Page last updated: 2024-10-24

positive regulation of stem cell population maintenance

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance. [GOC:hjd, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:22969033]

Positive regulation of stem cell population maintenance is a crucial biological process that ensures the continuous renewal and replenishment of stem cell pools within various tissues and organs. This process involves a complex interplay of signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifications that regulate stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, and survival.

**Key Signaling Pathways Involved in Stem Cell Population Maintenance:**

- **Wnt Signaling Pathway:** The Wnt pathway plays a central role in maintaining stem cell populations by promoting self-renewal and inhibiting differentiation. Wnt ligands bind to Frizzled receptors on the cell surface, leading to the activation of downstream signaling cascades that stabilize β-catenin, a key transcription factor involved in stem cell proliferation.

- **Hedgehog Signaling Pathway:** The Hedgehog pathway is another critical regulator of stem cell maintenance. Hedgehog ligands bind to Patched receptors, leading to the activation of Smoothened, a transmembrane protein that activates downstream signaling cascades that regulate gene expression involved in stem cell self-renewal and differentiation.

- **Notch Signaling Pathway:** The Notch pathway is primarily involved in regulating cell fate decisions and maintaining the balance between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Notch receptors on the cell surface interact with ligands on neighboring cells, leading to the activation of downstream signaling cascades that regulate gene expression involved in stem cell fate determination.

- **TGF-β Signaling Pathway:** The TGF-β pathway plays a complex role in stem cell maintenance, depending on the specific context and cell type. TGF-β signaling can promote self-renewal in some stem cell populations while promoting differentiation in others.

**Transcription Factors Involved in Stem Cell Population Maintenance:**

- **Oct4:** A key transcription factor essential for maintaining pluripotency and self-renewal in embryonic stem cells.

- **Sox2:** Another essential transcription factor for maintaining pluripotency and self-renewal in embryonic stem cells.

- **Nanog:** A transcription factor that regulates stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency.

- **c-Myc:** A transcription factor involved in cell cycle regulation and proliferation, contributing to stem cell maintenance.

**Epigenetic Modifications Involved in Stem Cell Population Maintenance:**

- **Histone Modifications:** Alterations in the structure of histones, the proteins that package DNA, can influence gene expression and regulate stem cell maintenance. For example, acetylation of histones can promote gene activation and promote self-renewal.

- **DNA Methylation:** The addition of a methyl group to DNA can alter gene expression and regulate stem cell fate decisions.

**Regulation of Stem Cell Population Maintenance:**

- **Microenvironment:** The microenvironment or niche surrounding stem cells provides crucial signals and support for their maintenance. This niche often contains specialized cells that produce signaling factors and provide physical support.

- **Cellular Stress:** Cellular stress, such as DNA damage or oxidative stress, can trigger responses that influence stem cell behavior, promoting survival or differentiation.

- **Aging:** As organisms age, stem cell populations decline in size and function, contributing to age-related changes in tissues and organs.

**Disruption of Stem Cell Population Maintenance:**

- **Genetic Mutations:** Mutations in genes involved in stem cell maintenance can lead to abnormal stem cell behavior and contribute to diseases such as cancer.

- **Environmental Factors:** Environmental factors, such as toxins or radiation, can damage stem cells and disrupt their normal function.

- **Age-Related Changes:** Age-related changes in the microenvironment and stem cell intrinsic properties can contribute to stem cell dysfunction and aging.

**Therapeutic Potential:**

Understanding the mechanisms of stem cell population maintenance has important therapeutic implications. Stem cell-based therapies hold promise for treating various diseases by replenishing damaged tissues or organs. By manipulating stem cell behavior, it may be possible to promote tissue regeneration and restore function in diseased or injured tissues.
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Proteins (13)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Bromodomain-containing protein 9A bromodomain-containing protein 9 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9H8M2]Homo sapiens (human)
Inhibitor of growth protein 2An inhibitor of growth protein 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9H160]Homo sapiens (human)
Histone deacetylase 2A histone deacetylase 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q92769]Homo sapiens (human)
Lysine-specific demethylase 2BA lysine-specific demethylase 2B that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q8NHM5]Homo sapiens (human)
NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-6An NAD-dependent protein deacylase sirtuin-6 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q8N6T7]Homo sapiens (human)
Histone-binding protein RBBP7A histone-binding protein RBBP7 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q16576]Homo sapiens (human)
Transcriptional enhancer factor TEF-3A transcriptional enhancer factor TEF-3 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q15561]Homo sapiens (human)
Histone deacetylase 1A histone deacetylase 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q13547]Homo sapiens (human)
Histone-binding protein RBBP4A histone-binding protein RBBP4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q09028]Homo sapiens (human)
Transcription activator BRG1A transcription activator BRG1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P51532]Homo sapiens (human)
Probable global transcription activator SNF2L2A probable global transcription activator SNF2L2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P51531]Homo sapiens (human)
Steroid hormone receptor ERR2A steroid hormone receptor ERR2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O95718]Homo sapiens (human)
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--peptide N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 110 kDa subunitA UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--peptide N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 110 kDa subunit that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:O15294]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (143)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acidgamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid
human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
butyric acidbutyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.

butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.

Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.
fatty acid 4:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid
human urinary metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
niacinamidenicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3
anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
pyrazinamidepyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines
antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyrazinoic acidpyrazine-2-carboxylic acid : The parent compound of the class of pyrazinecarboxylic acids, that is pyrazine bearing a single carboxy substituent. The active metabolite of the antitubercular drug pyrazinamide.

pyrazinoic acid: active metabolite of pyrazinamide; structure
pyrazinecarboxylic acidantitubercular agent;
drug metabolite
acetohydroxamic acidacetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.

acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor

N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.

oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.
acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid
algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
bufexamacbufexamac : A hydroxamic acid derived from phenylacetamide in which the benzene moiety is substituted at C-4 by a butoxy group. It has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties.

Bufexamac: A benzeneacetamide with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic action. It is administered topically, orally, or rectally.
aromatic ether;
hydroxamic acid
antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celecoxiborganofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ci 994tacedinaline : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid with one of the amino groups of 1,2-phenylenediamine. An oral cytostatic drug with impressive differential activity against leukemic cells and normal stem-cells. Also used in combination therapy for selected tumors including non-smoll cell lung, pancreatic, breast, and colorectal cancers.

tacedinaline: oral cytostatic drug with impressive differential activity against leukemic cells & normal stem-cells
acetamides;
benzamides;
substituted aniline
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
clioquinol5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.
monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
deferipronedeferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.

Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.
4-pyridonesiron chelator;
protective agent
valproic acidvalproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.

Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.
branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
fluconazolefluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.

Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.
conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug
environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flufenamic acidflufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.

Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16)
aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound
antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
beta-thujaplicinbeta-thujaplicin : A monoterpenoid that is cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and an isopropyl group at position 4. Isolated from Thuja plicata and Chamaecyparis obtusa, it exhibits antimicrobial activities.

beta-thujaplicin: structure
cyclic ketone;
enol;
monoterpenoid
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiplasmodial drug;
plant metabolite
4-(dimethylamino)-n-(7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl)benzamide4-(dimethylamino)-N-(7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl)benzamide: structure in first source

4-(dimethylamino)-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid with the amino group of 7-amino-N-hydroxyheptanamide. It is a potent inhibitor of histone deacetylases and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in several human cancer cell lines.
benzamides;
hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
entinostatbenzamides;
carbamate ester;
primary amino compound;
pyridines;
substituted aniline
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
niflumic acidNiflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
4-phenylbutyric acid4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.

4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd
monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
pomiferinpomiferin: structure in first sourceisoflavanones
ppm 18naphthoquinone
pyroxamidearomatic amide
suberoyl bis-hydroxamic acidsuberoyl bis-hydroxamic acid: antineoplastic, Histone Deacetylase inhibitorhydroxamic acid
scriptaidscriptide: provokes translocation of GLUT4 to increase glucose uptake; structure in first sourceisoquinolines
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium saltsodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.organic sodium saltEC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
orphan drug;
prodrug
fenofibratebenzochromenone;
delta-lactone;
naphtho-alpha-pyrone
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
Sir2 inhibitor
imatinibaromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorinostatvorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).

Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.
dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
uridine diphosphateUridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate;
uridine 5'-phosphate
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
benzoxazolone2-benzoxazolinone : A member of the class of benzoxazoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole carrying an oxo group at position 2.

benzoxazolone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure
benzoxazoleallelochemical;
phytoalexin
benzohydroxamic acid
ferrocin cN-methyl-2-quinolone: structure in first source
acetylcysteineN-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid
antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
camptothecinNSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first sourcedelta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
2,3-dihydroxypyridine2,3-dihydroxypyridine: affects thyroid function

pyridine-2,3-diol : A dihydroxypyridine in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 2 and 3.
dihydroxypyridine
daunorubicinanthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.

daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.

Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.
aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
4-ethynylbiphenyl4-ethynylbiphenyl: structure given in first source
lovastatinlovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).

Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.
delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)
anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
atorvastatinaromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenolstilbenoid
bendamustinebenzimidazoles
pirlindolepirlindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym pyrazidol refers to mono-HCl; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2812carbazoles
nicotinohydroxamic acidpyridinecarboxamide
ubenimexubenimex: growth inhibitor
1-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine1-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine: structure in first source
osajinosajin: from Maclura pomiferaisoflavanones
8-mercaptoquinoline8-mercaptoquinoline: structure given in first source
2-ethynylnaphthalene2-ethynylnaphthalene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd
rubimaillinrubimaillin : A benzochromene that is 2H-benzo[h]chromene which is substituted by two methyl groups at position 2, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a hydroxy group at position 6. Found in the Chinese medical plant Rubia cordifola, It has an anti-cancer effect by inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation. It is also a dual inhibitor of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 and 2 (ACAT1 and ACAT2), but is more selective for the ACAT2 isozyme.

rubimaillin: structure given in first source
benzochromene;
methyl ester;
phenols
acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
neuroprotective agent;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
plant metabolite
di-n-desethylamiodaronedi-N-desethylamiodarone: amiodarone metabolite in dogs; structure given in first source
przewaquinone dprzewaquinone D: isolated from root of Salvia przewalskii; structure given in first source; RN given refers to the trans- isomer, przewaquinone D
zm 241385ZM 241385: a high affinity radioligand selective for the A2a adenosine receptordiamino-1,3,5-triazine
5-chloropyrazinamide
lapatinibfurans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
N-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamideacetamides
n-hydroxy-2,2-diphenylacetamideN-hydroxy-2,2-diphenylacetamide: a class IIa HDAC inhibitor; structure in first source
bortezomibamino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
trapoxin atrapoxin B: from Helicoma ambiens; structure given in first source
actinoninactinonin: natural hydroxamic acid, pseudopeptide antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces species; structure
e-z cinnamic acidcinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.

trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid
cinnamic acidplant metabolite
trichostatin atrichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCESantibiotic antifungal agent;
hydroxamic acid;
trichostatin
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
(3R,5S)-fluvastatin(3R,5S)-fluvastatin : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which the stereocentres beta- and delta- to the carboxy group have R and S configuration, respectively. The drug fluvastatin is an equimolar mixture of this compound and its enantiomer.(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid;
statin (synthetic)
caffeic acidtrans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
curcumincurcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.

Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.
aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol
anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
chlorogenic acidcaffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source

chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.
cinnamate ester;
tannin
food component;
plant metabolite
tg 003TG 003: a Clk inhibitor; structure in first source
zd 6474CH 331: structure in first sourcearomatic ether;
organobromine compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
secondary amine
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
desmethylanethol trithionedesmethylanethol trithione: metabolite of anethol trithione; structure given in first source
5-chloro-7-[(4-ethyl-1-piperazinyl)-(3-pyridinyl)methyl]-8-quinolinolorganochlorine compound;
quinolines
ex 5276-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.

6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source
carbazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound
sodium butyrateorganic sodium saltEC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
5'-o-caffeoylquinic acidtrans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinic acid : A cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 5-hydroxy group of quinic acid.cinnamate ester;
cyclitol carboxylic acid
plant metabolite
harmineharmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.

Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.
harmala alkaloidanti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
genistein7-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
aureusidinaureusidin : A hydroxyaurone that is aurone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 6, 3' and 4' respectively.

aureusidin: structure in first source
hydroxyauroneplant metabolite
su 11248monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles
angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
romidepsindepsipeptide : A natural or synthetic compound having a sequence of amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues (usually alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy acids), commonly but not necessarily regularly alternating.cyclodepsipeptide;
heterocyclic antibiotic;
organic disulfide
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
carboxycinnamic acid bishydroxamidecarboxycinnamic acid bishydroxamide: inhibits histone decacetylase I & 3; structure in first source
cinnamoylhydroxamic acidcinnamoylhydroxamic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd
urolithin durolithin D: has antiproliferative activity; structure in first sourcehydroxycoumarin
3',4'-dihydroxyaurone3',4'-dihydroxyaurone : A hydroxyaurone that is aurone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3' and 4' positions; major species at pH 7.3. It shows inhibitory activity against several isoforms of the histone deacetylase complex (HDAC).catechols;
hydroxyaurone
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
psammaplin apsammaplin A: isolated from marine sponges Poecillastra and Jaspis; structure in second source
trichostatin ctrichostatin C: glycosylated trichostatin A; structure given in first source; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHINO-amino sugar;
trichostatin
laq824LAQ824: Histone deacetylase inhibitor
indigo carmine3,5-di-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid: from roots of Lychnophora ericoides; structure in first source

3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid : A carboxylic ester that is the diester obtained by the condensation of the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 of (-)-quinic acid with the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid. Isolated from Brazilian propolis and Suaeda glauca, it exhibits hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activities.
tanespimycinCP 127374: analog of herbimycin A1,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
Hsp90 inhibitor
pd 404182
tubacintubacin: inhibits histone deacetylase 6; structure in first source1,3-oxazoles
gsk5182GSK5182: an estrogen-related receptor gamma inverse agonist
(3S,6S,9S,12R)-3-[(2S)-Butan-2-yl]-6-[(1-methoxyindol-3-yl)methyl]-9-(6-oxooctyl)-1,4,7,10-tetrazabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadecane-2,5,8,11-tetroneoligopeptide
belinostathydroxamic acid;
olefinic compound;
sulfonamide
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
sk-7041SK-7041: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source
panobinostatpanobinostat : A hydroxamic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2E)-3-[4-({[2-(2-methylindol-3-yl)ethyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]prop-2-enoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor used (as its lactate salt) in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.

Panobinostat: An indole and hydroxamic acid derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used as an antineoplastic agent in combination with BORTEZOMIB and DEXAMETHASONE for the treatment of MULTIPLE MYELOMA.
cinnamamides;
hydroxamic acid;
methylindole;
secondary amino compound
angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
hdac-42HDAC-42: structure in first sourceamidobenzoic acid
4-acetamido-N-(2-amino-5-thiophen-2-ylphenyl)benzamidebenzamides
n1-(2-aminophenyl)-n7-phenylheptanediamide
bml 210N1-(2-aminophenyl)-N8-phenyloctanediamide: InChIKey: RFLHBLWLFUFFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-Ndicarboxylic acid diamideantineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
n-(2-amino-5-fluorobenzyl)-4-(n-(pyridine-3-acrylyl)aminomethyl)benzamide
givinostatcarbamate ester
mocetinostatmocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).

mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer
aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
6h-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine-6-acetamide, 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-n-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3,9-trimethyl-, (6s)-organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
methyl 3,5-di-o-caffeoyl quinate3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid methyl ester: results suggest that the effect of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic esters on CHS is associated with a decrease in the production of interleukins, but not with the inhibition of iNOS expression. Moreover, esterification of the carboxyl group at C-1 enhanced protection against tyrosine nitration in the skin

methyl 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinate : A methyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid with methanol. Isolated from Suaeda glauca and Dichrocephala bicolor, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.
r 306465
luotonin aluotonin A: structure in first sourcequinazolines
di-2-pyridylketone-4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone
spiruchostatin aspiruchostatin A: a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source
nutlin-3anutlin 3: an MDM2 antagonist; structure in first sourcestilbenoid
psoralenosidepsoralenoside: structure in first source
quisinostatindoles
resminostatresminostat: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source
abexinostatabexinostat: structure in first sourcebenzofurans
chidamidebenzamides
hc toxin
azumamide eazumamide E: a natural cyclic tetrapeptide isolated from marine sponge Mycale izuensis; histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source
cnf 20242-aminopurines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines
antineoplastic agent;
Hsp90 inhibitor
N-(2-aminophenyl)-2-pyrazinecarboxamidearomatic amide
kd 5170KD 5170: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source
pci 34051PCI 34051: an HDAC8 inhibitorindolecarboxamide
cudc 1017-(4-(3-ethynylphenylamino)-7-methoxyquinazolin-6-yloxy)-N-hydroxyheptanamide: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source
largazolelargazole: an antiproliferative agent from Symploca; structure in first source
N-[4-[3-[[[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]amino]-oxomethyl]-5-isoxazolyl]phenyl]carbamic acid tert-butyl esterCAY10603: a HDAC6 inhibitorcarbamate ester
trichostatin rktrichostatin RK: from Streptomyces sp. RK98-A74.; structure in first source
ly2784544pyridazines
jq1 compoundcarboxylic ester;
organochlorine compound;
tert-butyl ester;
thienotriazolodiazepine
angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
ferroptosis inducer
tubastatin ahydroxamic acid;
pyridoindole;
tertiary amino compound
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
pracinostatpracinostat : A hydroxamic acid that is N-hydroxyacrylamide which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-butyl-1-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl group (the E isomer). An orally available pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor with demonstrated activity in the treatment of advanced solid tumours.benzimidazole;
hydroxamic acid;
olefinic compound;
tertiary amino compound
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
i-bet726
acy-1215ricolinostat: an HDAC6 inhibitor; structure in first sourcepyrimidinecarboxylic acid
cudc-907
rgfp966
rg2833RG2833: a histone deacetylase inhibitor; structure in first source
3-[[2-(2-pyridinyl)-6-(1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-3-yl)-4-pyrimidinyl]amino]propanoic acidorganonitrogen heterocyclic compound
mi-192MI-192: histone deacetylase 2 and 3 inhibitor; structure in first source
acy-738
2-((1-(3-fluorophenyl)cyclohexyl)amino)-n-hydroxypyrimidine-5-carboxamide
epz-6438tazemetostat: a histone methyltransferase EZH2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity
gsk343GSK343 : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1-isopropyl-1H-indazole-4-carboxamide in which the nitrogen of the carboxamide group is substituted by a (6-methyl-2-oxo-4-propyl-1,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl group and in which the indazole ring is substituted at position 6 by a 2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-4-yl group. A highly potent and selective EZH2 inhibitor (IC50 = 4 nM).

GSK343: an EZH2 methyltransferase inhibitor
aminopyridine;
indazoles;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridone;
secondary carboxamide
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.1.1.43 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) inhibitor
4-((1-butyl-3-phenylureido)methyl)-n-hydroxybenzamide4-((1-butyl-3-phenylureido)methyl)-N-hydroxybenzamide: inhibits HDAC6; structure in first source
osimertinibosimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.

osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor
acrylamides;
aminopyrimidine;
biaryl;
indoles;
monomethoxybenzene;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound
antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
santacruzamate asantacruzamate A: HDAC2 inhibitor from the Panamanian marine cyanobacterium cf. Symploca sp.; structure in first sourceorganonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pf-06687252PF-06687252: a SMARCA2/4 bromodomain inhibitor; structure in first source

PFI-3 : An azabicycloalkane that is (1R,4R)-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane which is substituted at position 2 by a 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-oxoprop-1-en-1-yl group and at position 5 by a pyridin-2-yl group. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of polybromo 1 (Kd = 48 nM), SMARCA2 and SMARCA4 (Kd = 89 nM) bromodomains.
azabicycloalkane;
enone;
phenols;
pyridines
tetrahydroamentoflavonetetrahydroamentoflavone: isolated from Semecarpus anacardium; structure in first source
pf-477736PF 00477736: a Chk1 inhibitor; structure in first source

PF-00477736 : A diazepinoindole that is 8-amino-4,5-dihydro-6H-[1,2]diazepino[4,5,6-cd]indol-6-one which is substituted at position 2 by a 1-methylpyrazol-4-yl group and in which the amino group at position 8 has undergone condensation with the carboxy group of (2R)-2-cyclohexylglycine to give the corresponding carboxamide. It is an inhibitor of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk 1).