Page last updated: 2024-09-27

Chromesthesia

The experience of involuntary sensory cross activation where the presentation of a particular stimulus elicits a secondary sensory-perceptual experience. It most commonly occurs in the association of color with linguistic stimuli such as letters, numbers, words, or music, but can also occur between other senses. Although synesthesia can be acquired or transient due to trauma or drug use, there is also a strong genetic component, with a prevalence of about 1 in 2,000 individuals and a female to male ratio of 6:1.

Synonyms(7)

Synonym
Synesthesia
Colored Hearing Synesthesia
Ideaesthesia
Grapheme-Color Synesthesia
Ideasthesia
Chromesthesia
Lexical-Gustatory Synesthesia

Research Excerpts

Overview

ExcerptReference
"Grapheme-color synesthesia is a condition in which letters are perceived with an additional color dimension."( Bleich, S; Dillo, W; Emrich, HM; Neufeld, J; Sinke, C; Szycik, GR; Zedler, M, 2012)

Research

Studies (12)

TimeframeStudies, This Condition (%)All Conditions %
pre-19900 (0.00)23.3326
1990's0 (0.00)12.5806
2000's0 (0.00)18.1394
2010's10 (83.33)28.8240
2020's2 (16.67)9.53
DrugIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
gamma-aminobutyric acid0low10
nitrous oxide0low10
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine0low10
lidocaine0medium11
lysergic acid diethylamide0low30
glutamic acid0low10
ego0low10

Protein Targets (273)

ProteinPotency MeasurementsInhibition MeasurementsActivation MeasurementsDrugs
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C0213
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0224
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0112
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter 0202
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter0112
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0213
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 60011
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0213
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter0112
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 0112
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5B0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A0011
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter 0303
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 0011
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B0011
Chain A, Ferritin light chain1001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid 0011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-30011
thioredoxin reductase3003
ATAD5 protein, partial1001
Hsf1 protein0011
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor1001
regulator of G-protein signaling 42002
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B1001
arylsulfatase A1001
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 23003
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 11001
D(1A) dopamine receptor1001
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a1001
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 31001
histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursor1001
geminin2002
peripheral myelin protein 221001
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 11001
lamin isoform A-delta102002
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A1001
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi1203
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta0101
Histone deacetylase 30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 20011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-11203
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-60011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta1203
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-21214
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-51203
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-31203
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-20011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta0011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-11203
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-21203
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-10022
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-30011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-41203
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-30112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-31203
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-20011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-61203
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 10101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-50112
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 20101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 30101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 10101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 20101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-30112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-20112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-20112
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter0101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter0101
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 30101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40112
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-10011
Histone deacetylase 40101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-10011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-11214
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-31203
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-30011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-21214
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon0101
4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial0001
4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial0001
TAR DNA-binding protein 431001
Histone deacetylase 10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-60112
Sterol O-acyltransferase 10011
Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-50011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-10101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi0011
Histone deacetylase 70101
GABA theta subunit1203
Histone deacetylase 20101
Polyamine deacetylase HDAC100101
Histone deacetylase 11 0101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-30101
Histone deacetylase 80101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-40011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon1203
Platelet glycoprotein VI0011
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta0011
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 20101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-10011
Histone deacetylase 60101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 10011
Histone deacetylase 90101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta0101
Histone deacetylase 50101
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 10101
Chain A, GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR SUBUNIT 20101
Chain A, Glutamate Receptor Subunit 20101
Chain B, Glutamate Receptor Subunit 20101
Chain A, Slr1257 protein0011
Chain A, Glucosamine--fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase [isomerizing]0101
glp-1 receptor, partial1001
phosphopantetheinyl transferase1001
GLS protein3003
TDP1 protein3003
AR protein2002
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha2002
beta-2 adrenergic receptor1001
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 11001
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 80202
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 60113
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D0101
Excitatory amino acid transporter 40101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B0101
Glutathione reductase, mitochondrial0202
Bifunctional aspartokinase/homoserine dehydrogenase 10101
Prothrombin0011
Carbonic anhydrase 10001
Carbonic anhydrase 20001
Integrin beta-30011
Integrin alpha-IIb0011
ATP-citrate synthase 0101
Glutamate receptor 10213
Glutamate receptor 20213
Glutamate receptor 30213
Glutamate receptor 40213
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 10213
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 10112
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 20011
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 30011
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 40112
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 50011
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 60011
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 70011
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 0213
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 10112
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 50113
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 20213
Glutamate receptor 10213
Glutamate receptor 20213
Glutamate receptor 30112
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 30202
Excitatory amino acid transporter 10203
Excitatory amino acid transporter 20203
Excitatory amino acid transporter 30203
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 80011
Glutamate receptor 40213
Excitatory amino acid transporter 3 0001
Glutamate racemase0001
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 80112
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 10101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A 0213
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B0213
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C0213
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 40202
Glutamate carboxypeptidase 20101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 10101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 20112
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 30101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B0101
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 10113
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 20113
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 70113
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 30113
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 40113
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 50101
Carbonic anhydrase-like protein, putative0001
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D0213
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, kainate 50202
Glutamate racemase0001
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B0213
Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase FTO0101
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A0213
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE1001
Chain A, Beta-lactamase1001
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma1001
Microtubule-associated protein tau1001
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A11001
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor2002
IDH11001
chromobox protein homolog 11001
mitogen-activated protein kinase 11001
flap endonuclease 11001
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 11001
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M11001
Potassium channel subfamily K member 30101
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 30101
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 40101
Potassium channel subfamily K member 20101
Bile salt export pump0101
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha0101
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 50101
Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha0101
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 20101
Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha0101
Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha0101
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 20101
Potassium channel subfamily K member 180101
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 10101
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 10101
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha0101
acetylcholinesterase1001
Fumarate hydratase1001
GLI family zinc finger 31001
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 31001
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 41001
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha1001
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha1001
pregnane X nuclear receptor1001
G1001
cytochrome P450 2D61001
polyprotein1001
aryl hydrocarbon receptor1001
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor1001
Histone H2A.x1001
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 21001
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 11001
Interferon beta1001
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain 1001
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor0101
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A0101
D(2) dopamine receptor0101
D(4) dopamine receptor0101
D(1B) dopamine receptor0101
Catechol O-methyltransferase0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A0112
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1E0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 70101
Histamine H1 receptor0101
D(3) dopamine receptor0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A0101
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 60101
D0101
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 11001
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 51001
Ataxin-21001
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter0101
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial1001
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]