| Substance | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials | Classes | Roles |
|---|
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4. | 5.58 | 14 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid | human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule |
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion. | 2.65 | 3 | 0 | halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine | cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite |
nickel
Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | metal allergen;
nickel group element atom | epitope;
micronutrient |
taurine
[no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion | antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
ro 5-4864
4'-chlorodiazepam: selectively binds peripheral benzodiazepine receptor | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | | |
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine | anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic |
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | benzodiazepine | |
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation. | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes | anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator |
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5. | 5.07 | 14 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound | anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic |
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem. | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid | anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent |
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose. | 5.19 | 9 | 0 | ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound | antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist |
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia. | 9.1 | 16 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes | anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative |
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent. | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | benzodiazepine | |
muscimol
Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita. | 7.65 | 3 | 0 | alkaloid;
isoxazoles;
primary amino compound | fungal metabolite;
GABA agonist;
oneirogen;
psychotropic drug |
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | triazolobenzodiazepine | sedative |
n,n-dimethyltryptamine
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine: An N-methylated indoleamine derivative and serotonergic hallucinogen which occurs naturally and ubiquitously in several plant species including Psychotria veridis. It also occurs in trace amounts in mammalian brain, blood, and urine, and is known to act as an agonist or antagonist of certain SEROTONIN RECEPTORS.. N,N-dimethyltryptamine : A tryptamine derivative having two N-methyl substituents on the side-chain. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | tryptamine alkaloid;
tryptamines | |
isoquinoline
[no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | azaarene;
isoquinolines;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene | |
oxazoles
Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-oxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene | |
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid | antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist |
bufotenin
Bufotenin: A hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. Bufotenin has been used as a tool in CNS studies and misused as a psychedelic.. bufotenin : A tertiary amine that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 5. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | tertiary amine;
tryptamine alkaloid | coral metabolite;
hallucinogen |
3-pyridinaldehyde
pyridine-3-carbaldehyde : A pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine substituted by a formyl group at position 3. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | pyridinecarbaldehyde | |
pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde
pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde: structure in first source. 2-formylpyridine : A pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a formyl group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | pyridinecarbaldehyde | |
2-acetylpyridine
2-acetylpyridine: structure in first source | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone | |
heliamine
heliamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. heliamine : An isoquinoline that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether;
diether;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines | plant metabolite |
nickel chloride
nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | nickel coordination entity | calcium channel blocker;
hapten |
norsalsolinol
norsalsolinol: rigid dopamine analog; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. norsalsolinol : An isoquinolinol that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7. It is present in the dopamine-rich areas of the human brain, including the substantia nigra. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolinol | animal metabolite;
apoptosis inducer;
human metabolite;
marine metabolite |
progabide
progabide: GABA agonist; structure | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
norharman
norharman: RN given refers to parent cpd. beta-carboline : The parent compound of the beta-carbolines, a tricyclic structure comprising an indole ring system ortho- fused to C-3 and C-4 of a pyridine ring. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | beta-carbolines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent | fungal metabolite;
marine metabolite |
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid: used as a substitute for amino acids in synthetic peptides | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | | |
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of beta-carbolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline substituted at position 3 by a carboxy group. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | alpha-amino acid;
aromatic amino acid;
beta-carboline alkaloid | human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite;
rat metabolite |
tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate
tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate: binds to GABA & ion recognition sites; structure given in first source | 2.37 | 2 | 0 | organic thiophosphate | |
2-phenylpyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3(5h)-one
2-phenylpyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3(5H)-one: a mixed agonist/antagonist of the benzodiazepine receptor | 3.46 | 2 | 0 | | |
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: structure given in first source | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | beta-carbolines | |
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: isolated from brain tissue & urine; extremely potent displacer of diazepam from brain benzodiazepam receptors; structure in first source | 5.27 | 10 | 0 | beta-carbolines | |
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester: structure given in first source | 3.97 | 4 | 0 | beta-carbolines | |
cl 218872
CL 218872: shows specific action on benzodiazepine receptors; structure | 7.36 | 2 | 0 | pyridazines;
ring assembly | |
n-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate
N-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: benzodiazepine binding inhibitor from bovine cerebral cortex | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | beta-carbolines | |
gamma-carboline
gamma-carboline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | pyridoindole | |
carboline-3-carboxylic acid
[no description available] | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | | |
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human blood serum metabolite |
enkephalin, leucine
Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties. | 1.99 | 1 | 0 | pentapeptide;
peptide zwitterion | analgesic;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
rat metabolite |
methyl isoquinoline-3-carboxylate
[no description available] | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
harmine
Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7. | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | harmala alkaloid | anti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
metabolite |
harman
harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A. | 2.36 | 2 | 0 | harmala alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
indole alkaloid | anti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite |
3-hydroxymethyl-beta-carboline
3-hydroxymethyl-beta-carboline: antagonizes anticonvulsant & anxiolytic actions of diazepam at doses which do not elicit overt behavioral effects in mice | 1.96 | 1 | 0 | beta-carbolines | |
1-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid
1-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid: metabolite from cows fed with corn silage; structure in first source | 2.88 | 4 | 0 | | |
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine. | 3.06 | 1 | 0 | 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide | Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |