nervous system development

Definition

Target type: biologicalprocess

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state. [GOC:dgh]

Nervous system development is a complex and intricate process that begins early in embryonic development and continues throughout life. It involves a series of precisely orchestrated events that lead to the formation of a functional nervous system, which is responsible for controlling all aspects of our behavior and cognition.

The process begins with the induction of the neural plate, a specialized region of the ectoderm, the outermost germ layer of the embryo. This induction is triggered by signaling molecules from the underlying mesoderm. The neural plate then folds inwards to form the neural tube, which will give rise to the brain and spinal cord.

The neural tube undergoes a series of cell divisions and differentiations, leading to the formation of different types of neurons and glial cells. Neurons, the primary signaling cells of the nervous system, are responsible for transmitting information throughout the body. Glial cells provide support and insulation for neurons, as well as playing a role in the formation of myelin, a fatty substance that helps to speed up nerve impulses.

The developing nervous system is guided by a variety of signaling molecules and genetic cues, which act to control cell fate, migration, and differentiation. For instance, growth cones, specialized structures at the tips of growing axons, are guided by chemical cues in the environment, allowing them to navigate to their target cells. This process is essential for the formation of complex neuronal circuits that connect different parts of the brain and body.

As the nervous system develops, it undergoes a process of refinement and pruning, in which synapses, the junctions between neurons, are strengthened or weakened, depending on their activity. This process, known as synaptic plasticity, is essential for learning and memory, and it continues throughout life.

Nervous system development is influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, environment, and experience. For example, exposure to certain environmental toxins or stress during pregnancy can have negative effects on brain development. Similarly, early life experiences, such as social interactions and learning, can shape the development of the nervous system and have lasting effects on behavior and cognition.

In summary, nervous system development is a remarkable and intricate process that involves a series of coordinated events, from the induction of the neural plate to the refinement of neuronal circuits. This process is influenced by a variety of factors and is essential for the formation of a functional nervous system that allows us to perceive, think, and act.'
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Proteins (64)

Compounds (1,543)