Guthmiller, KB	1
Griffith, SR	1
Gordin, V	1
White, MA	1
Vorobeychik, Y	2
Pasquina, PF	1
Lin, CW	1
Day, RO	1
Harris, I	1
Maher, CG	1
McLachlan, A	1
Steurer, J	1
Pi, ZB	1
Lin, H	1
He, GD	1
Cai, Z	1
Xu, XZ	1
Chu, J	1
Bruyninckx, F	1
Neuhauser, DV	1
Pirbudak, L	1
Ciçek, H	1
Işik, M	1
Zer, Y	1
Atkinson, JH	1
Slater, MA	1
Capparelli, EV	1
Patel, SM	1
Wolfson, T	1
Gamst, A	1
Abramson, IS	1
Wallace, MS	1
Funk, SD	1
Rutledge, TR	1
Wetherell, JL	1
Matthews, SC	1
Zisook, S	1
Garfin, SR	1
Ko, S	1
Kim, S	1
Kim, J	1
Oh, T	1
Bodenmann, P	1
Pasche, O	1
Nanchen, D	1
Jaunin-Stalder, N	1
Marguerat, I	1
Chapuis, T	1
de Bosset, V	1
Cornuz, J	1
Gatti, A	1
Sabato, AF	1
Carucci, A	1
Bertini, L	1
Mammucari, M	1
Occhioni, R	1
Romanò, CL	1
Romanò, D	1
Bonora, C	1
Mineo, G	1
Yildirim, K	1
Deniz, O	1
Gureser, G	1
Karatay, S	1
Ugur, M	1
Erdal, A	1
Senel, K	1
Morera-Domínguez, C	1
Ceberio-Balda, F	1
Flórez-García, M	1
Masramón, X	1
López-Gómez, V	1
Millecamps, M	1
Tajerian, M	1
Sage, EH	1
Stone, LS	1
Strohmeier, M	1
Lee, TJ	1
Micucci, CJ	1
Nease, EK	1
Tuten, HR	1
Kim, JS	1
Kroin, JS	1
Li, X	1
An, HS	1
Buvanendran, A	1
Yan, D	1
Tuman, KJ	1
van Wijnen, AJ	1
Chen, D	1
Im, HJ	1
Komoly, S	1
Wielage, R	1
Bansal, M	1
Wilson, K	1
Klein, R	1
Happich, M	1
Pedroso, JL	1
Nakama, GY	1
Carneiro Filho, M	1
Barsottini, OG	1
Barrueto, F	1
Green, J	1
Howland, MA	1
Hoffman, RS	1
Nelson, LS	1
White, WT	1
Patel, N	1
Drass, M	1
Nalamachu, S	1
Heartsill, LG	1
Brown, TM	1
Forde, G	1
Mallison, R	1
Tilke, C	1
Brasser, M	1
Pittrow, D	1
Rosenberg, JM	1
Harrell, C	1
Ristic, H	1
Werner, RA	1
de Rosayro, AM	1
Braverman, DL	1
Slipman, CW	1
Lenrow, DA	1
Farrar, JT	1
Young, JP	1
LaMoreaux, L	1
Werth, JL	1
Poole, MR	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
GABA-WHY Study: Deprescription of Gabapentinoids in Medical Inpatients[NCT04855578]		160 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-05-28	Completed
Randomized, Double-blind, Comparative-effectiveness Study Comparing Epidural Steroid Injections to Gabapentin in Patients With Lumbosacral Radiculopathy[NCT01495923]		145 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-12-31	Completed
Efficacy of Antidepressants in Chronic Back Pain[NCT00108550]	Phase 2	108 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-10-31	Completed
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Three-Arm Trial Examining Sublingual Cannabinoid Tablets for the Treatment of Pain From Osteoarthritis of the Knee.[NCT04992962]	Phase 2	66 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-07-29	Recruiting
An Open-label, Single-centre, Parallel-group Clinical Investigation, to Evaluate the Effectiveness and In-use Tolerability of a Range of Four Orthotic Insoles on Target Areas of Pain in the Lower Body, Associated With Musculoskeletal Stress, Experienced b[NCT04746755]		145 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-06-21	Terminated (stopped due to Participants experienced data collection issues when using the eDiary, these issues increased the burden and lowered compliance. Updates to the eDiary were unsuccessful at resolving the issues so the decision was taken to terminate the Investigation.)
Effects of a Self-management Program for Temporomandibular Myalgia in Subjects With Fibromyalgia: a Single Arm Study[NCT05426655]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-06-16	Recruiting
Side Effects of Two Different Mandibular Advancement Devices (MAD) in the Treatment of Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS)[NCT04050514]		65 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-12-01	Completed
The Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04833660]		22 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-04-30	Not yet recruiting
Auricular Point Acupressure to Manage Chemotherapy Induced Neuropathy[NCT04920097]		240 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-07-08	Recruiting
The Effectiveness of Radial Shockwave Therapy on Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A Mixed Method Study That Combines a Randomised Control Trial and Semi-Structured Interview.[NCT05381987]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-04-21	Recruiting
Ultrasound Guided Platelet Rich Plasma Injections for Post Traumatic Greater Occipital Neuralgia: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study[NCT04051203]	Phase 1	35 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-02-01	Active, not recruiting
NanaBis™ an Oro-buccal Administered Equimolar d9-THC & CBD Formulation as Monotherapy for Management of Opioid Requiring Bone Pain Due to Metastatic Cancer: Phase 3 Multi Centre Blinded Randomized Withdrawal Active & Placebo Controlled Trial[NCT04808531]	Phase 3	360 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-11-30	Not yet recruiting
Assessment and Treatment Responses to Patient Education and Basic Body Awareness Therapy in Hip Osteoarthritis: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02884531]		101 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-10-31	Completed
Effect of Muscle Energy Technique on Craniovertebral and Shoulder Angles in Forward Head Posture[NCT05642130]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-09-22	Active, not recruiting
Multicentre Observational Study on the Wound Pain Relief Properties of ORTODERMINA®[NCT03720119]		78 participants (Actual)	Observational	2015-01-27	Completed
Erenumab as a Therapeutic Approach for the Management of Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain (TNP)[NCT05142228]	Phase 2	5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-04-01	Terminated (stopped due to Low enrollment rate)
The Use of Virtual Reality for Lumbar Pain Management in an Outpatient Spine Clinic: An Exploratory Comparative Randomized Trial[NCT03819907]		45 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-04-08	Completed
A Double Blind, Randomized Crossover Study of Efficacy and Safety of Topical Menthol, With and Without Mannitol, in the Treatment of Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy[NCT02728687]	Phase 1/Phase 2	72 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-03-15	Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial of Fractional CO2 Laser vs Sham Laser for Women With Provoked Vestibulodynia Who Have Failed Conservative Management[NCT03390049]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-08-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to No funding)
Clinical Validation of a Decompression Prototype Splint for Patients With Carpal Tunel Syndrome: a Multicentric Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04043780]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-09-24	Completed
Addressing Opioid Use Disorder With an External Multimodal Neuromodulation Device: Clinical Evaluation of DuoTherm for Opioid-Sparing in Chronic Low Back Pain[NCT04494698]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-06-23	Recruiting
Addressing Opioid Use Disorder With an External Multimodal Neuromodulation Device: Clinical Evaluation of DuoTherm for Opioid-Sparing in Acute Low Back Pain[NCT04491175]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-06-23	Recruiting
Effects of Tele-prehabilitation on Clinical and Muscular Recover in Patients Waiting for Knee Replacement: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT05668312]		58 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-01-01	Not yet recruiting
Trigger Point Dry Needling vs Trigger Point Dry Needling With Intramuscular Electrical Stimulation for the Treatment of Sub-acute and Chronic Low Back Pain in a Military Population: A Randomized Crossover Design[NCT03539588]		30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-04-12	Completed
A Randomised, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Parallel-Group, Multiple-Dose, Active and Placebo-Controlled Efficacy Study of Ibuprofen Prolonged-Release Tablets for the Treatment of Pain After Surgical Removal of Impacted Third Molars[NCT03785756]	Phase 3	280 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-04-29	Recruiting
Perioperative Visual Therapy May Help Prevent Phantom Limb Pain[NCT02383979]	Phase 4	115 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-08-31	Recruiting
Acupuncture for Female Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome and Its Effect on the Urinary Microbiome: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02232282]		22 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-10-31	Completed
Does the Addition of Massage to Manual Therapy and Exercise Improve Outcome in Chronic Neck Pain?[NCT02313480]		39 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-04-30	Completed
A Retrospective Longitudinal Cohort Study to Determine the Effectiveness of Integrated a Clinical Pathway Approach for Chronic Pain Treatment With Acupuncture in a Pain Clinic[NCT04490798]		3,245 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-06-12	Completed
A Randomised, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Parallel-group, Single Dose, Active and Placebo-controlled Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics Study of 2 x 200 mg Ibuprofen Liquid Capsules for the Treatment of Pain After Surgical Removal of Impacted [NCT05484401]	Phase 3	294 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-08-09	Completed
Evaluation of Pain Before and After Removal of Non-obstructive Kidney Stones[NCT03657667]		43 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-08-28	Completed
Efficacy of an Internet-based Intervention for Dental Anxiety[NCT03680755]	Phase 2	450 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-07-24	Active, not recruiting
Cryoneurolysis Outcome on Pain Experience (COPE) in Patients With Low-back Pain - a Single-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT04786145]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-02-15	Active, not recruiting
Celiac Plexus Radiosurgery for Pain Management in Advanced Cancer Patients - a Phase II Trial[NCT02356406]	Phase 2	52 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Recruiting
Effect of Scapula-focused Treatment With Additional Motor Control Exercises on Pain and Disability in Patients With Subacromial Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02695524]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

This outcome measure compares the average back pain at baseline to the average back pain 1 month after the start of treatment. This is measured using the Numeric Pain Scale. The Numeric Pain Scale ranges from 0-10. 0 being no pain at all and 10 being the worst imaginable pain possible. The epidural steroid injection group is compared to the gabapentin group. (NCT01495923)
Timeframe: 1 month fromt he start of treatment

Average Back Pain at 3 Months Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Epidural Steroid Injection	3.5
Gabapentin	3.6

This outcome measure compares the average back pain at baseline to the average back pain at 3 months after the start of treatment. This is measured using the Numeric Pain Scale. The Numeric Pain Scale ranges from 0-10. 0 being no pain at all and 10 being the worst imaginable pain possible. The epidural steroid injection group is compared to the gabapentin group. (NCT01495923)
Timeframe: 3 months from the start of treatment

Average Leg Pain at 1 Month Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Epidural Steroid Injection	3.9
Gabapentin	3.7

This outcome measure compares the average leg pain at baseline to the average leg pain 1 month after the start of treatment. This is measured using the Numeric Pain Scale. The Numeric Pain Scale ranges from 0-10. 0 being no pain at all and 10 being the worst imaginable pain possible. The epidural steroid injection group is compared to the gabapentin group. (NCT01495923)
Timeframe: 1 month after the start of treatment

Average Leg Pain at 3 Months Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Epidural Steroid Injection	3.3
Gabapentin	3.7

This outcome measure compares the average leg pain at baseline to the average leg pain 3 month after the start of treatment. This is measured using the Numeric Pain Scale. The Numeric Pain Scale ranges from 0-10. 0 being no pain at all and 10 being the worst imaginable pain possible. The epidural steroid injection group is compared to the gabapentin group. (NCT01495923)
Timeframe: 3 months from the start of treatment

Outcomes Related to Disability Measured at 1 Month Using the Oswestry Disability Index

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Gabapentin Group	3.7
Epidural Steroid	3.4

Functional capacity measured using Oswestry disability index. The range of possible scores for Oswestry Disability Index are 0-100. 0 is equated with no disability and 100 is the maximum disability possible. (NCT01495923)
Timeframe: 1 month after the start of treatment

Outcomes Related to Disability Measured at 3 Month Using the Oswestry Disability Index

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Epidural Steroid Injection	32.6
Gabapentin	29.6

Proceeded to Surgery Within Year of Enrollment

Intervention	participants (Mean)
Epidural Steroid Injection	33.6
Gabapentin	29.6

This is a measure of participants that proceeded to surgery within a year of enrollment (NCT01495923)
Timeframe: Measured within the year of enrollment in the study

Worst Back Pain at 1 Month Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Epidural Steroid Injection	9
Gabapentin	10

This outcome measure compares the worst back pain at baseline to the worst back pain at 1 months after the start of treatment. This is measured using the Numeric Pain Scale. The Numeric Pain Scale ranges from 0-10. 0 being no pain at all and 10 being the worst imaginable pain possible. The epidural steroid injection group is compared to the gabapentin group. (NCT01495923)
Timeframe: 1 month from the start of treatment

Worst Back Pain at 3 Months Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Epidural Steroid Injection	5.1
Gabapentin	5.4

This outcome measure compares the worst back pain at baseline to the worst back pain at 3 months after the start of treatment. This is measured using the Numeric Pain Scale. The Numeric Pain Scale ranges from 0-10. 0 being no pain at all and 10 being the worst imaginable pain possible. The epidural steroid injection group is compared to the gabapentin group. (NCT01495923)
Timeframe: 3 months after the start of treatment

Worst Leg Pain at 1 Month Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Epidural Steroid Injection	5.6
Gabapentin	5.6

Worst Leg Pain at 3 Months Measured Using the Numeric Pain Scale

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Epidural Steroid Injection	4.9
Gabapentin	5.8

This outcome measure compares the worst leg pain at baseline to the worst leg pain at 3 months after the start of treatment. This is measured using the Numeric Pain Scale. The Numeric Pain Scale ranges from 0-10. 0 being no pain at all and 10 being the worst imaginable pain possible. The epidural steroid injection group is compared to the gabapentin group. (NCT01495923)
Timeframe: 3 months from the start of treatment

Roland and Morris Disability Index Scores Adjusted for Time

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Epidural Steroid Injection	5.2
Gabapentin	5.5

"This questionnaire measures disability in everyday function due to back pain. It is a 24-item checklist asking patients to endorse whether or not back pain limits activities they normally do (eg, I stay at home most of the time because of my back). Scores range from 0 to 24, with higher scores indicating greater disability in everyday function due to back pain. The single values reported below represent adjusted means of scores over all time points." (NCT00108550)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 12 with Interim Measurement at Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9

Transformed Descriptor Differential Scale-Pain Intensity Scores Adjusted for Time

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Placebo	7.50
Gabapentin	6.96

"Self-report measure of current pain intensity of chronic back pain. Participants rate pain on a 20 point scale as being greater or less intense relative to 12 adjectival descriptor word anchors (eg, greater or less than faint, moderate, strong). Scores range from 0 to 20 with higher scores indicating higher pain intensity. Prior to analysis an order-preserving mean-matching variance-stabilizing transformation was applied to this measure placing it on a continuous 0-1.5 scale. The single values reported below represent adjusted means of transformed pain intensity over all time points." (NCT00108550)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 12 with Interim Measurement at Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9

Change of Pain Intensity From Baseline to the End of Treatment Using the 11-point Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS)

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Placebo	0.6683
Gabapentin	0.6988

"The evaluation of the pain intensity was based on a 11-point Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS score from 0= no pain to 10= the most intense pain imaginable). Patients recorded the NPRS score every day of treatment in their diary.~The improvement in the pain intensity is defined as a decrease in NPRS scores from baseline to the end of treatment." (NCT03720119)
Timeframe: Every day for 15 days

Change of Pain Relief From Baseline to the End of Treatment Using the 5-point Visual Rating Scale (VRS)

Intervention	Score on a scale (Mean)
	NPRS score of Day 1	NPRS score of Day 2	NPRS score of Day 3	NPRS score of Day 4	NPRS score of Day 5	NPRS score of Day 6	NPRS score of Day 7	NPRS score of Day 8	NPRS score of Day 9	NPRS score of Day 10	NPRS score of Day 11	NPRS score of Day 12	NPRS score of Day 13	NPRS score of Day 14	NPRS score of Day 15
Single Cohort	6.7	5.4	5.0	4.7	4.1	3.9	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.4	3.2	3.2	3.3	3.0	2.8

"The evaluation of wound pain relief was based on a 5-point Visual Rating Scale (0 = none improvement; 4 = total relief).~Patients recorded the VRS score every day of treatment in their diary. The improvement in the pain relief was defined as a VRS scores at end of treatment significantly greater than 0." (NCT03720119)
Timeframe: Every day for 15 days

Efficacy of Acupuncture to Reduce Pain in Women With Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Day 272404424	Day 372404424	Day 472404424	Day 572404424	Day 672404424	Day 772404424	Day 872404424	Day 972404424	Day 1072404424	Day 1172404424	Day 1272404424	Day 1372404424	Day 1472404424	Day 1572404424
	None relief	Mild	Complete relief	Moderate	A lot
Single Cohort	23
Single Cohort	28
Single Cohort	20
Single Cohort	24
Single Cohort	30
Single Cohort	18
Single Cohort	2
Single Cohort	31
Single Cohort	5
Single Cohort	17
Single Cohort	39
Single Cohort	6
Single Cohort	21
Single Cohort	33
Single Cohort	9
Single Cohort	16
Single Cohort	35
Single Cohort	7
Single Cohort	25
Single Cohort	10
Single Cohort	22
Single Cohort	12
Single Cohort	14
Single Cohort	11
Single Cohort	3
Single Cohort	13
Single Cohort	15
Single Cohort	4

Change in worst pain as measured by the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form. Scores range from 0 to 10 and higher scores indicate more pain. Change is calculated as the 6 weeks score minus the baseline score. (NCT02232282)
Timeframe: 0 weeks, 6 weeks

Safety of Acupuncture in Women With Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome

Intervention	score on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Minimal Acupuncture	-2.08
Standard Acupuncture Treatment	-2.91

The total number of adverse events experienced by women receiving acupuncture (NCT02232282)
Timeframe: 0 weeks, 12 weeks

Tolerability of Acupuncture in Women With Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrom

Intervention	total number of adverse events (Number)
Minimal Acupuncture	0
Standard Acupuncture Treatment	0

The total number of acupuncture sessions stopped due to poor tolerability of acupuncture (NCT02232282)
Timeframe: 0 weeks, 6 weeks

Change in Functionality Evaluated With Specific Questionnaire

Intervention	total number of sessions (Number)
Minimal Acupuncture	0
Standard Acupuncture Treatment	0

The Brazilian version of Shoulder Pain and Disability Index ranging 0 to 100 points. Lower scores indicate better functionality (NCT02695524)
Timeframe: baseline, four and eight weeks and sixteen weeks after randomization

Change in Intensity of Pain Evaluated by a Scale

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	baseline	4 weeks	8 weeks	16 weeks
Motor Control Exercises	65.7	43.5	39.7	34.2
Scapula-focused Exercises	63.3	49.8	37.1	32.8

Pain Numerical Rating Scale from 0 to 10. Lower values indicate improvement in pain (NCT02695524)
Timeframe: baseline, four and eight weeks and sixteen weeks after randomization

Change in Kinesiophobia Evaluated With Specific Questionnaire

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline	4 weeks	8 weeks	16 weeks
Motor Control Exercises	3.9	1.5	1.3	1.2
Scapula-focused Exercises	3.7	2.7	1.8	0.5

Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia ranging 17 to 68 points. High scores indicate high degree kinesiophobia (NCT02695524)
Timeframe: baseline, four and eight weeks and sixteen weeks after randomization

Change in Strength Evaluated by Hand Held Dynamometer and the Measures Provided in Kilogram-force (KgF)

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Kinesiophobia baseline	Kinesiophobia 4 weeks	Kinesiophobia 8 weeks	Kinesiophobia 16 weeks
Motor Control Exercises	42.8	40.7	38.9	37.5
Scapula-focused Exercises	42.1	39.8	40.2	38.7

Strength of serratus anterior, trapezius muscles, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation movements the arm with hand held Dynamometer. (NCT02695524)
Timeframe: baseline, four and eight weeks and sixteen weeks after randomization

Perceived Change Evaluated by Numerical Scale

Intervention	Kilogram-force (Mean)
	Shoulder abduction baseline	Shoulder abduction 4 weeks	Shoulder abduction 8 weeks	Shoulder abduction 16 weeks	Shoulder adduction baseline	Shoulder adduction 4 weeks	Shoulder adduction 8 weeks	Shoulder adduction 16 weeks	Shoulder external rotation baseline	Shoulder external rotation 4 weeks	Shoulder external rotation 8 weeks	Shoulder external rotation 16 weeks	Shoulder Internal rotation baseline	Shoulder Internal rotation 4 weeks	Shoulder Internal rotation 8 weeks	Shoulder Internal rotation 16 weeks	Serratus Anterior Baseline	Serratus Anterior 4 weeks	Serratus Anterior 8 weeks	Serratus Anterior 16 weeks	Upper Trapezius Baseline	Upper Trapezius 4 weeks	Upper Trapezius 8 weeks	Upper Trapezius 16 weeks	Middle Trapezius Baseline	Middle Trapezius 4 weeks	Middle Trapezius 8 weeks	Middle Trapezius 16 weeks	Lower Trapezius baseline	Lower Trapezius 4 weeks	Lower Trapezius 8 weeks	Lower Trapezius 16 weeks
Motor Control Exercises	5.5	6.3	7.1	7	7.9	9	9.2	9	5.7	6.1	6.5	6.4	9.4	10.4	11.4	10.7	6.8	10	10.8	10.6	8.8	11.1	12.1	11.4	3.3	4.1	4.4	4.6	3.1	4	4	4.1
Scapula-focused Exercises	6.2	7.1	7.9	7.8	7.8	8.8	9.2	8.5	5.8	5.9	6.5	6.9	8.6	9.1	10.4	10.3	7.2	9.1	10.3	11.1	8.3	9.8	11.1	11	4.4	4.9	5.1	5.4	4.3	4.6	5	5

Global Perceived Effect Scale ranging -5 to +5 points. Positive values indicate improvement and negative values indicate worsening of symptoms (NCT02695524)
Timeframe: four, eight weeks and sixteen weeks of randomization

Range of Motion Evaluated by Digital Inclinometer and the Measures Provided in Degrees

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	4 weeks	8 weeks	16 weeks
Motor Control Exercises	2.8	3.3	3.1
Scapula-focused Exercises	2	2.9	3.3

abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation of the shoulder (NCT02695524)
Timeframe: baseline, four and eight weeks and sixteen weeks after randomization

Satisfaction With Treatment Evaluated With Specific Questionnaire

Intervention	degrees (Mean)
	Shoulder Flexion Baseline	Shoulder Flexion 4 weeks	Shoulder Flexion 8 weeks	Shoulder Flexion 16 weeks	Shoulder Abduction Baseline	Shoulder Abduction 4 weeks	Shoulder Abduction 8 weeks	Shoulder Abduction 16 weeks	Shoulder External Rotation Baseline	Shoulder External Rotation 4 weeks	Shoulder External Rotation 8 weeks	Shoulder External Rotation 16 weeks	Shoulder Internal Rotation Baseline	Shoulder Internal Rotation 4 weeks	Shoulder Internal Rotation 8 weeks	Shoulder Internal Rotation 16 weeks
Motor Control Exercises	129	148.5	147.8	149.9	120.2	145.2	145.5	141.3	60.9	66.7	68.3	70	48.6	53.4	54.6	54.8
Scapula-focused Exercises	132.5	140.4	148	146.6	125.3	139	147.8	143.2	60.1	66.4	73.7	71.4	49.2	53.9	59.2	57.1

Medrisk Questionnaire ranging 13 to 80 points. High scores indicate satisfaction with treatment (NCT02695524)
Timeframe: four, eight weeks and sixteen weeks after randomization

Scapula Position Evaluated by Digital Inclinometer and the Measures Provided in Degrees

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Medrisk 4 weeks	Medrisk 8 weeks	Medrisk 16 weeks
Motor Control Exercises	63.1	63.6	63.8
Scapula-focused Exercises	60.8	61.3	62

upward rotation and tilt of the scapula (NCT02695524)
Timeframe: baseline, four and eight weeks and sixteen weeks after randomization

Intervention	degrees (Mean)
	Upward Rotation 0º Baseline	Upward Rotation 0º 4 weeks	Upward Rotation 0º 8 weeks	Upward Rotation 0º 16 weeks	Upward Rotation 90º baseline	Upward Rotation 90º 4 weeks	Upward Rotation 90º 8 weeks	Upward Rotation 90º 16 weeks	Upward Rotation 180º baseline	Upward Rotation 180º 4 weeks	Upward Rotation 180º 8 weeks	Upward Rotation 180º 16 weeks	Anterior Tilt 0º baseline	Anterior Tilt 0º 4 weeks	Anterior Tilt 0º 8 weeks	Anterior Tilt 0º 16 weeks	Anterior Tilt 90º baseline	Anterior Tilt 90º 4 weeks	Anterior Tilt 90º 8 weeks	Anterior Tilt 90º 16 weeks	Anterior Tilt 180º baseline	Anterior Tilt 180º 4 weeks	Anterior Tilt 180º 8 weeks	Anterior Tilt 180º 16 weeks
Motor Control Exercises	7	5.7	5.7	6.5	13.6	14.5	17.6	20.6	35.5	39.3	44.3	44.5	19	19	19.4	19.6	14.2	13.6	12.3	11.7	4.2	3.2	0.1	0.7
Scapula-focused Exercises	5.6	5.3	5	5.1	12.8	13.3	15	16.8	30.7	37.3	40.9	39.7	18.4	18.4	19.7	18.7	15	14.6	15.1	13.2	4.3	2	3.1	0.6

Article	Year
[Pharmacological treatment of chronic non-cancer pain]. Ugeskrift for laeger, 2017, Jun-26, Volume: 179, Issue:26 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Chronic Pain; Drug Substitution; Fibromyalgia;	2017
Benefits and safety of gabapentinoids in chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS medicine, 2017, Volume: 14, Issue:8 Topics: Amines; Analgesics; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; England; Gabapentin; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Human	2017
Gabapentinoids for chronic low back pain: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ open, 2016, 11-10, Volume: 6, Issue:11 Topics: Amines; Chronic Pain; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Gabapentin; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Humans; Low	2016
[Innovations in ambulatory care]. Revue medicale suisse, 2009, Jan-28, Volume: 5, Issue:188 Topics: Acute Disease; Age Factors; Aged, 80 and over; Algorithms; Ambulatory Care; Analgesics; Angiotensin-	2009
[IGOST guideline for pharmacotherapy of low back pain]. MMW Fortschritte der Medizin, 2010, Aug-12, Volume: 152, Issue:31-33 Topics: Amines; Aminopyridines; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Antidepressive Agents;	2010
Pharmacologic treatment for low back pain: one component of pain care. Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America, 2010, Volume: 21, Issue:4 Topics: Acetaminophen; Amines; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesics, Opioid; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-S	2010
Cost-effectiveness of duloxetine in chronic low back pain: a Quebec societal perspective. Spine, 2013, May-15, Volume: 38, Issue:11 Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Amitriptyline; Analgesics; Cardiovascular Diseases; Celecoxib; Chronic Disease; C	2013
Adjuvant analgesics for the treatment of neuropathic pain: evaluating efficacy and safety profiles. The Journal of family practice, 2007, Volume: 56, Issue:2 Suppl Pa Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Amines; Analgesics; Analgesics, Opioid; Antidepressive Agents; Arthritis;	2007

Article	Year
Functional connectivity and neurotransmitter impairments of the salience brain network in chronic low back pain patients: a combined resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and 1 H-MRS study. Pain, 2022, 12-01, Volume: 163, Issue:12 Topics: Back Pain; Brain; Brain Mapping; Chronic Pain; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Humans; Low Back Pain; Magne	2022
Increased GABA+ in People With Migraine, Headache, and Pain Conditions- A Potential Marker of Pain. The journal of pain, 2021, Volume: 22, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Case-Control Studies; Chronic Pain; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;	2021
Neuropathic abuses. Tidsskrift for den Norske laegeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny raekke, 2013, Jun-11, Volume: 133, Issue:11 Topics: Analgesics; Drug Industry; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Humans; Low Back Pain; Medicalization; Neuralgia	2013
Low back pain radiating to the leg: an atypical cause. La Clinica terapeutica, 2013, Volume: 164, Issue:5 Topics: Amines; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Combined Modality Therapy; Cyclohexanecarbox	2013
Outcomes of pregabalin in lumbar-disease patients with depression. Journal of orthopaedic science : official journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association, 2014, Volume: 19, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesics; Depression; Disability Evaluation;	2014
Authors' reply to Lin and colleagues. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2015, Jun-24, Volume: 350 Topics: Amines; Analgesics; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Female; gamma-Aminobutyri	2015
Comparative efficacy trials with no placebo group cannot determine efficacy. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2015, Jun-24, Volume: 350 Topics: Amines; Analgesics; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Female; gamma-Aminobutyri	2015
[Epidural steroids for lumbosacral radicular pain treatment is no better than an oral gabapentin]. Praxis, 2015, Aug-19, Volume: 104, Issue:17 Topics: Amines; Analgesics; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Female; gamma-Aminobutyri	2015
Chronic refractory myofascial pain and denervation supersensitivity as global public health disease. BMJ case reports, 2016, Jan-13, Volume: 2016 Topics: Amines; Analgesics; Chronic Pain; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Denervation; Electric Stimulation The	2016
A cost-consequence analysis of pregabalin versus usual care in the symptomatic treatment of refractory low back pain: sub-analysis of observational trial data from orthopaedic surgery and rehabilitation clinics. Clinical drug investigation, 2010, Volume: 30, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesics; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Health Care Costs; Humans; Low Back Pain;	2010
Behavioral signs of chronic back pain in the SPARC-null mouse. Spine, 2011, Jan-15, Volume: 36, Issue:2 Topics: Age Factors; Amines; Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Behavior, Animal; Chronic Diseas	2011
Hip pain as initial presentation for varicella-zoster infection in an adolescent male. Orthopedics, 2011, Jan-03, Volume: 34, Issue:1 Topics: Acyclovir; Adolescent; Amines; Analgesics; Antiviral Agents; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Diagnosis,	2011
The rat intervertebral disk degeneration pain model: relationships between biological and structural alterations and pain. Arthritis research & therapy, 2011, Volume: 13, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration; Low Back	2011
[About the neuropathic component of back pain]. Ideggyogyaszati szemle, 2012, May-30, Volume: 65, Issue:5-6 Topics: Acute Disease; Analgesics; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Chroni	2012
Delirium, psychosis, and visual hallucinations induced by pregabalin. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria, 2012, Volume: 70, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Delirium; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Hallucinations; Humans; Low Back Pain;	2012
Gabapentin withdrawal presenting as status epilepticus. Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology, 2002, Volume: 40, Issue:7 Topics: Acetates; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Gabapentin; gamma-Aminobutyric Aci	2002
Use of gabapentin for rest pain in chronic critical limb ischemia. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2005, Volume: 39, Issue:6 Topics: Amines; Analgesics; Bed Rest; Chronic Disease; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Gabapentin; gamma-Aminob	2005
[Efficacy and tolerability of pregabalin in patients with neuropathic pain. Observational study under clinical practice conditions]. MMW Fortschritte der Medizin, 2007, Apr-05, Volume: 149, Issue:14 Topics: Analgesics; Calcium Channels; Central Nervous System; Clinical Trials as Topic; gamma-Aminobutyric A	2007
Using gabapentin to treat failed back surgery syndrome caused by epidural fibrosis: A report of 2 cases. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 2001, Volume: 82, Issue:5 Topics: Acetates; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Amines; Analgesics; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Diagnosis	2001

gamma-aminobutyric acid and Low Back Pain