Pain, Breakthrough

Synonym
Pain, Breakthrough

Excerpt	Reference
"Breakthrough pain is characterized by a sudden onset and rapid increase in the pain level and should be treated with correspondingly rapidly effective opioids."	( Bardenheuer, HJ; Kessler, J, 2011)
"Breakthrough pain is defined as a transient exacerbation of pain that occurs spontaneously or in response to a trigger despite stable and controlled background pain."	( Bedard, G; Bennett, M; Bisland, S; Chow, E; Gagnon, P; Hawley, P; Slaven, M; Tardif, F; Zhang, L, 2013)
"Breakthrough pain is a transient exacerbation of pain that occurs either spontaneously or in relation to a specific predictable or unpredictable trigger despite relative stable and adequately controlled background pain."	( Davies, AN; Zeppetella, G, 2013)
"Breakthrough pain is a distinct pain state that is common in patients with cancer pain and which is associated with significant morbidity in this group of patients."	( Davies, AN, 2014)
"Breakthrough pain is a significant contributor to much suffering by patients."	( Beng, TS; Christopher, BC; Kavitha, RR; Li, LM; Pathmawathi, S; Rosli, R; Sharwend, S, 2015)
"Breakthrough pain is defined as transient aggravation of pain that arises, despite well controlled or stable baseline pain."	( Brząkała, J; Leppert, W, 2019)
"Breakthrough pain is present in patients receiving low doses of opioids."	( Aielli, F; Caraceni, A; Masedu, F; Mercadante, S; Scipioni, T, 2020)
"Breakthrough pain is an exacerbation of pain occurring in patients with chronic pain who receive opioid therapy every day."	( Ardianto, C; Fauzi, AA; Madina, U; Padolo, E; Rahmadi, M; Ratri, DMN; Sulianto, I, 2021)

Excerpt	Reference
"Breakthrough pain has traditionally been managed by the administration of supplemental oral analgesia (rescue medication) at a dose proportional to the total around-the-clock (ATC) opioid dose."	( Davies, AN; Zeppetella, G, 2013)
"The area of breakthrough pain has not been fully understood."	( Beng, TS; Christopher, BC; Kavitha, RR; Li, LM; Pathmawathi, S; Rosli, R; Sharwend, S, 2015)
"1967 (58."	( Husic, S; Imamovic, S; Matic, S; Sukalo, A, 2017)
"Breakthrough pain has not been routinely recognized, evaluated and treated."	( Ardianto, C; Fauzi, AA; Madina, U; Padolo, E; Rahmadi, M; Ratri, DMN; Sulianto, I, 2021)

Excerpt	Reference
"Breakthrough pain affects 40%-90% of patients with cancer pain."	( Borchgrevink, PC; Fredheim, OM; Mahic, M; Skurtveit, S, 2015)

Excerpt	Reference
"FPNS is indicated for the treatment of breakthrough pain in cancer patients who are tolerant to opioid therapy for their underlying persistent cancer pain."	( Gabrail, N; Taylor, DR, 2012)
"Finally, treatment of breakthrough pain is defined."	( Borrega, P; Cassinello, J; Escobar, Y; Virizuela, JA, 2012)
"Rapid-onset opioids for treating breakthrough pain (BTP) in patients with cancer are needed in the Japanese care setting."	( Adachi, I; Eguchi, K; Goto, F; Hamada, S; Kosugi, T; Kunikane, H; Matoba, M; Shima, Y; Shinozaki, K; Takigawa, C; Tanda, S; Yomiya, K; Yoshimoto, T, 2014)
"The doses of sublingual fentanyl to treat breakthrough pain were determined from rescue morphine doses by use of conversion ratios."	( Gomyo, I; Higuchi, H; Kojima, K; Ohta, E; Shimoyama, M; Shimoyama, N; Teramoto, O; Yukitoshi, N, 2015)
"However, the treatment of breakthrough pain should be adjusted to suit specific patient requirements."	( Brząkała, J; Leppert, W, 2019)
"Patients who required treatment of breakthrough pain had higher patient-controlled epidural boluses demands-to-delivery ratio."	( Kim, J; Klumpner, TT; Lange, EMS; McCarthy, RJ; Thakkar, K; Toledo, P; Wong, CA, 2023)

Timeframe	Studies, This Condition (%)	All Conditions %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	23.3326
1990's	0 (0.00)	12.5806
2000's	0 (0.00)	18.1394
2010's	224 (80.00)	28.8240
2020's	56 (20.00)	9.53

Drug	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
gamma-aminobutyric acid	medium	2	1
nitrous oxide	medium	2	2
acetaminophen	medium	12	5
amitriptyline	low	1	0
bupivacaine	medium	3	2
celecoxib	low	2	0
clonidine	medium	2	2
fentanyl	medium	162	39
flurbiprofen	low	1	0
fp 83	low	1	0
gabapentin	low	2	0
ibuprofen	medium	3	2
lidocaine	low	2	0
ketorolac	medium	2	1
methadone	medium	6	2
neostigmine	medium	1	1
oxybutynin	medium	3	1
prilocaine	low	1	0
pilocarpine	low	1	0
tramadol	low	4	0
sufentanil	medium	4	3
levobupivacaine	medium	2	2
norbuprenorphine	low	1	0
tamsulosin	low	1	0
ropivacaine	medium	7	4
esketamine	low	1	0
bq 123	low	1	0
pectins	medium	8	4
sodium bicarbonate	medium	1	1
buprenorphine	low	4	0
hydrocodone	low	1	0
hydromorphone	medium	5	3
naloxone	medium	2	1
oxycodone	medium	14	5
morphine	medium	42	15
heroin	medium	2	2
pregabalin	medium	6	2
alginate, aluminium hydroxide, magnesium trisilicate, sodium bicarbonate drug combination	medium	1	1
tapentadol	low	1	0
ent-dextilidine	low	1	0
endothelin-1	low	1	0
mme	low	1	0
piroxicam	medium	1	1
exudates	low	1	0

Protein Targets (542)

Protein	Potency Measurements	Inhibition Measurements	Activation Measurements	Drugs
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma	6	0	0	6
ATAD5 protein, partial	3	0	0	3
GLS protein	8	0	0	8
Microtubule-associated protein tau	2	0	0	2
Smad3	2	0	0	2
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1	3	0	0	3
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	6	0	0	6
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3	4	0	0	4
progesterone receptor	2	0	0	2
EWS/FLI fusion protein	7	0	0	7
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1	4	0	0	4
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha	4	0	0	4
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha	3	0	0	3
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	9	0	0	9
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	4	0	0	4
aryl hydrocarbon receptor	3	0	0	3
chromobox protein homolog 1	9	0	0	9
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform 2	5	0	0	5
peripheral myelin protein 22	5	0	0	5
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 1	6	0	0	6
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	6	2	0	8
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	0	9	0	9
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	0	9	0	9
Solute carrier family 22 member 6	0	3	0	3
Carbonic anhydrase 12	0	2	0	2
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9	0	0	0	1
Bile salt export pump	0	2	0	2
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit	2	0	0	2
Bile salt export pump	0	14	0	14
Cytochrome P450 2B1	0	0	0	1
Cytochrome P450 1A1	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 1	0	4	0	4
Carbonic anhydrase 2	0	4	0	4
Myoglobin	0	1	0	1
Cytochrome P450 1A1	0	0	1	2
Cytochrome P450 1A2	0	0	0	1
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	0	7	0	7
Carbonic anhydrase 3	0	2	0	2
Cytochrome P450 3A4	0	3	1	4
Cytochrome P450 2D6	0	4	0	4
Cytochrome P450 2C9	0	6	0	6
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	6	2	0	8
Sulfotransferase 1A1	0	0	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	6	2	0	8
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	6	2	1	9
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6	0	0	0	1
Glutamate receptor 2	2	0	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	6	2	0	8
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	6	2	0	8
Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein	0	1	0	1
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 4	0	3	0	3
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	0	6	0	7
Carbonic anhydrase 6	0	2	0	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	6	2	0	8
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	6	2	0	8
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	6	2	0	8
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	6	2	0	8
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	6	2	0	8
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	0	3	0	3
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2	0	6	1	9
Carbonic anhydrase 7	0	2	0	2
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	2	0	0	2
Cytochrome P450 2J2	0	4	0	4
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	6	3	1	10
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	6	2	0	8
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	6	2	1	9
Carbonic anhydrase 9	0	4	0	4
GABA theta subunit	6	2	0	8
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	0	9	0	9
Carbonic anhydrase 15	0	2	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase 13	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	6	2	0	8
Carbonic anhydrase 14	0	2	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase 5B, mitochondrial	0	3	0	3
toxin B	0	0	0	1
Chain A, HADH2 protein	1	0	0	1
Chain B, HADH2 protein	1	0	0	1
thioredoxin reductase	6	0	0	6
USP1 protein, partial	4	0	0	4
NFKB1 protein, partial	3	0	0	3
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4	6	0	0	6
cytochrome P450 2D6	8	0	0	8
arylsulfatase A	8	0	0	8
cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 1	4	0	0	4
D(1A) dopamine receptor	3	0	0	3
atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 2 precursor	1	0	0	1
serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 1	1	0	0	1
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1	4	0	0	4
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	6	0	0	6
Solute carrier family 22 member 1	0	12	0	14
Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B	1	0	0	1
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F	0	2	0	2
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4	0	2	0	2
Albumin	0	0	2	2
High affinity nerve growth factor receptor	0	1	2	3
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1	0	6	0	6
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	0	5	2	8
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	0	4	0	4
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	0	6	0	7
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	0	6	0	7
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	0	5	0	6
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	0	1	0	1
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	0	5	0	6
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	0	5	0	5
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor	0	5	2	7
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	0	6	0	7
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	0	5	2	8
Angiotensin-converting enzyme	0	2	0	2
D(2) dopamine receptor	0	5	0	5
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A	0	1	0	1
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	0	6	1	7
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor	0	5	1	6
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A	0	5	0	5
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	0	4	0	4
D(1A) dopamine receptor	0	4	0	4
D(1B) dopamine receptor	0	1	0	1
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4	0	0	0	1
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter	0	8	0	8
Histamine H2 receptor	0	2	0	2
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	0	6	2	8
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A	0	2	0	2
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	0	2	0	2
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B	0	4	0	4
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1F	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	0	1	0	1
Histamine H1 receptor	0	1	0	1
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter	0	4	0	4
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5B	0	1	0	1
Histamine H1 receptor	0	3	0	3
D(3) dopamine receptor	0	7	0	7
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha	0	1	0	1
Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha	0	2	0	2
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A3	0	0	0	5
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B	0	4	0	4
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	0	5	1	6
Histamine H2 receptor	4	1	0	6
D(1A) dopamine receptor	1	0	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6	0	2	0	2
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7	0	3	0	3
Voltage-dependent N-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1B	0	1	0	1
Sodium channel protein type 7 subunit alpha	0	1	0	1
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1D	0	2	0	2
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter	0	6	0	6
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2	0	8	0	8
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1S	0	2	0	2
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C	0	2	0	2
Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha	0	2	0	2
Sodium channel protein type 9 subunit alpha	0	2	0	2
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	0	4	1	5
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4	0	1	0	1
Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 3	0	2	0	2
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha	0	1	0	1
Ataxin-2	3	0	0	3
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	0	9	0	9
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3B	0	1	0	1
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha	0	2	0	2
Sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha	0	1	0	1
Sodium channel protein type 8 subunit alpha	0	1	0	1
Histamine H3 receptor	0	1	0	1
Sodium channel protein type 10 subunit alpha	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A4	0	1	0	2
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 6	0	0	0	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A5	0	0	0	1
Endothelin receptor type B	0	1	0	1
Endothelin-1 receptor	0	2	0	3
Endothelin-1 receptor	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A1	0	1	0	2
Endothelin-1 receptor	0	1	0	1
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	0	1	0	2
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B2	0	0	0	1
Potassium channel subfamily K member 3	0	3	0	3
Potassium channel subfamily K member 3	0	1	0	1
Potassium channel subfamily K member 2	0	1	1	2
Potassium channel subfamily K member 9	0	1	0	1
Kappa-type opioid receptor	0	8	1	9
Kappa-type opioid receptor	0	11	5	18
Chain A, Carbonic anhydrase II	0	1	0	1
Chain A, Cruzipain	2	0	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase	0	0	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	2	0	2
GTP-binding protein (rab7)	0	0	1	1
ras protein, partial	0	0	1	1
glp-1 receptor, partial	3	0	0	3
pregnane X receptor	1	0	0	1
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha subunit	1	0	0	1
SMAD family member 2	2	0	0	2
PPM1D protein	2	0	0	2
SMAD family member 3	2	0	0	2
TDP1 protein	5	0	0	5
GLI family zinc finger 3	1	0	0	1
AR protein	6	0	0	6
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease	3	0	0	3
estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta)	2	0	0	2
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]	2	0	0	2
farnesoid X nuclear receptor	2	0	0	2
pregnane X nuclear receptor	5	0	0	5
G	5	0	0	5
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
67.9K protein	2	0	0	2
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta	1	0	0	1
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor	3	0	0	3
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Rac1 protein	0	0	1	1
caspase-3	3	0	0	3
IDH1	3	0	0	3
cell division cycle 42 (GTP binding protein, 25kDa), partial	0	0	1	1
cytochrome P450, family 19, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, isoform CRA_a	2	0	0	2
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	1	0	0	1
activating transcription factor 6	1	0	0	1
thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor	1	0	0	1
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105), isoform CRA_a	3	0	0	3
v-jun sarcoma virus 17 oncogene homolog (avian)	1	0	0	1
Histone H2A.x	1	0	0	1
Caspase-7	1	0	0	1
interferon gamma precursor	0	0	0	1
prostaglandin E2 receptor EP2 subtype	0	0	0	1
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a	2	0	0	2
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 2	1	0	0	1
potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 isoform d	3	0	0	3
caspase-3	1	0	0	1
heat shock protein beta-1	1	0	0	1
geminin	5	0	0	5
lamin isoform A-delta10	10	0	0	10
Prostaglandin E synthase	0	1	0	1
Histone deacetylase 3	0	2	0	2
3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1	0	1	0	1
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	0	3	0	3
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2	0	3	0	3
cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase	0	1	0	1
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1	0	1	0	1
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2	0	1	0	1
Catechol O-methyltransferase	0	1	0	1
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2	0	1	0	1
Interferon beta	6	0	0	6
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain	5	0	0	5
Cellular tumor antigen p53	5	0	0	5
Procathepsin L	0	1	0	1
Seed linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase-1	0	1	0	1
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	0	1	0	1
Polyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenase	0	1	0	1
Quinolone resistance protein NorA	0	1	0	1
Adenosine receptor A3	0	2	0	2
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2	0	1	0	1
Beta-3 adrenergic receptor	0	2	0	2
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor	0	3	0	3
Calpain-2 catalytic subunit	0	1	0	1
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	0	2	0	2
Adenosine receptor A1	0	2	0	2
Cruzipain	0	1	0	1
Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1	0	1	0	1
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1	0	1	0	1
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter	0	1	1	2
Delta-type opioid receptor	0	7	1	10
Delta-type opioid receptor	0	9	3	13
Mu-type opioid receptor	0	12	4	19
Bifunctional epoxide hydrolase 2	0	1	0	1
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2	0	3	0	4
Carbonic anhydrase	0	2	0	2
Urotensin-2 receptor	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Histone deacetylase 4	0	2	0	2
Ras-related protein Rab-2A	0	0	1	1
D(2) dopamine receptor	0	2	1	3
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2	0	4	0	4
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Mu-type opioid receptor	0	10	1	11
Beta-carbonic anhydrase 1	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 2	0	1	0	1
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2	0	3	0	3
Histone deacetylase 1	0	2	0	2
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 14	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase, alpha family	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Sigma intracellular receptor 2	0	1	0	1
Delta carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	0	4	0	5
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase 13	0	1	0	1
Cyclooxygenase-2	0	1	0	1
Histone deacetylase 7	0	2	0	2
Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4	1	0	0	1
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1	5	0	0	5
Histone deacetylase 2	0	2	0	2
Carbonic anhydrase 4	0	2	0	2
Polyamine deacetylase HDAC10	0	2	0	2
Histone deacetylase 11	0	2	0	2
ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 5	1	0	0	1
Histone deacetylase 8	0	2	0	2
P2Y purinoceptor 12	0	1	0	1
Histone deacetylase 6	0	2	0	2
Histone deacetylase 9	0	2	0	2
Histone deacetylase 5	0	2	0	2
cytochrome P450 2C9, partial	5	0	0	5
Chain A, Ferritin light chain	2	0	0	2
acetylcholinesterase	1	0	0	1
hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)	1	0	0	1
regulator of G-protein signaling 4	5	0	0	5
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor	0	0	1	1
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor	0	0	1	1
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor	3	0	0	3
cytochrome P450 2C9 precursor	3	0	0	3
Membrane primary amine oxidase	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A	0	0	1	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 3	0	2	0	3
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A	0	2	0	2
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	0	1	1	2
D	0	1	0	1
D(3) dopamine receptor	0	2	0	2
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	0	3	1	4
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A	0	2	0	2
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor	0	2	1	3
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor	0	2	1	3
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	0	2	0	2
D(1B) dopamine receptor	0	1	0	1
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	0	2	0	2
Adenosine receptor A2b	0	0	1	1
Adenosine receptor A2a	0	1	1	2
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor	0	0	0	1
D(4) dopamine receptor	0	1	0	1
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	0	3	3	6
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor	0	3	3	6
Spike glycoprotein	4	0	0	4
Inositol monophosphatase 1	2	0	0	2
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor	0	0	0	1
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor	0	0	0	1
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor	0	1	0	1
Nischarin	0	2	0	2
Solute carrier family 22 member 1	0	1	0	1
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1	0	2	0	2
Nischarin	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2C	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2A	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2D	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3B	0	1	0	1
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 3A	0	1	0	1
Luciferase	6	0	0	6
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2	11	0	0	11
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2	0	0	1	1
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1	0	4	0	4
D(4) dopamine receptor	0	2	0	2
Kappa-type opioid receptor	0	6	3	10
Mu-type opioid receptor	0	13	8	23
Delta-type opioid receptor	0	9	3	14
Mu-type opioid receptor	0	4	2	9
Sigma non-opioid intracellular receptor 1	0	2	0	2
histone deacetylase 9 isoform 3	1	0	0	1
Acid-sensing ion channel 3	0	2	0	2
Fatty acid-binding protein, liver	0	3	0	3
Albumin	0	3	1	4
Amyloid-beta precursor protein	0	2	0	2
Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal	0	3	1	4
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7	0	0	0	2
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4	0	1	0	1
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3	0	2	0	2
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C2	0	1	0	1
Acid-sensing ion channel 1	0	2	0	2
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1	0	1	0	1
TAR DNA-binding protein 43	4	0	0	4
Solute carrier family 22 member 6	0	4	0	4
thioredoxin glutathione reductase	1	0	0	1
Bloom syndrome protein isoform 1	3	0	0	3
ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 isoform a	2	0	0	2
survival motor neuron protein isoform d	1	0	0	1
Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1	0	1	0	1
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinase	3	0	0	3
Gamma-aminobutyric acid	0	0	1	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	0	0	1	1
Hsf1 protein	0	0	1	1
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2B	2	0	0	2
transcriptional regulator ERG isoform 3	2	0	0	2
histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursor	1	0	0	1
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1	3	0	0	3
neuropeptide S receptor isoform A	1	0	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	0	0	1	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	0	1	1	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	0	0	1	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	0	1	1	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	0	1	1	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	0	0	1	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	0	0	1	1
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	0	0	2	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	0	0	1	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	0	0	1	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	0	0	1	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	0	1	1	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	0	0	1	1
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	0	1	0	1
Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	0	1	1	2
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	0	1	0	1
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	0	1	0	1
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1	0	1	0	1
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	0	1	0	1
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	0	1	1	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	0	1	1	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	0	1	1	2
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	0	1	0	1
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter	0	1	0	1
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	0	1	1	2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	0	0	1	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	0	0	1	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	0	0	1	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	0	1	0	1
4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	0	0	0	1
4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	0	0	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	0	1	1	2
Sterol O-acyltransferase 1	0	0	1	1
Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	0	0	1	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	0	0	1	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	0	0	1	1
Platelet glycoprotein VI	0	0	1	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	0	0	1	1
Sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 2	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	0	0	1	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	0	0	1	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	0	1	0	1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	0	1	0	1
Liver carboxylesterase 1	0	0	0	1
phosphopantetheinyl transferase	2	0	0	2
Mas-related G-protein coupled receptor member X2	0	0	4	4
nonstructural protein 1	2	0	0	2
importin subunit beta-1 isoform 1	1	0	0	1
snurportin-1	1	0	0	1
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1	2	0	0	2
muscleblind-like protein 1 isoform 1	2	0	0	2
Dihydrofolate reductase	0	1	0	1
Epidermal growth factor receptor	0	1	0	1
Albumin	0	1	0	1
Cholinesterase	0	3	0	3
Polyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenase	0	2	0	3
Acetylcholinesterase	0	3	0	3
Caspase-1	0	2	0	2
Substance-P receptor	0	2	0	2
Caspase-3	0	2	0	2
Caspase-4	0	2	0	2
4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial	0	1	0	1
Caspase-5	0	2	0	2
Caspase-9	0	2	0	2
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 1	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 20	0	1	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 8	0	2	0	2
Solute carrier family 22 member 6	0	1	0	1
Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 9	0	1	0	1
NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 precursor	1	0	0	1
ras-related protein Rab-9A	1	0	0	1
Cell division control protein 42 homolog	0	1	0	1
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1	0	1	0	1
Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 1	0	1	0	1
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE	3	0	0	3
Chain A, Beta-lactamase	1	0	0	1
mitogen-activated protein kinase 1	1	0	0	1
flap endonuclease 1	2	0	0	2
Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha	0	1	0	1
Sodium channel protein type 2 subunit alpha	0	1	0	1
Sodium channel protein type 3 subunit alpha	0	1	0	1
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 5	0	1	0	1
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 2	0	1	0	1
Potassium channel subfamily K member 18	0	1	0	1
Cytochrome P450 2B6	0	1	0	1
Aldehyde oxidase 1	0	1	0	1
Opioid receptor, delta 1b	0	1	0	1
Acetylcholinesterase	0	3	0	3
Opioid receptor homologue	0	1	0	1
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1	0	1	0	1
Acyl-CoA desaturase 1	0	1	0	1
Translocator protein	0	0	1	1
Histidine decarboxylase	0	0	2	2
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1	0	1	0	1
Proteinase-activated receptor 1	0	2	2	4
Kappa-type opioid receptor	0	3	2	7
Nociceptin receptor	0	1	0	1
Mu-type opioid receptor	0	1	0	1
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	0	2	0	2
Mu-type opioid receptor	0	1	0	1
Adenosine receptor A1	0	1	0	1
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A8	0	0	0	1
Cholinesterase	0	1	0	1
Fumarate hydratase	1	0	0	1
polyprotein	1	0	0	1
Cytochrome P450 2C19	0	1	0	1
MBT domain-containing protein 1	0	1	0	1
Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 4	0	1	0	1
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor	0	0	1	1
Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 3	0	1	0	1
Lethal(3)malignant brain tumor-like protein 1	0	1	0	1
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1	1	0	0	1
Cytochrome P450 2A6	0	1	1	2
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	0	0	1	1
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor DM1	0	1	0	1
Cytochrome P450 2A13	0	1	1	2
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A	1	0	0	1
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase	1	0	0	1
15-lipoxygenase, partial	1	0	0	1
Parkin	1	0	0	1
Alpha-synuclein	1	0	0	1
Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17	1	0	0	1
Solute carrier family 22 member 11	0	1	0	1
Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1	0	1	0	2
Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-2	0	1	0	1
Carbonic anhydrase	0	1	0	1
Substance-P receptor	0	2	0	2
Neuromedin-K receptor	0	0	1	1
Substance-K receptor	0	1	1	2
Substance-K receptor	0	2	0	2
Substance-P receptor	0	2	1	3
Neuromedin-K receptor	0	1	1	2
Substance-K receptor	0	1	0	1
Substance-K receptor	0	1	0	1
Growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1	0	0	1	1
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	0	1	1	2
Tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 1	0	1	0	1
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor	0	1	0	1
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter	0	1	0	1
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7	0	1	0	1
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	0	1	0	1
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor	0	1	0	1
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor	0	1	0	1
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Synonyms(1)

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Overview

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Treatment

Research

Studies (280)

Protein Targets (542)

Pain, Breakthrough

Synonyms(1)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Context

Actions

Treatment

Research

Studies (280)

Drugs Studied (50)

Protein Targets (542)