response to ethanol

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus. [GOC:go_curators]

Ethanol, a psychoactive drug, is primarily metabolized by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in the liver. This process converts ethanol into acetaldehyde, a highly toxic compound. Acetaldehyde is then further metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) into acetate, a less toxic compound. The metabolic process involves the following steps:

1. **Absorption:** Ethanol rapidly absorbs from the gastrointestinal tract, reaching peak blood alcohol concentration (BAC) within 30-90 minutes.

2. **Distribution:** Ethanol distributes throughout the body, including the brain, liver, and other organs, based on its water solubility.

3. **Metabolism:** Ethanol is primarily metabolized in the liver by ADH. This enzyme converts ethanol to acetaldehyde, a highly reactive and toxic compound. Acetaldehyde is further metabolized by ALDH to acetate, a less toxic compound.

4. **Excretion:** The majority of ethanol and its metabolites are excreted by the kidneys. A small percentage is excreted through the lungs, which is why breathalyzers can be used to measure BAC.

Ethanol's effects on the body depend on the BAC. At low BAC levels, ethanol can induce feelings of euphoria and relaxation. However, as BAC increases, ethanol can lead to impairment of coordination, judgment, and motor skills, resulting in slurred speech, impaired balance, and slowed reaction times. At even higher BACs, ethanol can cause severe intoxication, coma, and even death.

Ethanol's effects on the brain are mediated by its interaction with various neurotransmitter systems. Ethanol increases the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward, explaining its euphoric effects. However, ethanol also inhibits the release of glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory. Furthermore, ethanol enhances the effects of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces neuronal activity, leading to sedation and impaired motor coordination. The combined effects of these neurotransmitter interactions contribute to ethanol's intoxicating effects.

Ethanol's long-term effects on the body are significant and include various health risks. Chronic alcohol consumption can damage the liver, leading to cirrhosis and liver failure. Ethanol abuse is also linked to an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and certain types of cancer, including breast, colorectal, and esophageal cancer. Moreover, alcohol abuse can lead to addiction and other mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, and psychosis.

Understanding the biological process of response to ethanol is crucial for public health awareness and promoting responsible alcohol consumption.
'"

Proteins (63)

Compounds (2,615)