gamma-aminobutyric acid and Migraine Disorders studies

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.

Migraine Disorders: A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Gabapentin offers an effective, safe alternative therapy or co-therapy for the listed painful conditions and tremor; it does not affect the metabolism of other medications and is well tolerated."	9.08	Gabapentin for treatment of pain and tremor: a large case series. ( Merren, MD, 1998)
"A large case series of patients with centrally mediated pain, peripherally mediated pain, migraine, and tremor were treated in an open-label study with gabapentin (maximum of 2,700 mg/day)."	9.08	Gabapentin for treatment of pain and tremor: a large case series. ( Merren, MD, 1998)
"Having a differential sensitivity to morphine can distinguish migraine suffers from healthy people who are headache-exempt."	9.08	Painful and non-painful effects of low doses of morphine in migraine sufferers partly depend on excitatory amino acids and gamma-aminobutyric acid. ( Nicolodi, M, 1998)
"Gabapentin, which has been approved for add-on therapy of focal seizures, is increasingly used for treatment of neuropathic pain."	8.81	[Gabapentin therapy for pain]. ( Block, F, 2001)
"There have been many proposed uses for gabapentin, including midscapular pain secondary to radiation myelopathy, RSD, neuropathic pain, postherpetic neuralgia, and migraine prophylaxis."	8.79	Use of gabapentin in pain management. ( Connelly, JF; Wetzel, CH, 1997)
"The author describes six cases in which gabapentin treatment reduced the frequency of hot flashes."	7.70	Gabapentin's effects on hot flashes and hypothermia. ( Guttuso, TJ, 2000)
"Gabapentin, which has been approved for add-on therapy of focal seizures, is increasingly used for treatment of neuropathic pain."	6.41	[Gabapentin therapy for pain]. ( Block, F, 2001)
"Gabapentin offers an effective, safe alternative therapy or co-therapy for the listed painful conditions and tremor; it does not affect the metabolism of other medications and is well tolerated."	5.08	Gabapentin for treatment of pain and tremor: a large case series. ( Merren, MD, 1998)
"A large case series of patients with centrally mediated pain, peripherally mediated pain, migraine, and tremor were treated in an open-label study with gabapentin (maximum of 2,700 mg/day)."	5.08	Gabapentin for treatment of pain and tremor: a large case series. ( Merren, MD, 1998)
"Having a differential sensitivity to morphine can distinguish migraine suffers from healthy people who are headache-exempt."	5.08	Painful and non-painful effects of low doses of morphine in migraine sufferers partly depend on excitatory amino acids and gamma-aminobutyric acid. ( Nicolodi, M, 1998)
" On the other hand, patients with divalproex exhibited significantly higher risk of nausea compared to those with placebo, topiramate, propranolol, gabapentin and amitriptyline."	4.95	Unveiling the relative efficacy, safety and tolerability of prophylactic medications for migraine: pairwise and network-meta analysis. ( He, A; Li, C; Song, D; Zhang, L, 2017)
"Gabapentin, which has been approved for add-on therapy of focal seizures, is increasingly used for treatment of neuropathic pain."	4.81	[Gabapentin therapy for pain]. ( Block, F, 2001)
"There have been many proposed uses for gabapentin, including midscapular pain secondary to radiation myelopathy, RSD, neuropathic pain, postherpetic neuralgia, and migraine prophylaxis."	4.79	Use of gabapentin in pain management. ( Connelly, JF; Wetzel, CH, 1997)
" Here, we aim to reveal the risk factors of migraine with allodynia and to illustrate the effects of pregabalin on alleviating allodynia."	3.81	Effects of pregabalin on central sensitization in patients with migraine. ( Chen, CF; Yu, FY; Zhang, N, 2015)
"We examined reporting practices for trials of gabapentin funded by Pfizer and Warner-Lambert's subsidiary, Parke-Davis (hereafter referred to as Pfizer and Parke-Davis) for off-label indications (prophylaxis against migraine and treatment of bipolar disorders, neuropathic pain, and nociceptive pain), comparing internal company documents with published reports."	3.75	Outcome reporting in industry-sponsored trials of gabapentin for off-label use. ( Bero, L; Dickersin, K; Scherer, RW; Vedula, SS, 2009)
"The author describes six cases in which gabapentin treatment reduced the frequency of hot flashes."	3.70	Gabapentin's effects on hot flashes and hypothermia. ( Guttuso, TJ, 2000)
"Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in cerebrospinal fluid were measured in seven patients with tension headache and 12 patients with migraine."	3.65	Cerebrospinal fluid gamma aminobutyric acid levels in migraine. ( Achar, VS; Bartosh, K; Chabi, E; Meyer, JS; Welch, KM, 1975)
"In 22 migraineurs and 25 controls, the GABA and the GLX concentrations did not differ at baseline between the groups."	3.30	The longitudinal influence of tDCS on occipital GABA and glutamate/glutamine levels in episodic migraineurs. ( Gantenbein, AR; Luechinger, R; Michels, L; O'Gorman, R; Pohl, H; Riederer, F; Sandor, PS; Schoenen, J; Wyss, P, 2023)
" Weight loss and numbness were common adverse effects in the topiramate group."	2.78	Comparison of efficacy and safety of topiramate with gabapentin in migraine prophylaxis: randomized open label control trial. ( Ahmed, S; Alam, R; Khan, M; Zafar, I; Zain, S, 2013)
"Both drugs were equally effective in migraine prophylaxis."	2.78	Comparison of efficacy and safety of topiramate with gabapentin in migraine prophylaxis: randomized open label control trial. ( Ahmed, S; Alam, R; Khan, M; Zafar, I; Zain, S, 2013)
"Reduction in mean monthly migraine frequency (10."	2.78	Comparison of efficacy and safety of topiramate with gabapentin in migraine prophylaxis: randomized open label control trial. ( Ahmed, S; Alam, R; Khan, M; Zafar, I; Zain, S, 2013)
"Statistically significant reduction in migraine frequency compared to baseline (p < 0."	2.76	Efficacy and tolerability of pregabalin as preventive treatment for migraine: a 3-month follow-up study. ( Ciuffoli, A; Pizzolato, R; Prosperini, L; Sette, G; Villani, V, 2011)
" A greater frequency reduction was observed in those patients who increased the dosage within the first month of therapy."	2.76	Efficacy and tolerability of pregabalin as preventive treatment for migraine: a 3-month follow-up study. ( Ciuffoli, A; Pizzolato, R; Prosperini, L; Sette, G; Villani, V, 2011)
"Migraine is a common neurological disorder and epidemiological studies have documented its high social and economic impact."	2.76	Efficacy and tolerability of pregabalin as preventive treatment for migraine: a 3-month follow-up study. ( Ciuffoli, A; Pizzolato, R; Prosperini, L; Sette, G; Villani, V, 2011)
"Migraine is often a chronic and disabling disorder."	2.74	The efficacy of gabapentin in migraine prophylaxis: an observational open label study. ( Bosnar-Puretić, M; Demarin, V; Lovrencić-Huzjan, A; Vuković, V, 2009)
"The study included 67 migraine patients, 55 women and 12 men; 52 patients completed this prospective, open-label study."	2.74	The efficacy of gabapentin in migraine prophylaxis: an observational open label study. ( Bosnar-Puretić, M; Demarin, V; Lovrencić-Huzjan, A; Vuković, V, 2009)
"Gabapentin is an effective prophylactic agent for patients with migraine."	2.70	Efficacy of gabapentin in migraine prophylaxis. ( Klapper, J; Magnus, L; Mathew, NT; Ramadan, N; Rapoport, A; Saper, J; Stacey, B; Tepper, S, 2001)
" Study medication was to be given on a three-times-a-day dosing regimen."	2.70	Efficacy of gabapentin in migraine prophylaxis. ( Klapper, J; Magnus, L; Mathew, NT; Ramadan, N; Rapoport, A; Saper, J; Stacey, B; Tepper, S, 2001)
"We examined the effect of standard migraine prophylaxis with sodium valproate on repeated measures of occipital excitability using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)."	2.70	Visual cortex excitability in migraine before and after valproate prophylaxis: a pilot study using TMS. ( Chronicle, EP; Koehler, PJ; Mulleners, WM; Vredeveld, JW, 2002)
"A proposed mechanism of chronic pain is dysregulation between the main inhibitory (GABA) and excitatory (glutamate) neurometabolites of the central nervous system."	2.66	Brain GABA and glutamate levels across pain conditions: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of 1H-MRS studies using the MRS-Q quality assessment tool. ( Aguila, MR; Leaver, AM; Peek, AL; Puts, NA; Rebbeck, T; Watson, J, 2020)
" Summary effect for migraine headache days, headache frequency, at least 50% reduction in headache attacks, all-adverse events, nausea, somnolence, dizziness, withdrawal and withdrawal due to adverse events were produced by synthesizing both direct and indirect evidence."	2.55	Unveiling the relative efficacy, safety and tolerability of prophylactic medications for migraine: pairwise and network-meta analysis. ( He, A; Li, C; Song, D; Zhang, L, 2017)
"A large number patients struggle with migraine which is classified as a chronic disorder."	2.55	Unveiling the relative efficacy, safety and tolerability of prophylactic medications for migraine: pairwise and network-meta analysis. ( He, A; Li, C; Song, D; Zhang, L, 2017)
"Summary effect for migraine headache days, headache frequency, at least 50% reduction in headache attacks, all-adverse events, nausea, somnolence, dizziness, withdrawal and withdrawal due to adverse events were produced by synthesizing both direct and indirect evidence."	2.55	Unveiling the relative efficacy, safety and tolerability of prophylactic medications for migraine: pairwise and network-meta analysis. ( He, A; Li, C; Song, D; Zhang, L, 2017)
"Several biochemical aspects of the migraine pathophysiology remain to be elucidated using MRS, such as the migraine attack, correlation to disease severity, and medication efficacy."	2.55	Migraine and magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a systematic review. ( Ashina, M; Hougaard, A; Larsson, HBW; Vestergaard, MB; Younis, S, 2017)
"Pain is a multidimensional response involving several levels of expression ranging from somatosensory to emotional."	2.50	Restless legs syndrome and pain disorders: what's in common? ( Delgado Rodrigues, RN; Goulart, LI; Prieto Peres, MF, 2014)
" We also summarised data on adverse events from all single dosage studies and calculated risk differences (RDs) and numbers needed to harm (NNHs)."	2.49	Gabapentin or pregabalin for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults. ( Chronicle, EP; Linde, M; McCrory, DC; Mulleners, WM, 2013)
" One trial of gabapentin enacarbil (523 participants) failed to demonstrate a significant difference versus placebo or between doses for gabapentin enacarbil titrated to between 1200 mg and 3000 mg with regard to proportion of responders; there was also no evidence of a dose-response trend."	2.49	Gabapentin or pregabalin for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults. ( Chronicle, EP; Linde, M; McCrory, DC; Mulleners, WM, 2013)
"Migraine is affected by fluctuating estrogen levels so it is not surprising that the perimenopause is a time of peak rate of change of migraine prevalence in women."	2.48	Perimenopausal migraine in women with vasomotor symptoms. ( MacGregor, EA, 2012)
"Yet, migraine by itself is associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation and behavior as well as with an increased risk of psychiatric disorders that facilitate the development of suicidal behavior."	2.47	Are antiepileptic drugs used in the treatment of migraine associated with an increased risk of suicidality? ( Kanner, AM, 2011)
"These drugs can reduce the incidence of migraine attacks in the large clinical studies."	2.45	[Use of antiepileptic drugs for the preventive treatment of migraine]. ( Hamada, J, 2009)
"Pediatric migraine can cause a significant impact on quality of life."	2.45	[Antiepileptic drugs for the prevention of pediatric migraine]. ( Cuvellier, JC, 2009)
"A rationale for their use in migraine prophylaxis is the hypothesis that migraine and epilepsy share several common pathogenetic mechanisms."	2.44	Antiepileptic drugs in migraine: from clinical aspects to cellular mechanisms. ( Calabresi, P; Cupini, LM; Galletti, F; Rossi, C; Sarchielli, P, 2007)
"There is a general agreement now that migraine is not only a vascular phenomenon but also a genetically determined heterogenic ion-channelopathy resulting in cortical-spreading-depression-like events, the temporary impairment of antinociceptive structures of the brainstem and the activation of the trigeminal-vascular system."	2.44	GABAergic drugs for the treatment of migraine. ( Limmroth, V; Puppe, A, 2007)
"Dizziness is not a unique clinical picture, but rather is the unspecific symptom of numerous diseases."	2.44	[Frequently occurring forms of dizziness and their treatment]. ( Thömke, F, 2007)
"The mainstay of migraine treatment is pharmacotherapy."	2.42	The role of anticonvulsants in preventive migraine therapy. ( Corbo, J, 2003)
"Gabapentin, which has been approved for add-on therapy of focal seizures, is increasingly used for treatment of neuropathic pain."	2.41	[Gabapentin therapy for pain]. ( Block, F, 2001)
"Migraine affects approximately 1 billion people worldwide, with 2."	1.91	Changes in gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate/glutamine levels in the right thalamus of patients with episodic and chronic migraine: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. ( Bai, X; Hu, Z; Li, Z; Man, X; Sui, B; Tang, H; Wang, W; Wang, Y; Yu, X; Yuan, Z; Zhang, P; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y, 2023)
"Correlation analyses within the migraine group revealed no significant correlation between metabolite concentration levels and headache characteristics after Bonferroni correction."	1.91	Changes in gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate/glutamine levels in the right thalamus of patients with episodic and chronic migraine: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. ( Bai, X; Hu, Z; Li, Z; Man, X; Sui, B; Tang, H; Wang, W; Wang, Y; Yu, X; Yuan, Z; Zhang, P; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y, 2023)
"Correlations between migraine characteristics and neurochemical levels revealed the pathological mechanisms of the relevant characteristics."	1.72	Gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate/glutamine levels in the dentate nucleus and periaqueductal gray with episodic and chronic migraine: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. ( Bai, X; Hu, Z; Li, Z; Sui, B; Tang, H; Wang, W; Wang, Y; Yu, X; Yuan, Z; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y, 2022)
"We found that patients with chronic migraine had significantly lower levels of GABA/water (p = 0."	1.72	Gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate/glutamine levels in the dentate nucleus and periaqueductal gray with episodic and chronic migraine: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. ( Bai, X; Hu, Z; Li, Z; Sui, B; Tang, H; Wang, W; Wang, Y; Yu, X; Yuan, Z; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y, 2022)
"Patients with chronic migraine were further divided into those with (n = 12) and without (n = 12) medication overuse headache."	1.72	Gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate/glutamine levels in the dentate nucleus and periaqueductal gray with episodic and chronic migraine: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. ( Bai, X; Hu, Z; Li, Z; Sui, B; Tang, H; Wang, W; Wang, Y; Yu, X; Yuan, Z; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y, 2022)
"The pathogenesis of migraine chronification remains unclear."	1.72	Gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate/glutamine levels in the dentate nucleus and periaqueductal gray with episodic and chronic migraine: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. ( Bai, X; Hu, Z; Li, Z; Sui, B; Tang, H; Wang, W; Wang, Y; Yu, X; Yuan, Z; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y, 2022)
"Migraine is caused by hyperactivity of the trigeminovascular system, where trigeminal ganglia (TG) play an important role."	1.62	α6GABA ( Chiou, LC; Cook, J; Fan, PC; Knutson, DE; Lai, TH; Lee, MT; Sieghart, W; Tzeng, HR, 2021)
"Treatment outcomes for migraine and other chronic headache and pain conditions typically demonstrate modest results."	1.62	Increased GABA+ in People With Migraine, Headache, and Pain Conditions- A Potential Marker of Pain. ( Aguila, MR; Foster, S; Galloway, G; Leaver, AM; Ng, K; Oeltzschner, G; Peek, AL; Puts, NA; Rebbeck, T; Refshauge, K; Sterling, M, 2021)
"Migraine is one of the top 5 most prevalent childhood diseases; however, effective treatment strategies for pediatric migraine are limited."	1.62	GABA and glutamate in pediatric migraine. ( Amoozegar, F; Bell, T; Harris, AD; Khaira, A; Noel, M; Stokoe, M; Webb, M, 2021)
"One theory is that migraine results from an imbalance in cortical excitability."	1.62	GABA and glutamate in pediatric migraine. ( Amoozegar, F; Bell, T; Harris, AD; Khaira, A; Noel, M; Stokoe, M; Webb, M, 2021)
"We observed people with chronic migraine (ICHD-3) over 3-months as their treatment was escalated in line with the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)."	1.62	Increase in ACC GABA+ levels correlate with decrease in migraine frequency, intensity and disability over time. ( Foster, S; Galloway, G; Henderson, L; Leaver, AM; Ng, K; Oeltzschner, G; Peek, AL; Puts, NA; Rebbeck, T; Refshauge, K, 2021)
"Patients with migraine (N=14) were treated with LEV for 12 weeks."	1.48	High-field MRS study of GABA+ in patients with migraine: response to levetiracetam treatment. ( Chen, C; Gong, T; Li, Q, 2018)
"Correlation analyses within the migraine group revealed no significant correlations between pain intensity and levels of GLX or GABA in either of the two brain regions."	1.48	Increased thalamic glutamate/glutamine levels in migraineurs. ( Bathel, A; Delice, S; Glaubitz, B; Schmidt-Wilcke, T; Schweizer, L; Stude, P; Wulms, N, 2018)
"Particularly for migraine, local hyperexcitability has been reported."	1.48	Increased thalamic glutamate/glutamine levels in migraineurs. ( Bathel, A; Delice, S; Glaubitz, B; Schmidt-Wilcke, T; Schweizer, L; Stude, P; Wulms, N, 2018)
"Studies on migraine and depression have revealed correlations with hormonal fluctuations in females as well as aberrant levels of some key neurotransmitters such as Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and inflammatory neuropeptides like Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP)."	1.48	A new theory on GABA and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide involvement in Mal de Debarquement Syndrome predisposition factors and pathophysiology. ( Browne, CJ; Jacquemyn, Y; Mucci, V; Van de Heyning, PH; Van Ombergen, A, 2018)
"during migraine attacks and interictally."	1.48	Increased thalamic glutamate/glutamine levels in migraineurs. ( Bathel, A; Delice, S; Glaubitz, B; Schmidt-Wilcke, T; Schweizer, L; Stude, P; Wulms, N, 2018)
"One way to better understand migraine is to examine its clinical characteristics and potential biomarkers such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)."	1.43	The Association Between Clinical Characteristics of Migraine and Brain GABA Levels: An Exploratory Study. ( Aguila, MR; Brennan, PC; Hübscher, M; Lagopoulos, J; Leaver, AM; Rebbeck, T; Refshauge, KM, 2016)
"Many migraine sufferers use daily prophylactic therapy to reduce the frequency of their headache attacks."	1.43	Using a graphical risk tool to examine willingness to take migraine prophylactic medications. ( Golding, AN; Houle, TT; Turner, DP, 2016)
"Migraine is prevalent and disabling yet is poorly understood."	1.43	The Association Between Clinical Characteristics of Migraine and Brain GABA Levels: An Exploratory Study. ( Aguila, MR; Brennan, PC; Hübscher, M; Lagopoulos, J; Leaver, AM; Rebbeck, T; Refshauge, KM, 2016)
"Pregabalin was effective at relieving allodynia in migraine."	1.42	Effects of pregabalin on central sensitization in patients with migraine. ( Chen, CF; Yu, FY; Zhang, N, 2015)
"The cutaneous allodynia (CA) symptoms that occurred during headache attacks were examined with the Allodynia Symptom Checklist (ASC)."	1.42	Effects of pregabalin on central sensitization in patients with migraine. ( Chen, CF; Yu, FY; Zhang, N, 2015)
"The optimal GABA+ cut-off value for migraine was 1."	1.42	Elevated levels of GABA+ in migraine detected using (1) H-MRS. ( Aguila, ME; Brennan, PC; Hübscher, M; Lagopoulos, J; Leaver, AM; Rebbeck, T; Refshauge, KM, 2015)
" The most commonly used dosage was 450 mg/d."	1.36	[Lyrica (pregabalin) in the treatment of focal refractory epilepsy in adults]. ( Andreeva, OV; Iakunina, AV; Kalinin, VA; Vlasov, PN, 2010)
"Chronic migraine is an important public health problem."	1.36	Pharmacological prophylaxis of chronic migraine: a review of double-blind placebo-controlled trials. ( D'Amico, D, 2010)
"All subject's Migraine Disability Assessment Scale and VAS scores were compared."	1.36	Rhinologic evaluation in patients with primary headache. ( Cabalar, M; Gurer, E; Kayhan, FT; Sayin, I; Yayla, V; Yazici, ZM, 2010)
"We studied 14 chronic migraine patients, with or without depression, compared to age-and sex-matched controls."	1.33	Cerebrospinal fluid GABA levels in chronic migraine with and without depression. ( Alonso, EO; Cavalheiro, EA; Faulhaber, MH; Naffah-Mazacoratti, MG; Peres, MF; Senne Soares, CA; Vieira, DS; Zukerman, E, 2006)
"In Study 1, 12 migraine with aura patients (MA), 12 age-matched migraine without aura patients (MO) and 12 age- and sex-matched headache-free control subjects (C) were compared using the metacontrast test."	1.31	Cortical hyperexcitability is cortical under-inhibition: evidence from a novel functional test of migraine patients. ( Chronicle, EP; Mulleners, WM; Palmer, JE; Rolan, P, 2000)
"GABA was detected only during the migraine attack."	1.25	Cerebrospinal fluid gamma aminobutyric acid levels in migraine. ( Achar, VS; Bartosh, K; Chabi, E; Meyer, JS; Welch, KM, 1975)

Research

Studies (78)

Authors

Clinical Trials (3)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

"Number of Participants Who Were Much Improved or Very Much Improved (Responders) on the 7-point Likert Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC) Scale Using LOCF at Week 17"

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	6 (7.69)	18.7374
1990's	9 (11.54)	18.2507
2000's	25 (32.05)	29.6817
2010's	28 (35.90)	24.3611
2020's	10 (12.82)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Peek, AL	3
Leaver, AM	5
Foster, S	2
Puts, NA	3
Oeltzschner, G	2
Henderson, L	1
Galloway, G	2
Ng, K	2
Refshauge, K	2
Rebbeck, T	5
Onderwater, GLJ	1
Wijnen, JP	1
Najac, C	1
van Dongen, RM	1
Ronen, I	1
Webb, A	1
Zielman, R	1
van Zwet, EW	1
Ferrari, MD	2
Kan, HE	1
Kruit, MC	1
Terwindt, GM	1
Wang, W	2
Zhang, X	3
Bai, X	2
Zhang, Y	4
Yuan, Z	2
Tang, H	2
Li, Z	2
Hu, Z	2
Yu, X	2
Sui, B	2
Wang, Y	2
Zhang, P	1
Man, X	1
Pohl, H	1
Wyss, P	1
Sandor, PS	1
Schoenen, J	1
Luechinger, R	1
O'Gorman, R	1
Riederer, F	1
Gantenbein, AR	1
Michels, L	1
Watson, J	1
Aguila, MR	3
Zeng, X	1
Niu, Y	1
Qin, G	1
Zhang, D	1
Zhou, J	1
Chen, L	1
Tzeng, HR	1
Lee, MT	1
Fan, PC	1
Knutson, DE	1
Lai, TH	1
Sieghart, W	1
Cook, J	1
Chiou, LC	1
Bell, T	1
Stokoe, M	1
Khaira, A	1
Webb, M	1
Noel, M	1
Amoozegar, F	1
Harris, AD	1
Sterling, M	1
Li, Q	1
Chen, C	1
Gong, T	1
Bathel, A	1
Schweizer, L	1
Stude, P	1
Glaubitz, B	1
Wulms, N	1
Delice, S	1
Schmidt-Wilcke, T	1
Mucci, V	1
Jacquemyn, Y	1
Van Ombergen, A	1
Van de Heyning, PH	1
Browne, CJ	1
Chan, YM	1
Pitchaimuthu, K	1
Wu, QZ	1
Carter, OL	1
Egan, GF	1
Badcock, DR	1
McKendrick, AM	1
Linde, M	2
Mulleners, WM	3
Chronicle, EP	3
McCrory, DC	1
Zain, S	1
Khan, M	1
Alam, R	1
Zafar, I	1
Ahmed, S	1
Fogleman, CD	1
Steiner, TJ	1
Goulart, LI	1
Delgado Rodrigues, RN	1
Prieto Peres, MF	1
Kikui, S	1
Miyahara, J	1
Kashiwaya, Y	1
Takeshima, T	1
Zhang, N	1
Chen, CF	1
Yu, FY	1
Aguila, ME	1
Lagopoulos, J	2
Hübscher, M	2
Brennan, PC	2
Refshauge, KM	2
Turner, DP	1
Golding, AN	1
Houle, TT	1
He, A	1
Song, D	1
Zhang, L	1
Li, C	1
Younis, S	1
Hougaard, A	1
Vestergaard, MB	1
Larsson, HBW	1
Ashina, M	1
Evans, RW	1
Pareja, JA	1
Cuvellier, JC	1
Spears, RC	1
Terbach, N	1
Williams, RS	1
Andreou, AP	1
Shields, KG	1
Goadsby, PJ	1
Hamada, J	1
Vedula, SS	2
Bero, L	1
Scherer, RW	1
Dickersin, K	2
Vuković, V	1
Lovrencić-Huzjan, A	1
Bosnar-Puretić, M	1
Demarin, V	1
Robbins, MS	1
Crystal, SC	1
Grosberg, BM	1
Hutchinson, S	1
D'Amico, D	1
Yazici, ZM	1
Cabalar, M	1
Sayin, I	1
Kayhan, FT	1
Gurer, E	1
Yayla, V	1
Vlasov, PN	1
Andreeva, OV	1
Iakunina, AV	1
Kalinin, VA	1
Pizzolato, R	1
Villani, V	1
Prosperini, L	1
Ciuffoli, A	1
Sette, G	1
Kanner, AM	1
MacGregor, EA	1
Goldman, PS	1
Rona, IJ	1
Greene, TM	1
Silberstein, S	1
Goode-Sellers, S	1
Twomey, C	1
Saiers, J	1
Ascher, J	1
Mariano Da Silva, H	1
Alcantara, MC	1
Bordini, CA	1
Speciali, JG	1
Corbo, J	1
Filatova, EG	1
Klimov, MV	1
Levin, M	1
Ward, TN	1
Larson, E	1
von Orelli, F	1
Vieira, DS	1
Naffah-Mazacoratti, MG	1
Zukerman, E	1
Senne Soares, CA	1
Alonso, EO	1
Faulhaber, MH	1
Cavalheiro, EA	1
Peres, MF	1
Calabresi, P	1
Galletti, F	1
Rossi, C	1
Sarchielli, P	1
Cupini, LM	1
Puppe, A	1
Limmroth, V	1
Maggioni, F	1
Mainardi, F	1
Dainese, F	1
Lisotto, C	1
Zanchin, G	1
Thömke, F	1
Bigal, ME	1
Hetherington, H	1
Pan, J	1
Tsang, A	1
Grosberg, B	1
Avdievich, N	1
Friedman, B	1
Lipton, RB	1
Gardner-Medwin, AR	1
Mutch, WA	1
Chronicle, E	1
Mulleners, W	1
Marukawa, H	1
Shimomura, T	2
Takahashi, K	2
Wetzel, CH	1
Connelly, JF	1
Nicolodi, M	3
Del Bianco, PL	1
Sicuteri, F	2
Merren, MD	1
Guttuso, TJ	1
Leniger, T	1
Wiemann, M	1
Bingmann, D	1
Hufnagel, A	1
Bonnet, U	1
Palmer, JE	1
Rolan, P	1
Mathew, NT	2
Rapoport, A	1
Saper, J	1
Magnus, L	1
Klapper, J	1
Ramadan, N	1
Stacey, B	1
Tepper, S	1
Block, F	1
Vredeveld, JW	1
Koehler, PJ	1
Schoonman, GG	1
Wiendels, NJ	1
Dalessio, DJ	1
Welch, KM	2
Chabi, E	2
Nell, JH	1
Nartosh, K	1
Chee, AN	1
Achar, VS	2
Bartosh, K	1
Meyer, JS	1
Kowa, H	1
D'Attoma, G	1
Nacci, MG	1
D'Attoma, A	1
Piccione, M	1
van Gelder, NM	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Study MPX111381: A Dose-ranging Study Evaluating the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of GSK1838262 (XP13512) in the Prophylactic Treatment of Migraine Headache[NCT00742209]	Phase 2	526 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-08-31	Completed
Studying the Impact of Exercise on Hot Flashes Using Mobile Fitbit Flex, MENQOL Scale and Hot Flash Diary[NCT03236896]		35 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-10-31	Completed
[NCT00447369]	Phase 3	70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2007-05-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to Because we did not find funds to do it)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

"The CGIC is a single question measured on a 7-point Likert Scale. (1 = very much improved; 2= much improved, and 7 = very much worse) designed to give an assessment of treatment from a clinician's perspective. A responder is defined as being 'Very much improved' or 'much improved'." (NCT00742209)
Timeframe: Week 17

"Number of Participants Who Were Much Improved or Very Much Improved on the 7-point Likert Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) Scale Using LOCF at Week 17"

Intervention	Participants (Number)
Placebo	75
GEn 1200 mg	40
GEn 1800 mg	84
GEn 2400 mg	85
GEn 3000 mg	32

"The PGIC is a single question measured on the 7-point Likert Scale (1 = very much improved; 2 = much improved; 7 = very much worse). A responder is defined as being very much improved or much improved." (NCT00742209)
Timeframe: Week 17

Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Number of Migraine Attacks

Intervention	participants (Number)
Placebo	71
GEn 1200 mg	40
GEn 1800 mg	84
GEn 2400 mg	81
GEn 3000 mg	36

A migraine attack is defined as a migraine headache of at least 30 minutes in duration and may also include recurring non-migraine or migraine headaches . Change from baseline and the last 4 weeks of treatment prior to taper were calculated means of the number of migraine attacks using the Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF). The last 4-week treatment phase is based on the last 4 weeks prior to taper for each participant. (NCT00742209)
Timeframe: Baseline and last 4 weeks of treatment prior to taper (up to Week 17)

Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in the Number of Migraine Headache Days (MHD) During the Last 4 Weeks of Treatment Prior to Taper

Intervention	Migraine Attacks (Mean)
Placebo	-2.2
GEn 1200 mg	-2.2
GEn 1800 mg	-2.3
GEn 2400 mg	-2.1
GEn 3000 mg	-2.6

A migraine headache day is defined as a calendar day with any occurrence of migraine headache pain of at least 30 minutes in duration. Change from baseline was calculated as the mean number of MHD over the last 4 weeks of treatment prior to taper minus the number at baseline using the Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF). The last 4-week treatment phase is based on the last 4 weeks prior to taper for each participant. (NCT00742209)
Timeframe: Baseline and last 4 weeks of treatment prior to taper (up to Week 17)

Change From Baseline in the Mean Migraine Attack Duration

Intervention	Migraine Headache Days (MHD) (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	-3.8
Average of GEn 1800/2400 mg	-3.6
GEn 1800 mg	-3.8
GEn 2400 mg	-3.3

The total duration of a migraine attack is measured from migraine attack onset until the resolution of the attack measured in hours and may include more than 1 headache event. The duration is assessed using a Daily Migraine Diary. Change from baseline and the last 4 weeks of treatment prior to taper were calculated means of the number of migraine headache days using the Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF). Change from baseline is calculated as post-baseline minus baseline. The last 4-week treatment phase is based on the last 4 weeks prior to taper for each participant. (NCT00742209)
Timeframe: Baseline and last 4 weeks of treatment prior to taper (up to Week 17)

Change From Baseline in the Mean Peak Migraine Pain Severity

Intervention	Hours (Mean)
Placebo	-0.97
GEn 1200 mg	3.01
GEn 1800 mg	-2.93
GEn 2400 mg	2.59
GEn 3000 mg	9.82

Peak Migraine Pain Severity was measured using a 4-point scale (0=none, 1=mild, 2=moderate, or 3=severe) on a participant self assessed Daily Migraine Diary. The scale measured the maximum pain severity across all headache events considered to be one attack.. Change from baseline and the last 4 weeks of treatment prior to taper were calculated means of the number of migraine headache days using the Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF). The last 4-week treatment phase is based on the last 4 weeks prior to taper for each participant. (NCT00742209)
Timeframe: Baseline and last 4 weeks of treatment prior to taper (up to Week 17)

Mean Change From Baseline in the Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) Total Scores at Week 17

Intervention	Scores on a Scale (Mean)
Placebo	-0.12
GEn 1200 mg	-0.13
GEn 1800 mg	-0.12
GEn 2400 mg	-0.04
GEn 3000 mg	-0.09

The HIT is a 6-item, self-administered HRQOL questionnaire used to measure six areas that impact headaches have on participants' ability to function on the job, at school, at home, and in social situations. Participants provide responses to questions using a 5-point Likert-type scale. All item values range from 6 to13.The total scores range from 36 to 78, where higher scores indicate greater impact on a participant's life. (NCT00742209)
Timeframe: Week 17

Mean Change From Baseline in the Number of Migraine Headache Periods (MHP)

Intervention	Points on a scale (Mean)
Placebo	-10.0
GEn 1200 mg	-12.2
GEn 1800 mg	-11.8
GEn 2400 mg	-9.8
GEn 3000 mg	-10.3

A migraine headache period is a 24-hour block of time that begins at the onset of a migraine event . The 24-hour period is not linked directly with a calendar day. The change from baseline and the last 4 weeks of treatment prior to taper were calculated means of the number of migraine headache periods using the Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF). The last 4-week treatment phase is based on the last 4 weeks prior to taper for each participant. (NCT00742209)
Timeframe: Baseline and last 4 weeks of treatment prior to taper (up to Week 17)

Mean Change From Baseline to the Last 4-Week Treatment Phase in the Number of Acute Migraine Medication Doses Administered

Intervention	Migraine Headache Periods (MHP) (Mean)
Placebo	-3.3
GEn 1200 mg	-3.0
GEn 1800 mg	-3.6
GEn 2400 mg	-3.0
GEn 3000 mg	-3.2

The Number of Acute Migraine Medication Doses Administered was captured via the participant-assessed Daily Migraine Diary. (NCT00742209)
Timeframe: Baseline and last 4 weeks of treatment prior to taper (up to Week 17)

Mean Change From Baseline to the Last 4-Week Treatment Phase in the Number of Days of Acute Migraine Medication Use

Intervention	Acute Medication Doses Admin. (Mean)
Placebo	-4.5
GEn 1200 mg	-4.8
GEn 1800 mg	-5.8
GEn 2400 mg	-5.1
GEn 3000 mg	-4.5

The Number of Days of Acute Migraine Medication Use was assessed via the participant-assessed Daily Migraine Diary. (NCT00742209)
Timeframe: Baseline and last 4 weeks of treatment prior to taper (up to Week 17)

Assessment of Treatment Satisfaction Using the Patient Perception of Migraine Questionnaire (PPMQ-R) at Week 17

Intervention	Days (Mean)
Placebo	-2.0
GEn 1200 mg	-2.3
GEn 1800 mg	-2.7
GEn 2400 mg	-2.2
GEn 3000 mg	-2.1

"Three global treatment satisfaction items from the PPMQ included satisfaction or dissatisfaction with Medication Effectiveness, Medication Side Effects, and Overall Medication. Each item on the PPMQ uses a 7-point satisfaction scale (1 = Very Satisfied to 7 = Very Dissatisfied). Satisfied participants include those reporting Very Satisfied (scale value = 1) or Satisfied (scale value = 2) on the scale." (NCT00742209)
Timeframe: Week 17

Mean Change From Baseline in Migraine Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MSQ v2.1) Composite Score and Subscales (Role Function Restrictive, Role Function, Preventive, & Emotional Function) at Week 17

Intervention	Percentage of Patients (Number)
	How Effective Overall	Side Effects of the Medication	Overall Satisfaction with Medication
GEn 1200 mg	39	32	39
GEn 1800 mg	84	72	84
GEn 2400 mg	81	75	84
GEn 3000 mg	36	28	34
Placebo	74	79	76

The MSQ is a 14-item health-related quality of life (HRQOL) questionnaire. Participants provide responses using a 6-point Likert scale (1=None of the time, 2= A little bit of the time, 3=Some of the time, 4=A good bit of the time, 5=Most of the time, 6=All of the time) that are then recoded with a final item value where 1=6, 2=5, 3=4, 4=3, 5=2, and 6=1. The scale measures 3 independently scored dimensions (Role Function Restrictive, Role Function, Preventive, and Emotional Function) of HRQOL that are affected by migraine. For each dimension, a higher score indicates a better health status. (NCT00742209)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 17

Mean Change From Baseline in Percentage of Migraine Attacks With Each of the Following Migraine Symptoms: Aura, Nausea, Vomiting, Photophobia, Phonophobia

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Role Function Restrictive	Role Function Preventive	Emotional Function
GEn 1200 mg	38.7	28.6	37.0
GEn 1800 mg	37.1	28.0	34.8
GEn 2400 mg	32.8	23.9	30.4
GEn 3000 mg	30.9	22.4	25.7
Placebo	30.7	22.7	29.7

The endpoint is defined as the percentage of attacks with each symptom (separately) for each study phase. Migraine symptoms aura, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia are defined as the presence of each migraine symptom during any of the headache events within an attack. (NCT00742209)
Timeframe: Baseline and last 4 weeks of treatment prior to taper (up to Week 17)

Mean Change From Baseline in Productivity as Measured by Lost Time Equivalents (LTE) - (Work Activities, Non-work Activities, and Combination of Work and Non-work Activities)

Intervention	Percentage of MA with migraine symptoms (Mean)
	Aura (n=99, 52, 89, 102, 44)	Nausea (n=125, 62, 123, 121, 59)	Vomiting (n=99, 52, 89, 102, 44)	Photophobia (n=99, 52, 89, 102, 44)	Phonophobia (n=99, 52, 89, 102, 44)
GEn 1200 mg	-3.37	-3.6	-0.9	-3.5	1.2
GEn 1800 mg	-7.43	-8.4	-0.4	-2.1	-0.7
GEn 2400 mg	-0.72	-5.4	3.7	-5.5	-7.4
GEn 3000 mg	1.21	1.4	0.4	0.1	3.6
Placebo	-7.4	-7.8	0	-1.9	-5.4

Productivity, as measured by LTE, is a metric used to assess productivity loss in migraine. It is a composite measure of presenteeism (continued to work while under the influence of migraine symptoms) and absenteeism (time missed from work due to migraine), and can be applied to productivity for work and non-work activities. Productivity data were collected via an e-diary, and productivity measures were summarized for each study phase by averaging each measure across migraine attacks for each participant. (NCT00742209)
Timeframe: Week 17

Mean Change From Baseline in the Number of MHD in All Study Phases

Intervention	Hours (Mean)
	Lost Work Time (n=52, 23, 41, 35, 17)	Lost Activity Time (n=99,52, 89, 102, 44)	Lost Time Equivalents (n=99, 52, 89, 102, 44)
GEn 1200 mg	-0.3	-0.1	-0.5
GEn 1800 mg	-0.9	-1.2	-1.7
GEn 2400 mg	-0.1	-1.0	-1.1
GEn 3000 mg	0.8	1.7	2.1
Placebo	-0.8	0.1	-0.2

A migraine headache day is defined as a calendar day with any occurrence of migraine headache pain of at least 30 minutes in duration. Change from baseline and the last 4 weeks of treatment prior to taper were calculated means of the number of migraine headache days using the Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF). Change from baseline is calculated as post-baseline minus baseline. The last 4-week treatment phase is based on the last 4 weeks prior to taper for each participant. (NCT00742209)
Timeframe: Baseline and last 4 weeks of treatment prior to taper (up to Week 17)

Mean Change From Baseline to the Last 4-Week Treatment Phase in the Number of Acute Migraine Medication Doses Administered by Opioid Use

Intervention	Migraine Headache Days (MHD) (Mean)
	Baseline to Titration(n=124, 59, 119, 124, 59)	Baseline to 2nd 4-Week (n=124, 59, 119, 124, 59)	Baseline to 3rd 4-Week (n=124, 59, 119, 124, 59)	Baseline to Maint Phase (n=112, 54, 101, 107)	Baseline to Treat Phase (n=118, 56, 113, 118, 56)	Baseline to 1st 4-Week (n=124, 59, 119,124, 59)
GEn 1200 mg	-1.920	-2.739	-3.171	-2.854	-2.834	-2.191
GEn 1800 mg	-2.431	-3.953	-3.9888	-4.047	-3.579	-3.424
GEn 2400 mg	-2.573	-3.360	-3.439	-3.794	-3.393	-3.419
GEn 3000 mg	-2.325	-3.520	-3.220	-3.723	-3.193	-2.974
Placebo	-2.434	-3.595	-3.865	-3.846	-3.396	-3.147

The Number of Acute Migraine Medication Doses Administered by Opioid Use was measured via the participant-assessed Daily Migraine Diary. (NCT00742209)
Timeframe: Baseline and last 4 weeks of treatment prior to taper (up to Week 17)

Mean Change From Baseline to the Last 4-Week Treatment Phase in the Number of Acute Migraine Medication Doses Administered by Prescription Headache Medication Use

Intervention	Days (Mean)
	Opioid Use (n=20, 7, 14, 26, 10)	Non-Opioid Use (n=100, 52, 100, 97, 48)
GEn 1200 mg	1.4	-5.7
GEn 1800 mg	-3.2	-6.2
GEn 2400 mg	-6.0	-4.9
GEn 3000 mg	-5.1	-4.4
Placebo	-1.7	-5.1

The Number of Acute Migraine Medication Doses Administered by Prescription Headache Medication use was measured via the participant-assessed Daily Migraine Diary. (NCT00742209)
Timeframe: Baseline and last 4 weeks of treatment prior to taper (up to Week 17)

Mean Change From Baseline to the Last 4-Week Treatment Phase in the Number of Acute Migraine Medication Doses Administered by Triptan Use

Intervention	Acute Migraine Medication Doses (Mean)
	Uses Prescription HA meds (n=89, 38, 80, 88, 39)	Uses OTC HA meds only (n=31, 21, 34, 35, 19)
GEn 1200 mg	-3.5	-7.2
GEn 1800 mg	-4.9	-7.8
GEn 2400 mg	-4.0	-7.9
GEn 3000 mg	-3.3	-6.9
Placebo	-3.6	-6.9

The Number of Acute Migraine Medication Administered was measured via the participant-assessed Daily Migraine Diary. (NCT00742209)
Timeframe: Baseline and last 4 weeks of treatment prior to taper (up to Week 17)

Percentage of Participants Classified as Responders for Each of the Following Measures: Migraine Headache Days, Migraine Attacks, and Migraine Headache Periods

Intervention	Acute Migraine Medication Dose (Mean)
	Triptan Use (n= 72, 30, 65, 63, 32)	Not a Triptan User (n = 48, 29, 49, 60, 26)
GEn 1200 mg	-2.9	-6.7
GEn 1800 mg	-4.9	-6.9
GEn 2400 mg	-4.3	-6.0
GEn 3000 mg	-2.6	-6.8
Placebo	-3.3	-6.3

A responder is defined as a participant who achieved at least a 50% reduction from baseline for the indicated measures. (NCT00742209)
Timeframe: Baseline to the Last 4 weeks of treatment

Article	Year
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Increase in ACC GABA+ levels correlate with decrease in migraine frequency, intensity and disability over time. The journal of headache and pain, 2021, Dec-13, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Topics: Australia; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Gyrus Cinguli; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Migraine	2021
Cortical glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid over the course of a provoked migraine attack, a 7 Tesla magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. NeuroImage. Clinical, 2021, Volume: 32 Topics: Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Migraine Di	2021
Gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate/glutamine levels in the dentate nucleus and periaqueductal gray with episodic and chronic migraine: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. The journal of headache and pain, 2022, Jul-15, Volume: 23, Issue:1 Topics: Cerebellar Nuclei; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; Glutamine; Humans; Magnetic R	2022
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Deficiency in the function of inhibitory interneurons contributes to glutamate-associated central sensitization through GABABR2-SynCAM1 signaling in chronic migraine rats. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 2020, Volume: 34, Issue:11 Topics: Animals; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Central Nervous System Sensitizat	2020
α6GABA Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, 2021, Volume: 18, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Prot	2021
GABA and glutamate in pediatric migraine. Pain, 2021, Volume: 162, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Child; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic R	2021
Increased GABA+ in People With Migraine, Headache, and Pain Conditions- A Potential Marker of Pain. The journal of pain, 2021, Volume: 22, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Case-Control Studies; Chronic Pain; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;	2021
High-field MRS study of GABA+ in patients with migraine: response to levetiracetam treatment. Neuroreport, 2018, 08-15, Volume: 29, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Female; Follow-Up Studies; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Humans; Leve	2018
Increased thalamic glutamate/glutamine levels in migraineurs. The journal of headache and pain, 2018, Jul-17, Volume: 19, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamic Acid; Glutamine; Humans; Magnetic Resonance I	2018
A new theory on GABA and Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide involvement in Mal de Debarquement Syndrome predisposition factors and pathophysiology. Medical hypotheses, 2018, Volume: 120 Topics: Adult; Calcitonin; Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Depression; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Hor	2018
Relating excitatory and inhibitory neurochemicals to visual perception: A magnetic resonance study of occipital cortex between migraine events. PloS one, 2019, Volume: 14, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Case-Control Studies; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamic Acid; Glutamine; Humans; Magn	2019
Cochrane, and the truth about gabapentin for migraine. Headache, 2014, Volume: 54, Issue:5 Topics: Acetates; Amines; Analgesics; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Humans;	2014
[Successful treatment of hemicrania continua with a combination of low-dose indomethacin and pregabalin: a case report]. Rinsho shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology, 2014, Volume: 54, Issue:10 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Drug Therapy, Combination; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Humans;	2014
Effects of pregabalin on central sensitization in patients with migraine. International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2015, Volume: 53, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Central Nervous System Sensitization; Chi-Square Distribution; Female; gamma-Amin	2015
Elevated levels of GABA+ in migraine detected using (1) H-MRS. NMR in biomedicine, 2015, Volume: 28, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Brain; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Migraine Disor	2015
The Association Between Clinical Characteristics of Migraine and Brain GABA Levels: An Exploratory Study. The journal of pain, 2016, Volume: 17, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Area Under Curve; Brain; Case-Control Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disability Evaluation	2016
Using a graphical risk tool to examine willingness to take migraine prophylactic medications. Pain, 2016, Volume: 157, Issue:10 Topics: Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents; Antihypertensive Agents; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cyclohe	2016
Expert opinion. Supraorbital neuralgia. Headache, 2009, Volume: 49, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesics; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Head Injuries, Closed; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Migraine Diso	2009
Is gabapentin an effective treatment choice for hemicrania continua? The journal of headache and pain, 2009, Volume: 10, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Autonomic Pathways; Cyclohexanec	2009
GABA and valproate modulate trigeminovascular nociceptive transmission in the thalamus. Neurobiology of disease, 2010, Volume: 37, Issue:2 Topics: Amines; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Cerebral Arteries; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Disease Models, An	2010
Outcome reporting in industry-sponsored trials of gabapentin for off-label use. The New England journal of medicine, 2009, Nov-12, Volume: 361, Issue:20 Topics: Amines; Bipolar Disorder; Clinical Protocols; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Gabapentin; gamma-Aminobu	2009
Teaching case: menopausal migraine. Headache, 2010, Volume: 50, Issue:2 Topics: Amines; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Cyclohexanols; Female; Fructose; Gabapentin; gamma-Aminobutyric	2010
Pharmacological prophylaxis of chronic migraine: a review of double-blind placebo-controlled trials. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, 2010, Volume: 31 Suppl 1 Topics: Amines; Analgesics; Chronic Disease; Clonidine; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Diagnosis, Differential	2010
Rhinologic evaluation in patients with primary headache. The Journal of craniofacial surgery, 2010, Volume: 21, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amines; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Endoscopy;	2010
[Lyrica (pregabalin) in the treatment of focal refractory epilepsy in adults]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2010, Volume: 110, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Combined Modality Therapy; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; gamma-Am	2010
Off-label prescribing explained. Why your doctor may recommend meds that aren't FDA-approved for your condition. The Johns Hopkins medical letter health after 50, 2011, Volume: 23, Issue:4 Topics: Amines; Bipolar Disorder; Clinical Protocols; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Drug Approval; Drug Label	2011
Implementation of a publication strategy in the context of reporting biases. A case study based on new documents from Neurontin litigation. Trials, 2012, Aug-13, Volume: 13 Topics: Access to Information; Amines; Analgesics; Antimanic Agents; Authorship; Bipolar Disorder; Clinical	2012
Strictly unilateral headache reminiscent of hemicrania continua resistant to indomethacin but responsive to gabapentin. Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache, 2002, Volume: 22, Issue:5 Topics: Acetates; Adult; Amines; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Blepharoptosis; Cyclohexanecarboxy	2002
Migraine-tic syndrome: a case report of a new headache type. Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache, 2004, Volume: 24, Issue:1 Topics: Acetates; Adult; Amines; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Gabapentin; g	2004
Cerebrospinal fluid GABA levels in chronic migraine with and without depression. Brain research, 2006, May-23, Volume: 1090, Issue:1 Topics: Brain; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chronic Disease; Comorbidity; Depressive Disorder; Fema	2006
Migraine secondary to superior oblique myokymia. Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache, 2007, Volume: 27, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Gabapentin; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Humans;	2007
Occipital levels of GABA are related to severe headaches in migraine. Neurology, 2008, May-27, Volume: 70, Issue:22 Topics: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Headache; Humans; Magnetic Resonanc	2008
Experiments on spreading depression in relation to migraine and neurosurgery. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 1984, Volume: 56, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Brain Edema; Cerebral Cortex; Cortical Spreading Depression; Electroencephalography; gamma-	1984
Salivary substance P, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in migraine and tension-type headache. Headache, 1996, Volume: 36, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Migraine Disorders; Saliva; Serot	1996
Modulation of excitatory amino acids pathway: a possible therapeutic approach to chronic daily headache associated with analgesic drugs abuse. International journal of clinical pharmacology research, 1997, Volume: 17, Issue:2-3 Topics: Acetates; Adult; Amines; Chronic Disease; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagon	1997
Negative modultors of excitatory amino acids in episodic and chronic migraine: preventing and reverting chronic migraine. Special lecture 7th INWIN Congress. International journal of clinical pharmacology research, 1998, Volume: 18, Issue:2 Topics: Acetates; Adult; Amines; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Enzyme Inhibitors; E	1998
Gabapentin. CI 945, GOE 3450, Neurontin. Drugs in R&D, 1999, Volume: 2, Issue:6 Topics: Acetates; Adult; Amines; Anticonvulsants; Area Under Curve; Biological Availability; Child; Child, P	1999
Gabapentin's effects on hot flashes and hypothermia. Neurology, 2000, Jun-13, Volume: 54, Issue:11 Topics: Acetates; Adult; Amines; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Female; Gab	2000
Different effects of GABAergic anticonvulsants on 4-aminopyridine-induced spontaneous GABAergic hyperpolarizations of hippocampal pyramidal cells--implication for their potency in migraine therapy. Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache, 2000, Volume: 20, Issue:6 Topics: 4-Aminopyridine; Acetates; Amines; Analgesics; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Convulsants; Cyclohexanecar	2000
Cortical hyperexcitability is cortical under-inhibition: evidence from a novel functional test of migraine patients. Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache, 2000, Volume: 20, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesics; Cortical Spreading Depression; Female; GABA-A Receptor Agonists; gamma-Amin	2000
Gabapentin in migraine prophylaxis: is it effective and well tolerated? Headache, 2002, Volume: 42, Issue:3 Topics: Acetates; Amines; Analgesics; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Gabapentin; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Huma	2002
Classification and mechanism of migraine. Headache, 1979, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Diet; Estradiol Congeners; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Humans; Hype	1979
Biochemical comparison of migraine and stroke. Headache, 1976, Volume: 16, Issue:4 Topics: Aminobutyrates; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Cyclic AMP; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Humans; Migraine Dis	1976
Cerebrospinal fluid gamma aminobutyric acid levels in migraine. British medical journal, 1975, Aug-30, Volume: 3, Issue:5982 Topics: Aminobutyrates; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Headache; Humans; Migraine Disorders	1975
Platelet gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in migraine and tension-type headache. Headache, 1992, Volume: 32, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Blood Platelets; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Headache; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Migrai	1992
The hyperexcited brain: glutamic acid release and failure of inhibition. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1986, Volume: 203 Topics: Action Potentials; Animals; Brain; Cats; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic; Evoked Potentials; Fish	1986

gamma-aminobutyric acid and Migraine Disorders