Page last updated: 2024-10-24

ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity

Definition

Target type: molecularfunction

Enables the transmembrane transfer of an ion by a channel that opens when a specific ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts. [GOC:mtg_transport, ISBN:0815340729]

Ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity describes the process by which a specific molecule, known as a ligand, binds to a channel protein, triggering a conformational change that opens the channel and allows the passage of a single type of ion across the cell membrane. These channels are crucial for rapid communication within and between cells, playing roles in diverse biological processes.

Here's a detailed description of the molecular function:

1. **Ligand Binding:** The process initiates with the binding of a specific ligand to a binding site on the channel protein. This binding event is highly selective, ensuring that only the appropriate ligand can activate the channel. The ligand can be a neurotransmitter, a hormone, a drug, or even a change in the membrane potential.

2. **Conformational Change:** Upon ligand binding, the channel protein undergoes a conformational change. This alteration in the protein's three-dimensional structure is essential for opening the channel. The conformational change can be subtle, involving only a small shift in the protein's conformation, or it can be more dramatic, involving a large-scale rearrangement of the protein's structure.

3. **Channel Opening:** The conformational change exposes a pore or channel through the cell membrane, allowing ions to pass through. The pore is typically lined with charged amino acid residues, creating an electrostatic environment that favors the passage of specific ions.

4. **Ion Flow:** The opening of the channel creates a pathway for ions to move across the membrane down their electrochemical gradient. This movement of ions can have a profound impact on the cell's electrical potential, leading to changes in cell excitability, signaling, and other cellular functions.

5. **Desensitization:** After a period of prolonged ligand binding, the channel may become desensitized, reducing its ability to open. This desensitization mechanism helps to prevent overstimulation of the cell and ensures that the channel does not remain permanently open.

6. **Ligand Dissociation:** Eventually, the ligand will dissociate from the binding site, causing the channel to close. The channel returns to its closed conformation, restoring the membrane's ion permeability to its original state.

Examples of Ligand-gated monoatomic ion channels:

- **Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR):** Found in neuromuscular junctions and the brain, this channel is activated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It allows the passage of sodium and potassium ions, contributing to muscle contraction and neuronal signaling.

- **GABA receptors:** These channels are activated by the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). They allow the passage of chloride ions, leading to hyperpolarization of neurons and inhibition of neuronal activity.

- **Glycine receptors:** These channels are activated by the neurotransmitter glycine. They allow the passage of chloride ions, similar to GABA receptors, contributing to inhibition of neuronal activity.

In summary, ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity is a highly specific and regulated process that enables rapid and precise communication within and between cells. These channels play crucial roles in numerous biological functions, including neuronal signaling, muscle contraction, and sensory perception. Their dysfunction can lead to various diseases, highlighting their importance for human health.'
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Proteins (10)

ProteinDefinitionTaxonomy
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of cow. [OMA:P08220, PRO:DNx]Bos taurus (cattle)
Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1A glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q05586]Homo sapiens (human)
P2X purinoceptor 2A P2X purinoceptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:Q9UBL9]Homo sapiens (human)
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4A neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P43681]Homo sapiens (human)
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3A neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P32297]Homo sapiens (human)
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4A neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P30926]Homo sapiens (human)
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5A neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P30532]Homo sapiens (human)
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P18505]Homo sapiens (human)
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2A neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P17787]Homo sapiens (human)
Acetylcholine receptor subunit betaAn acetylcholine receptor subunit beta that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P11230]Homo sapiens (human)

Compounds (222)

CompoundDefinitionClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acidgamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid
human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
nornicotinenornicotine: agricultural or horticultural insecticide; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; structure
bupropionbupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.

Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.
aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidine bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position 2.N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridine alkaloid;
pyrrolidine alkaloid
pyridoxal phosphatepyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.

Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate
coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
epibatidinealkaloid
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acidalpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodidepiperazines
phenytoinimidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
6,7-dichloroquinoxaline-2,3-dionequinoxaline derivative
tacrinetacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.
acridines;
aromatic amine
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
amantadineamant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first sourceadamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine
analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
anabasinepiperidine alkaloid;
pyridine alkaloid
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
plant metabolite;
teratogenic agent
arcaine1,4-diguanidinobutane : A guanidine derivative consisting of butane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 4-positions.

arcaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure
guanidines
carbamylcholine
chlordiazepoxidechlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.

Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.
benzodiazepine
chlorpromazinechlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.

Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
clofibric acidclofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.

Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.
aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
herbicide;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
PPARalpha agonist
clonazepamclonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.

Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.
1,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes
anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
decamethoniumdecamethonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is a depolarising muscle relaxant whose structure comprises a decane-1,10-diamine core in which each amino group carries three methyl substituents.

decamethonium: RN given refers to parent cpd
quaternary ammonium ionmuscle relaxant;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
nordazepamnordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.

Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.
1,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound
anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
sedative
racemethorphan6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene which is substituted by a methoxy group at position 6 and a methyl group at position 11.aromatic ether;
morphinane alkaloid;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound
diazepamdiazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.

Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.
1,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound
anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
fipronil5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.

fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.

fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source
(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
dichlorobenzene;
nitrile;
primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfoxide
flumazenilflumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.

Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.
ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound
antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flunitrazepamflunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.

Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.
1,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluoxetinefluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.

N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.
(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
granisetronaromatic amide;
indazoles
hydroxyureaone-carbon compound;
ureas
antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
ifenprodilifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonistpiperidines
isofluraneIsoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoguvacineisoguvacine: A GABA agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structuretetrahydropyridine
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid4-piperidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source
ketamineketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.

Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.
cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound
analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
kynurenic acidkynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.

Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.
monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid
G-protein-coupled receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mecamylamineMecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.primary aliphatic amine
memantineadamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine
antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
methoctraminearomatic ether;
tetramine
muscarinic antagonist
n-methylcarbamylcholineN-methylcarbamylcholine: structure given in first source
muscimolmuscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.

Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.
alkaloid;
isoxazoles;
primary amino compound
fungal metabolite;
GABA agonist;
oneirogen;
psychotropic drug
nitrazepamnitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).

Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.
1,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound
anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
cm 7116norflutoprazepam: structurebenzodiazepine
ondansetronOndansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.carbazoles
orphenadrineorphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.

Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.
ether;
tertiary amino compound
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
pentamidinepentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.

Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.
aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether
anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.

pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert
arenesulfonic acid;
azobenzenes;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
organic phosphate;
pyridinecarbaldehyde
purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
procyclidineprocyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.

Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.
pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
propofolpropofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.

Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.
phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
temazepamTemazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.benzodiazepine
tiloronetilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.

Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.
aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoren-9-ones;
tertiary amino compound
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
interferon inducer;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid: a GABA-C receptor antagonist; structure in first source
trigonellineN-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.

N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.

trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure
alkaloid;
iminium betaine
food component;
human urinary metabolite;
plant metabolite
zolpidemzolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.

Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.
imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
triiodothyronine3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.

Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.
2-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
adenosine diphosphateAdenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
tetramethylammoniumtetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.

tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd
quaternary ammonium ion
phencyclidinephencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.

Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.
benzenes;
piperidines
anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
indopanalpha-methyltryptamine : A tryptamine derivative having a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.

indopan: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation
tryptamines
boldineaporphine alkaloid
cytisinealkaloid;
bridged compound;
lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
phytotoxin;
plant metabolite
bicucullinebicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.

Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.
benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
agrochemical;
central nervous system stimulant;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
GABAA receptor antagonist;
neurotoxin
flavoneflavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.

flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source
flavonesmetabolite;
nematicide
anatabineanatabine: alkaloid found in tobacco; structurebipyridines
chlordesmethyldiazepambenzodiazepine
6-aminonicotinic acid6-aminonicotinic acid : An aminonicotinic acid in which the amino group is situated at position 6 of the pyridine ring.

6-aminonicotinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd
aminonicotinic acid;
aminopyridine;
aromatic amine
metabolite
anabaseineanabaseine: structure given in first sourcebipyridines
diadenosine tetraphosphateP(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate : A diadenosyl tetraphosphate compound having the two 5'-adenosyl residues attached at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.diadenosyl tetraphosphateEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ormetoprimormetoprim: proposed chemotherapeutic agent; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PYRIMIDINES (75-84)dimethoxybenzene
2,3-dihydroxyquinoxaline2,3-dihydroxyquinoxaline: fluorescent oxalic acid deriv.
pregnanolone3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.

Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.
3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid
human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
halazepamhalazepam: structureorganic molecular entity
dihydro-beta-erythroidinedihydro-beta-erythroidine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the partial hydrogenation of the 1,3-diene moiety of beta-erythroidine to give the corresponding 2-ene.

Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine: Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.
delta-lactone;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound
nicotinic antagonist
glutamic acidglutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.

Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid
Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
bezafibratearomatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes
antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
progabideprogabide: GABA agonist; structurediarylmethane
eliprodil1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethanol : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine substituted by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl group at position 1 and by a 4-fluorobenzyl group at position 4.monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
piperidines;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
duloxetineduloxetine
fenofibric acidfenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.

fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure
aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
norharmanbeta-carboline : The parent compound of the beta-carbolines, a tricyclic structure comprising an indole ring system ortho- fused to C-3 and C-4 of a pyridine ring.

norharman: RN given refers to parent cpd
beta-carbolines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent
fungal metabolite;
marine metabolite
baicalindihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative
antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
25-hydroxycholesterol25-hydroxy steroid;
oxysterol
human metabolite
budipinebudipine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6541diarylmethane
honokiolbiphenyls
polygodialaldehyde
2-aminonicotinic acid2-aminonicotinic acid : An aminonicotinic acid in which the amino group is situated at position 2 of the pyridine ring.

2-aminonicotinic acid: structure in first source

aminonicotinic acid : An aromatic amino acid that is nicotinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the pyridine ring is replaced by an amino group. A 'closed class'.
aminonicotinic acid;
aminopyridine
metabolite
n-desmethylflunitrazepam
rosiglitazoneaminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
7-aminonitrazepam7-aminonitrazepam: urinary metabolite of nitrazepambenzodiazepine
6,7-dichloroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
N-methyl-N-(3-pyridylmethyl)aminearalkylamine
nicotine(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
ro 20-18157-aminoflunitrazepam: flunitrazepam metabolite; structure given in first sourcebenzodiazepine
brexanolonebrexanolone : A 3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has alpha-configuration. It is a metabolite of the sex hormone progesterone and used for the treatment of postpartum depression in women.

brexanolone: a mixture of allopregnanolone and sulfobutylether‐beta‐cyclodextrin for treatment of postpartum depression
3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-oneantidepressant;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
imidazoleacetic acidimidazol-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-4-yl group.

imidazol-5-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-5-yl group.

imidazoleacetic acid: RN given refers to cpd without specific location of acetic acid attachment identified; structure
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of beta-carbolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline substituted at position 3 by a carboxy group.

1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation
alpha-amino acid;
aromatic amino acid;
beta-carboline alkaloid
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite;
rat metabolite
2,5-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3h-pyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3-one
lobeline(-)-lobeline : An optically active piperidine alkaloid having a 2-oxo-2-phenylethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl group at the 6-position.aromatic ketone;
piperidine alkaloid;
tertiary amine
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosteronetetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer21-hydroxy steroid
alphaxalonealphaxalone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structurecorticosteroid hormone
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl esterbeta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: isolated from brain tissue & urine; extremely potent displacer of diazepam from brain benzodiazepam receptors; structure in first sourcebeta-carbolines
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl esterbeta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester: structure given in first sourcebeta-carbolines
3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoxazole3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoxazole: structure in first source
24-hydroxycholesterol(24S)-24-hydroxycholesterol : A 24-hydroxycholesterol that has S configuration at position 24. It is the major metabolic breakdown product of cholesterol in the brain.24-hydroxycholesterolbiomarker;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite
propyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylatepropyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: binds specifically to brain benzodiazepine receptorsbeta-carbolines
3-ethoxy-beta-carboline3-ethoxy-beta-carboline: high affinity benzodiazepine receptor ligand with partial inverse agonist properties
tert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylatetert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: benzodiazepine receptor antagonist
3',6-dinitroflavone
ly 293558tezampanel: structure given in first source; an AMPA receptor antagonist
n-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylateN-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: benzodiazepine binding inhibitor from bovine cerebral cortexbeta-carbolines
cgp 36742(3-aminopropyl)(n-butyl)phosphinic acid: interacts preferably with GABA-B RECEPTORS (IC50=38 μM) and GABA-C receptors (IC50=62 μM) over GABA-A RECEPTORS (IC50=508 μM)
pitrazepinpitrazepin: effects are not tissue specific; induced a bursting discharge pattern in cultures derived from hippocampus & hypothalamus; structure given in first sourceN-arylpiperazine
besonprodilbesonprodil: CI-1041 is also known as PD19680; NMDA receptor antagonist for treatment of Parkinson's disease; structure in first source
philanthotoxin 343philanthotoxin 343: structure given in first source (see article's footnote); identical to philanthotoxin 433 except that the number of methylene groups between the respective amine moieties is 3,4,3 instead of 4,3,3N-acyl-amino acid
miltironemiltirone: from Salvis miltiorrhiza Bunge; central benzodiazepine receptor ligand; structure given in first sourceabietane diterpenoid
erysodineerysodine : An erythrina alkaloid with formula C18H21NO3 isolated from several erythrina plant species. It is a competitive antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and exhibits antiparasitic and insecticidal activities.

erysodine: structure given in first source
aromatic ether;
diether;
Erythrina alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
phenols
antiparasitic agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
phytogenic insecticide
vareniclinevarenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.

Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.
carboline-3-carboxylic acid
pozanicline
dizocilpinesecondary amino compound;
tetracyclic antidepressant
anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
memantine hydrochloridehydrochlorideantidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
esketamineesketamine : The S- (more active) enantiomer of ketamine.ketamineanalgesic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
NMDA receptor antagonist
7-aminoclonazepambenzodiazepine
cns 5161CNS 5161: structure in first source
ro 5-3438Ro 5-3438: structure
cp 101,606traxoprodil mesylate: a selective NMDA antagonist; structure given in first source
anatoxin aanatoxin a: found in Anabaena; was indexed to cyanobacterial toxin (MARINE TOXINS) 1978-2006; also see anatoxin-a(s)tropane alkaloid
cocainecocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.

Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.
benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
6-bromoflavone6-bromoflavone: a high affinity ligand for the central benzodiazepine receptors; structure given in first source
n-desmethylflunitrazepamN-desmethylflunitrazepam: metabolite of flunitrazepam
ro 05-4082ID 690: methyl deriv of clonazepam; structure
deformylflustrabrominedeformylflustrabromine: has antineoplastic activity; isolated from Flustra folicea; structure in first sourcetryptamines
tropacocainetropacocaine: RN given refers to (exo)-isomer; structure
tropisetrontropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.

Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.
indolyl carboxylic acid
l 364373benzodiazepine
lobeline
epibatidine
1-(1h-indol-3-ylcarbonyl)-n-(4-methoxybenzyl)formamide1-(1H-Indol-3-ylcarbonyl)-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)formamide: structure in first source
8-azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate
thiopentalthiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.

Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.
barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
hmr 3647
2-[(2-ethoxyphenoxy)-phenylmethyl]morpholinearomatic ether
meclonazepam
dexoxadrol
anatoxin aanatoxin I: found mainly in ANABAENA; was indexed to cyanobacterial toxin (MARINE TOXINS). isolated from many salt-tolerant freshwater cyanobacteria
7-chloro-thiokynurenate7-chlorothiokynurenic acid: glycine site antagonist of NMDA receptor
6-thioinosine-5'-triphosphateorganic molecule
isothazisothaz: muscimol antagonist
abt 594
n-(indol-3-ylglyoxylyl)benzylamineN-(indol-3-ylglyoxylyl)benzylamine: structure given in first source
6-bromo-3'-nitroflavone6-bromo-3'-nitroflavone: a synthetic flavonoid with high affinity for the benzodiazepine receptors
5-(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-9-azabicyclo[4.2.1]non-4-eneazepine
3-propoxy-beta-carboline3-propoxy-beta-carboline: structure in first source
tcn 201
imd 0354N-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide: a cardioprotective agent that inhibits IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta); structure in first sourcebenzamides
apigeninChamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
harmanharman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.

harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure
harmala alkaloid;
indole alkaloid;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent
anti-HIV agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
amentoflavonebiflavonoid;
hydroxyflavone;
ring assembly
angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiviral agent;
cathepsin B inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
baicaleintrihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
chrysinchrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.7-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
hispidulinhispidulin : A monomethoxyflavone that is scutellarein methylated at position 6.monomethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone
anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
scutellareinscutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7.

scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein
tetrahydroxyflavonemetabolite
wogoninwogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.

wogonin: structure in first source
dihydroxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone
angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
plant metabolite
cholesta-3,5-dien-7-one
trans-metanicotinemetanicotine: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation
a 85380A 85380: structure given in first source; A-85380 is the S-enantiomer; A-159470 is the R-enantiomer
ar-r 17779AR-R 17779: structure in first source
3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine3-(2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)anabaseine: an alpha7nAChR nicotinic receptor agonistdimethoxybenzene
l 7458703-((4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo(2,3-b)pyridine: selective for D(4) receptors; structure in first sourcepiperazines
1-Ethyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indoleharmala alkaloid
levorphanolLevorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphandextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.

Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.
6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
dextrorphanDextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.morphinane alkaloid
licostinellicostinel: a glycine site NMDA receptor antagonist; structure given in first source
mg 624triethyl-(beta-4-stilbenoxyethyl)ammonium: inhibits alpha7 nicotinic receptors; structure in first source
5-ia-85380aromatic ether
ro 25-6981Ro 25-6981 : A member of the class of piperidines that is 4-benzylpiperidine substituted by a 3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl group at position 1 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a potent antagonist of the GluN2B subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.

Ro 25-6981: blocks NMDA receptors containg NR2B subunit; structure in first source
benzenes;
phenols;
piperidines;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
icatibantoligopeptidebeta-adrenergic antagonist;
bradykinin receptor antagonist;
peptidomimetic
eaa-090EAA-090: a potent N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist; structure in first sourcedialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
ganaxoloneganaxolone: a selective, high-affinity, steroid modulator of the GABA(A) receptor; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomercorticosteroid hormone
pd 174494PD 174494: structure in first sourcepiperidines
bis(7)-tacrinesecondary amino compoundapoptosis inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
a 84543
fpl 15896ar
azd 0328spiro(1-azabicyclo(2.2.2)octane-3,2'(3H)-furo(2,3-b)pyridine): AZD-0328 is the (2'R)-isomer and D-tartrate salt; an alpha7 neuronal nicotinic receptor agonist; structure in first source
radafaxineradafaxine: a bupropion metabolite; radafaxine is a (+)-isomer of hydroxybupropion
pnu-282987carbonyl compound;
organohalogen compound
ssr180711SSR180711: a selective alpha7 acetylcholine nicotinic receptor (n-AChRs) partial agonist; structure in first source
(4-benzylpiperidin-1-yl)-(6-hydroxy-1h-indol-2-yl)methanone(4-benzylpiperidin-1-yl)-(6-hydroxy-1H-indol-2-yl)methanone: an NR2B-subunit selective antagonist; structure in first source
sb 223245
isproniclineispronicline: a neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulator; has antidepressant, neuroprotective, and cognitive effects; structure in first source
a-317491A-317491: structure in first source
l 755507L 755507: a benzenesulfonamide derivative; structure in first source
tqx 173
brl 37344BRL 37344: SB 206606 is the (R,R)-isomermonocarboxylic acid
(1rs,1's)-peaqx
gw 9578GW 9578: a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist; structure in first source
4-iodo-2,6-diisopropylphenol4-iodo-2,6-diisopropylphenol: structure in first source
4-n-butyl-1-(4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl)-piperidine hydrogen chloride
desnitroimidaclopriddesnitroimidacloprid: a nicotinic receptor agonist; structure in first source
dianiclinedianicline: an alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor agonist; may be useful as an aid in quitting smoking; structure in first source
pnu-282987
naluzotannaluzotan: an antidepressant and anti-anxiety agent; structure in first source
basimglurant
n-methylepibatidineN-methylepibatidine: structure in first source
ro 49563712-chloro-4-((2,5-dimethyl-1-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethynyl)pyridine: a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 antagonist; structure in first source
sazetidine-asazetidine-A: a ligand that desensitizes alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors without activating them; structure in first source
ns 92833-(3-(pyridine-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)benzonitrile: an alpha4beta2 nAChR agonist
etoxadroletoxadrol: was heading 1975-94 (see under PIPERIDINES 1975-90); use PIPERIDINES to search ETOXADROL 1975-90; dissociative anesthetic with some cardiovascular effectsketal
methoxydine1-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine: a glutamate NMDA receptor ligand; structure in first source
3-bromocytisine3-bromocytisine: structure in first source
mdv 3100(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
benzamides;
imidazolidinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
thiocarbonyl compound
androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
af 3535-(5-iodo-2-isopropyl-4-methoxyphenoxy)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine: a P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptor antagonist; structure in first source
a 803467A 803467: an Nav1.8 sodium channel blocker; structure in first source
valproate sodiumEpilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent

sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.

valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.
organic sodium saltgeroprotector
af-219Gefapixant: a P2X3 receptor antagonist
apalutamide
a-582941A-582941: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist
nitd 609NITD 609: an antimalarial and coccidiostat; structure in first source
wms 1410
n,n-diallyl-5-methoxytryptamineN,N-diallyl-5-methoxytryptamine: structure in first sourcetryptamines
imidacloprid(E)-imidacloprid : The E-isomer of imidacloprid.imidacloprid;
imidazolidines;
monochloropyridine
environmental contaminant;
genotoxin;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
3-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzylidene)anabaseine